Scribd
Upload
5 views1 page

1

Uploaded by

saramukhopadhyay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views1 page

1

Uploaded by

saramukhopadhyay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 1

**Summary of Late Paleolithic & Epipaleolithic Europe (≤200 words)**

* **Pleistocene Climate:** Eight major warm–cold cycles shaped human range;


Scandinavia, the North European Plain and Russia stayed uninhabitable. Populations
were sparse.
* **Archaeological Record:** Stone tools and sites far outnumber hominin fossils.
* **Oldowan (Mode 1):** Simple pebble tools at Dmanisi (Georgia), Guadix-Baza and
Atapuerca (Spain).
* **Acheulean (Mode 2):** Hand-axes by *Homo erectus* (southern Europe) and later
*H. heidelbergensis* (from 600 k BC in Germany, Britain, N France).
* **Neanderthals (*H. neanderthalensis*):** Evolved in Eurasia (Out-of-Africa);
ranged from Iberia to the Altai. Cold-adapted; left Mousterian tools (Mode 3, \~160
k ya).
* **Upper Paleolithic Arrival:** *Homo sapiens* entered via the Levant and Danubian
corridor (46–43 k ya). Bacho Kiro and Peștera cu Oase fossils; oldest European
ornaments (>43 k ya).
* **Interbreeding & Coexistence:** Genetic/skull evidence of Neanderthal–*H.
sapiens* interbreeding in the Levant; Chatelperronian culture (\~45 k ya) shows
Neanderthals adopting Aurignacian elements.
* **Neanderthal Disappearance:** Last fossils \~40 k BC; extinction cause
unresolved.
* **Gravettian (32–24 k BC):** Crimea origin; spread SW Europe; possible Near
Eastern/Balkans links; famed for “Venus” sculptures.
* **Solutrean:** N Spain to SE France; advanced bladework, cave art, first needles
and possibly bow & arrow.
* **Magdalenian (19–10 k BC):** Artistic peak (Lascaux); persisted through Würm
glacial retreat.
* **Post-Glacial Microliths:** Azilian (Spain/France) and Sauveterrian (N
France/Central Europe) microlith industries.
* **Tardenoisian & Maglemosian:** Epipaleolithic Tardenoisian replaces Sauveterrian
in Iberia; Maglemosian colonizes Denmark and Britain as ice retreats.

You might also like