1. What is Data Management?

Data management is the process of collecting, organizing, storing, and analyzing data to ensure its accuracy,
accessibility, and security. It involves various techniques and tools to efficiently handle data for decision-making,
research, and other applications. Proper data management allows individuals and organizations to maintain
structured and reliable information for future use.

2. How to Construct a Frequency Distribution Table?

A frequency distribution describes the number of observations for each possible value of a variable. Frequency
distributions are depicted using graphs and frequency tables.

Example: Frequency distribution

In the 2022 Winter Olympics, Team USA won 25 medals. This frequency table gives the medals’ values (gold, silver,
and bronze) and frequencies:

3. How to Make the Following Graphs

A. Histogram

What is a Histogram?
Histogram: A histogram is a bar graph that shows frequencies of events. Histograms most often show
continuous data, such as numerical ranges.

Frequency Table: A frequency table is a table that shows how many times a specific event occurs. For
histograms, the frequency table is often broken up into equivalent and consecutive intervals.

How to create a Histogram

Step 1: Create a frequency table of the data for each interval. Make sure each interval is of equal length.

Step 2: Title the histogram based on the problem. Label the horizontal axis with the intervals and the vertical axis with
the frequencies.

Step 3: Draw a bar over each interval that corresponds to its frequency.

Example
For a class activity, Mrs. Jones has her students open 30 bags of candy and asks them to count the number of red
pieces in each bag. 4 bags had between 0 and 9 red pieces, 18 bags had between 10 and 19 red pieces, 12 bags
had between 20 and 29 red pieces, and 6 bags had between 30 and 39 red pieces.

Step 1: Create a frequency table of the data for each interval. Make sure each interval is of equal length.

Our frequency table is shown below:

Number of Pieces Frequency

Step 2: Title the histogram based on the problem. Label the horizontal axis with the intervals and the vertical axis with
the frequencies.

Let’s title the histogram “Red Pieces in Candy Bags,” label the horizontal axis with “Number of Red Pieces, “ and
label the vertical axis with “Frequency”

Step 3: Draw a bar over each interval that corresponds to its frequency.

Since 0-9 pieces of candy were found in 4 bags, we will draw a bar up to the frequency 4 over the 0-9 interval.
Similarly, we will draw a bar up to the frequency of 18 over the 10-19 interval, a bar up to the frequency of 12 over the
20-29 interval, and a bar up to the frequency of 6 over the 30-39 interval. Our completed histogram is shown below.

B. Ogive (Cumulative Frequency Graph)

Steps to Draw Frequency Polygon

A frequency polygon is almost identical to a histogram, which is used to compare sets of data or to display a
cumulative frequency distribution. It uses a line graph to represent quantitative data.

Statistics deals with the collection of data and information for a particular purpose. The tabulation of each run for each
ball in cricket gives the statistics of the game. Tables, graphs, pie-charts, bar graphs, histograms, polygons etc. are
used to represent statistical data pictorially.

Frequency polygons are a visually substantial method of representing quantitative data and its frequencies. Let us
discuss how to represent a frequency polygon.

To draw frequency polygons, first we need to draw histogram and then follow the below steps:

Step 1- Choose the class interval and mark the values on the horizontal axes

Step 2- Mark the mid value of each interval on the horizontal axes.

Step 3- Mark the frequency of the class on the vertical axes.

Step 4- Corresponding to the frequency of each class interval, mark a point at the height in the middle of the class
interval

Step 5- Connect these points using the line segment.

Step 6- The obtained representation is a frequency polygon.

Example

Example 1: In a batch of 400 students, the height of students is given in the following table. Represent it through a
frequency polygon.

Solution: Following steps are to be followed to construct a histogram from the given data:

• The heights are represented on the horizontal axes on a suitable scale as shown.
• The number of students is represented on the vertical axes on a suitable scale as shown.
• Now rectangular bars of widths equal to the class- size and the length of the bars corresponding to a
frequency of the class interval is drawn.
ABCDEF represents the given data graphically in form of frequency polygon as:

Frequency polygons can also be drawn independently without drawing histograms. For this, the midpoints of the
class intervals known as class marks are used to plot the points.