PDE6
PDE6
and
ψ(x)
0<x<l
ψext = −ψ(−x) −l < x < 0
extended to be of period 2l.
So the formula of v is
Z x+ct
1 1
v(x, t) = [φext (x − ct) + φext (x + ct)] + ψext (s)ds.
2 2c x−ct
1
Case (1,1), −l ≤ x − ct ≤ 0 and 2l ≥ x + ct ≥ l:
Z 0 Z l Z x+ct
1 1
v(x, t) = [−φ(ct − x) − φ(2l − x − ct)] + [ −ψ(−s)ds + ψ(s)ds − ψ(2l − s)ds]
2 2c x−ct 0 l
Z 2l−x−ct
1 1
= [−φ(ct − x) − φ(2l − x − ct)] + ψ(s)ds.
2 2c ct−x
which depends only on the initial values on the interval [x + ct − 2l, ct − x].
Similarly, you can derive the formula of v on each domain of Chapter 3
Figure 6 in the textbook.
then with the solution uhom = 12 [φ(x + ct) + φ(x − ct)] + 2c1 x−ct
x+ct
ψ for the
R
homogeneous linear wave equation with the initial dates φ and ψ , you will get
the solution u = uf + uhom for the problem (1).
We will show that
Z Z Z tZ x+c(t−s)
1 1
uf (x, t) = f= f (y, s)dyds, (2)
2c 4 2c 0 x−c(t−s)
2
The formula illustrates the eect of a force f on u(x, t) is obtained by simply
integrating f over the past history of the point (x, t) back to the initial time
t = 0. This is another example of the causality principle.
This is a well-posed problem.
• Existence is from the explicit formula.
• The uniqueness can be deduced from the Energy identity see Lec 5, section
2.
• The stability is from: suppose u1 is the solution with data (φ1 , ψ1 , f1 ) and
u2 is the solution with data (φ2 , ψ2 , f2 ). Then the dierence u = u1 − u2
is given by the following formula due to linearity:
1
u(x, t) = [φ1 (x + ct) − φ2 (x + ct) + φ1 (x − ct) − φ2 (x − ct)]
2
Z x+ct
1
+ (ψ1 − ψ2 )
2c x−ct
Z Z
1
+ (f1 − f2 ). (3)
2c 4
and
kwkT = max |w(x, t)|
−∞<x<∞,0≤t≤T
where T is xed.
So from the formula (1), we have the estimate
T2
ku1 − u2 kT ≤ kφ1 − φ2 k + T kψ1 − ψ2 k + kf1 − f2 kT .
2
If kφ1 − φ2 k, kψ1 − ψ2 k and kf1 − f2 kT are small, then ku1 − u2 kT is also
small. This proved the stability.
Now we start to prove the formula (2).
Proof. Method of Characteristic Coordinates. We intoduce coordinates ξ =
x+ct
2c , η = ct−x
2c such that
3
where the lower limits of integration are arbitrary. We may make a particular
choice of the lower limits to nd a particular solution in the domain 40 =
{(ξ 0 , η 0 )|ξ 0 + η 0 ≥ 0, ξ 0 ≤ ξ, η 0 ≤ η}
Z ξ Z η
u(x, t) = f (cξ 0 − cη 0 , ξ 0 + η 0 )dη 0 dξ 0
η −ξ 0
Z Z
1
? = f (x, t)dxdt.
2c 4