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saramukhopadhyay
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* **Upper Palaeolithic** in India is defined typologically, not stratigraphically,

and includes all major European & African tool types **except** **leaf-points**.
* Certain European sub-types—**busqué burins** and **Noailles burins**—and bone/art
objects of the European Upper Palaeolithic are **absent** in India.
* **Renigunta** (Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh) provides the strongest Indian
Upper Palaeolithic evidence, excavated by **M.L.K. Murthy** along the **Ralla
Kallava** river.
* Murthy recorded sites at **Timayyagunta**, **Venkamanayanipalli**, **Chundru**,
**Cudullacheruva**, and **Nallagundlu**; **Chundru** and **Nallagundlu** yielded
mixed Upper Palaeolithic–Late Stone Age industries.
* A trial trench at **Nallagundlu** (18 cm deep) recovered **5,973 artifacts**.
* **Quartz distinctions**: Late Stone Age tools on **milky quartz**; Upper
Palaeolithic types on **fine-grained green quartzite**.
* **Blade industry** is dominant, with blades up to **10 cm** long, **3–8 cm**
wide, and **2 cm** thick.
* Tool-type composition (Murthy’s counts):

* **Backed Blades** 67 p.c.


* **Burins** 16 p.c.
* **Scrapers** 8 p.c.
* **Awls** 4 p.c.
* **Points** 2 p.c.
* **Choppers** 3 p.c.
* The Renigunta industry closely resembles the **generalized Early Gravettian** of
Central Europe, rather than the specialized French **Aurignacian**.
* Initial Western and Indian scholars doubted India’s Upper Palaeolithic claims,
but Renigunta’s assemblage merits “serious consideration.”

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