PSV COLLEGE OF ENGNEERING & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

(ME STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING)

ST4211 NUMERICAL AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

LABORATORY

LABORATORY RECORD

NAME :

ROLL NO :

BRANCH :
 Ex. No: 1 FORCE AND STRESS ANALYSIS USING LINK ELEMENTS IN
Date: TRUSSES

AIM:
To conduct the Force and Stress analysis using link elements in Trusses using ANSYS
software.

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:
Ram : 2 GB
Processor : Core 2 Quad / Core 2 Duo
Operating system : Window XP Service Pack 3
Software : Ansys (Version15.0)

PROCEDURE:
The three main steps to be involved are
1. Pre Processing
2. Solution
3. Post Processing

Start - All Programs – ANSYS 15 - Mechanical APDL Product Launcher – Set the Working
Directory as E Drive, User - Job Name as Roll No., Ex. No. – Click Run.

PREPROCESSING:

1. Select –STRUCTURAL –ok

2. Element type –Add/Edit/Delete –Add –Link –3D finit stn 180 –ok –close.
3. Real Constants –Add –ok –Real constant set no –1 –c/s area –200 –Apply –Real
constant set no –2 –c/s area –100 –ok –close.

4. Material Properties –Material Models –Structural –Linear –Elastic –Isotropic –EX –

2e5 –ok –close.
5. Modeling –Create –Nodes –In Active CS –Apply (first node is Created) –x, y, z location
in CS–500, 500, 0 –Apply (second node is Created) –1000, 0, 0 - Apply (third node is
Created) –2000, 1000, 0 - ok (forth node is Created).

6. Modeling –Create –Elements –Elem Attributes –Material number –1 –Real constant set
number –1 –ok –Auto numbered –Thru Nodes –pick 1 & 2 –Apply –pick 2 & 3 – ok.
7. Modeling –Create –Elements - Elem Attributes –Material number –1 –Real constant set
number –2 –ok –Auto numbered –Thru Nodes –pick 3 & 4 –Apply –pick 2 & 4 – ok
(elements are created through nodes).
SOLUTION
1. Define loads –Apply –Structural –Displacement –on Nodes –pick node 1 & 3 –Apply
–DOFs to be constrained –All DOF –ok.

2. Define loads –Apply –Structural –Force/Moment –on Nodes- pick node 4 –Apply –
direction of For/Mom –FY –Force/Moment value –-10000 (-ve value) –ok.
3. Solve –Current LS –ok (Solution is done is displayed) –close.
POST PROCESSOR
1. Element table –Define table –Add –‗Results–BydataSequence item„num–LS–LS1–ok.
2. Plot Results –Deformed Shape –def+undeformed –ok.

3. Plot Results –Contour plot –Line Element Results –Elem table item at node I –LS1 –
Elem table item at node J –LS1 –ok (Line Stress diagram will be displayed).
4. Plot Results –Contour plot –Nodal solution –DOF solution –displacement vector sum–ok.

5. List Results –Reaction Solution –items to be listed –All items –ok (reaction forces will
be displayed with the node numbers).
6. PlotCtrls –Animate –Deformed shape –def+undeformed-ok

FOR REPORT GENERATION:

File – Report Generator – Choose Append – OK – Image Capture – Ok - Close.

Young‟s Modulus = 200 GPa

Poisson‟s Ratio = 0.3
C/S Area of Element 1 &2 = 200mm^2
C/S Area of Element 3 &4 = 100mm^2
RESULT:

Thus the Force and Stress analysis of link elements in Trusses is done by using the ANSYS
Software.
 Ex. No: 2 (a)
STRESS AND DEFLECTION ANALYSIS OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
Date:

AIM:
To conduct the stress and deflection analysis in a simply supported beam using ANSYS
software.

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:
Ram : 2 GB
Processor : Core 2 Quad / Core 2 Duo
Operating system : Window XP Service Pack 3
Software : Ansys (Version15.0)

PROCEDURE:
The three main steps to be involved are
1. Pre Processing
2. Solution
3. Post Processing

Start - All Programs – Ansys 15 - Mechanical APDL Product Launcher – Set the Working
Directory as E Drive, User - Job Name as Roll No., Ex. No. – Click Run.

PREPROCESSING:

1. Preference - Structural- h-Method - Ok.

2. Preprocessor - Element type - Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Beam, 2D elastic 3 – Ok –
Options – Ok - Close.
3. Sections – beam – Common sections – Select the correct section of the beam and
input the values of “B” and “H” – Preview – Note down the values of area, Iyy.
4. Real constants - Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Ok – Enter the values of area=6, Izz=4.5,
height=3 – Ok - Close.
5. Material props - Material Models – Structural – Linear – Elastic – Isotropic - EX
200e9, PRXY 0.3 - Ok.
6. Modeling – Create – Key points – In active CS – Enter the values of CS of each key
points – Apply
a. Ok.
7. Lines – Lines – Straight line – Pick the all points – Ok.
8. Meshing – Mesh attributes – All lines – Ok.
9. Meshing – Size cntrls – Manual size – Lines – All lines – Enter the value of element
edge length [or] Number of element divisions – Ok.
Mesh tool – Mesh – Pick all.

SOLUTION:

1. Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Structural – Displacement - On key points –

 Select the 1st key point – UX, UY – Ok.

1. On key points – select the 2nd key point – UY – Ok and 3rd key point – UY – Ok.

2. Pressure - On beam – Box – Select the area on the beam – Ok – Enter VAL I 200000,
VAL J 200000 – Ok. This method is followed for the remaining areas and loads.
3. Force/Moment – On key points – Select the key point – Ok – direction of
force/moment FY, value = -50,000 (- sign indicates the direction of the
force) – Ok.
4. Solve – Current LS – Ok – Solution is done – Close.

POST PROCESSING:

1. General post proc – Element table – Define table – Add – By sequence num – SMISC,6 –
Ok – SMISC,12 – Ok – LS,2 – Ok – LS,3 - Ok – Close.
Plot results – Contour plot – Nodal solution – DOF solution – Y component of
displacement – Ok. Contour plot – Line element Res – Node I SMIS 6, Node J SMIS
12 – Ok.
Contour plot – Line element Res – Node I LS 2, Node J LS 3 – Ok

FOR REPORT GENERATION:

File – Report Generator – Choose Append – OK – Image Capture – Ok - Close.

Young‟s Modulus = 200 GPa

Poisson‟s Ratio = 0.3
Breadth of the beam, b = 2m
Depth of the beam, d = 3m
RESULT:

Thus the stress and deflection analysis of simply supported beam is done by using the
ANSYS Software.
 Ex. No: 2 (b)
STRESS AND DEFLECTION ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVER BEAM
Date:

AIM:
To conduct the stress and deflection analysis in a cantilever beam using ANSYS software.

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:
Ram : 2 GB
Processor : Core 2 Quad / Core 2 Duo
Operating system : Window XP Service Pack 3
Software : Ansys (Version15.0)

PROCEDURE:
The three main steps to be involved are
1. Pre Processing
2. Solution
3. Post Processing

Start - All Programs – Ansys 15.0 - Mechanical APDL Product Launcher – Set the Working
Directory as E Drive, User - Job Name as Roll No., Ex. No. – Click Run.

1. Utility Menu > Change Job Name > Enter Job Name.
Utility Menu > File > Change Title > Enter New Title.

2. Preference > Structural > OK.

3. Preprocessor > Element type > Add/Edit/ delete > beam > 2D elastic 3 > close.

4. Preprocessor > Real Constant > Add/Edit/Delete > Area = 100, Izz = 833.33 &
Height = 10 > Ok

5. Preprocessor > Material Properties > Material Model > Structural > Linear >
Elastic > Isotropic > EX = 2E5, PRXY = 0.3.

6. Preprocessor > Modeling > create > nodes > Inactive CS

Node 1
X=0
Y=0

Node 2
X= 20
Y=0

Node 3
 X= 40
Y=0

Node 4
X= 60
Y=0

Node 5
X= 80
Y=0

Node 6
X= 100

Y=0
7. List > nodes > coordinate only > ok

8. Preprocessor > modeling > create > elements > Auto numbered thru‟ nodes > select

Node 1 & 2
Node 2 & 3
Node 3 & 4
Node 4 & 5
Node 5 & 6 > ok.

9. Solution > define loads > apply > structural > displacement > on nodes > select node 1 >
apply > all DOF > displacement = 0 > ok.

10. Solution > Force/moment > on nodes > node 6 > apply > FY > -100 > ok.

11. Solution > solve > current L.S > ok.

12. General post processor > plot result > deform shape > Deformed + Undeformed > ok.

13. General post processor > element table > define table > add > user table for item

Smax I > by sequence num > NMISC 1 > apply

Smax J > by sequence num > NMISC 3 > apply

Smin I > by sequence num > NMISC 2 > apply

Smin J > by sequence num > NMISC 4 > Ok.

14. Plot result > line element result > Smax I > Smax J > first result >Evaluate table data > Smax
I, Smax J, Smin I, Smin J > Ok.

15. General postprocessor > list result > nodal solution > DOF solution > UY > displacement
result ( Table 2)

16. General postprocessor > contour plot > line element res. > Ok.
RESULT:

Thus the stress and deflection analysis on cantilever beam subjected point load is performed
 Ex. No: 2 (c)
STRESS AND DEFLECTION ANALYSIS OF FIXED BEAM
Date:

AIM:
To conduct the stress and deflection analysis in a fixed beam using ANSYS software.

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:
Ram : 2 GB
Processor : Core 2 Quad / Core 2 Duo
Operating system : Window XP Service Pack 3
Software : Ansys (Version15.0)

PROCEDURE:
The three main steps to be involved are
1. Pre Processing
2. Solution

3. Post Processing

Start - All Programs – Ansys 15 - Mechanical APDL Product Launcher – Set the Working
Directory as E Drive, User - Job Name as Roll No., Ex. No. – Click Run.

Procedure:
1. Utility Menu > Change Job Name > Enter Job Name.
Utility Menu > File > Change Title > Enter New Title.

2. Preference > Structural > OK.

3. Preprocessor > Element type > Add/Edit/ delete > beam > 2D elastic 3> close.

4. Preprocessor > Real Constant > Add/Edit/Delete > Area = 100, Izz = 833.33 &
Height = 10 > Ok

5. Preprocessor > Material Properties > Material Model > Structural > Linear >
Elastic > Isotropic > EX = 2E5, PRXY = 0.3.

6. Preprocessor > Modeling > create > nodes > Inactive CS

Node 1
X=0
Y=0

Node 2
X= 25
Y=0
Node 3
X= 50
Y=0

Node 4
X= 75
Y=0

Node 5
X= 100
Y=0

7. List > nodes > coordinate only > ok

8. Preprocessor > modeling > create > elements > Auto numbered thru‟ nodes > select

Node 1 & 2
Node 2 & 3
Node 3 & 4
Node 4 & 5
Node 5 & 6 > ok.

9. Solution > define loads > apply > structural > displacement > on nodes > select
node 1 & node 5 > apply > all DOF > displacement = 0 > ok.

10. Solution > Force/moment > on nodes > node 3 > apply > FY > -100 > ok.

11. Solution > solve > current L.S > ok.

12. General post processor > plot result > deform shape > Deformed + Undeformed >
ok.

13. General post processor > element table > define table > add > user table for item

Smax I > by sequence num > NMISC 1 > apply

Smax J > by sequence num > NMISC 3 > apply

Smin I > by sequence num > NMISC 2 > apply

Smin J > by sequence num > NMISC 4 > Ok.

14. Plot result > line element result > Smax I > Smax J > first result >Evaluate table
data > Smax I, Smax J, Smin I, Smin J > Ok.

15. General postprocessor > list result > nodal solution > DOF solution > UY >
displacement result ( Table 2)

16. General postprocessor > contour plot > line element res. > Ok.
RESULT:

Thus the stress and deflection analysis of fixed beam is obtained.

 Ex. No: 3
STRESS ANALYSIS OF FLAT PLATES AND SIMPLE SHELLS
Date:

AIM:
To conduct Stress analysis of flat plates and simple shells using ANSYS software.

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:
Ram : 2 GB
Processor : Core 2 Quad / Core 2 Duo
Operating system : Window XP Service Pack 3
Software : Ansys (Version15.0)

PROCEDURE:
The three main steps to be involved are
1. Pre Processing
2. Solution
3. Post Processing

Start - All Programs – Ansys 15.0- Mechanical APDL Product Launcher – Set the Working
Directory as E Drive, User - Job Name as Roll No., Ex. No. – Click Run.

PREPROCESSING:

1. Preference - Structural- h-Method - Ok.

2. Preprocessor - Element type - Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Solid, 8 node 82 – Ok – Option –
Choose Plane stress w/thk - Close.
3. Real constants - Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Ok – THK 0.5 – Ok - Close.
4. Material props - Material Models – Structural – Linear – Elastic – Isotropic - EX 2e5, PRXY
0.3 - Ok.
5. Modeling – Create – Areas – Rectangle - by 2 corner - X=0, Y=0, Width=100,
Height=50 - Ok. Circle - Solid circle - X=50, Y=25, Radius=10 - Ok.
Operate – Booleans – Subtract – Areas - Select the larger area (rectangle) – Ok – Ok - Select
Circle
– Next – Ok - Ok.
6. Meshing - Mesh Tool – Area – Set - Select the object – Ok - Element edge length 2/3/4/5 –
Ok - Mesh Tool - Select TRI or QUAD - Free/Mapped – Mesh - Select the object - Ok.

SOLUTION:

1. Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Structural – Displacement - On lines - Select the

boundary where
is going to be arrested – Ok - All DOF - Ok.
 Pressure - On lines - Select the load applying area – Ok - Load PRES valve = 1 N/mm2- Ok.
2. Solve – Current LS – Ok – Solution is done – Close.

POST PROCESSING:

General post proc - Plot Result - Contour plot - Nodal Solution – Stress - Von mises stress -
Ok.

TO VIEW THE ANIMATION:

1. Plot control – Animates - Mode Shape – Stress – Von‟mises - Ok.

2. Plot control – Animate - Save Animation - Select the proper location to save the file (E drive-
user) - Ok.

FOR REPORT GENERATION:

File – Report Generator – Choose Append – OK – Image Capture – Ok - Close.

Young‟s Modulus = 200 GPa

Poisson‟s Ratio = 0.3
RESULT:

Thus the stress analysis of rectangular plate with a circular hole is done by using the ANSYS
Software.
 Ex. No: 4
STRESS ANALYSIS OF AN AXI-SYMMETRIC COMPONENT
Date:

AIM:
To obtain the stress analysis in an axi-symmetric component. The model will be that of a
closed tube made from steel. Point loads will be applied at the centre of the top and bottom plate

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:
Ram : 2 GB
Processor : Core 2 Quad / Core 2 Duo
Operating system : Window XP Service Pack 3
Software : Ansys (Version15.0)

PROCEDURE:
The three main steps to be involved are
1. Pre Processing
2. Solution
3. Post Processing

Start - All Programs – Ansys 15 - Mechanical APDL Product Launcher – Set the Working
Directory as E Drive, User - Job Name as Roll No., Ex. No. – Click Run.

PREPROCESSING:

Utility Menu > Change Job Name > Enter Job Name. Utility
Menu > File > Change Title > Enter New Title.
1. Preference > Structural > OK.
2. Preprocessor > Element type > Add/Edit/ delete > solid 8node 183 > options>
axisymmetric.
3. Preprocessor > Material Properties > Material Model > Structural > Linear >
Elastic > Isotropic > EX = 2E5, PRXY = 0.3.

4. Preprocessor>Modeling>create>Areas>Rectangle> By dimensions
Rectangle X1 X2 Y1 Y2
1 0 20 0 5
2 15 20 0 100
3 0 20 95 100

5. Preprocessor > Modeling > operate > Booleans > Add > Areas > pick all > Ok.
Preprocessor > meshing > mesh tool > size control > Areas >
6. Element edge length = 2 mm > Ok > mesh > Areas > free> pick all.
7. Solution > Analysis Type>New Analysis>Static
8. Solution > Define loads > Apply .Structural > displacement > symmetry B.C >
on lines. (Pick the two edger on the left at X = 0)
9. Utility menu > select > Entities > select all
10. Utility menu > select > Entities > by location > Y = 50 >ok.
11. (Select nodes and by location in the scroll down menus. Click Y coordinates
and type 50 in to the input box)
12.12.
13. Solution > Define loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > on key
points>FY > 100 > Pick the top left corner of the area > Ok
14.14.
15. Solution > Define Loads > apply > Structural > Force/moment > on key points
> FY > -100 > Pick the bottom left corner of the area > ok.
16. Solution > Solve > Current LS
17. Utility Menu > select > Entities
18. Select nodes > by location > Y coordinates and type 45, 55 in the min., max.
box, as shown below and click ok.
19. General postprocessor > List results > Nodal solution > stress > components
SCOMP
20. Utility menu > plot controls > style > Symmetry expansion > 2D
Axisymmetric > ¾ expansion
RESULT:
Thus the stress distribution of the Axi-symmetric component is studied.
 Ex. No: 5
THERMAL STRESS AND HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF PLATES
Date:

AIM:
To conduct the Thermal stress and heat transfer analysis of plates by using ANSYS software.

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:
Ram : 2 GB
Processor : Core 2 Quad / Core 2 Duo
Operating system : Window XP Service Pack 3
Software : Ansys (Version15.0)

PROCEDURE:
The three main steps to be involved are
1. Pre Processing
2. Solution
3. Post Processing

Start - All Programs – Ansys 15 - Mechanical APDL Product Launcher – Set the Working
Directory as E Drive, User - Job Name as Roll No., Ex. No. – Click Run.

PREPROCESSING:

1. Preference – Structural - h-Method - Ok.

2. Preprocessor - Element type - Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Solid, Quad 4 node 42 – Ok –
Options – plane strs w/thk – Ok – Close.
3. Real constants - Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Ok – THK 100 – Ok – Close.
4. Material props - Material Models –Structural – Linear – Elastic - Isotropic – EX 2e5, PRXY
0.3 – Ok
Thermal expansion – Secant coefficient – Isotropic – ALPX 12e-6 – Ok.
5. Modeling – Create – Areas - Rectangle – by 2 corners – Enter the coordinate values, height,
width - Ok.
6. Meshing – Mesh tool – Areas, set – select the object – Ok – Element edge length 10 - Ok –
Mesh tool- Tri, free - mesh – Select the object –Ok.

SOLUTION:

1. Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Structural – Displacement - On lines – Select the

 boundary on the object –Ok – Temperature – Uniform Temp – Enter the temp. Value 50 –
Ok.
2. Solve – Current LS – Ok – Solution is done – Close.

POST PROCESSING:

General post proc – Plot results – Contour plot – Nodal solution – Stress – 1st principal stress
– Ok – Nodal solution – DOF Solution – Displacement vector sum - Ok.

FOR REPORT GENERATION:

File – Report Generator – Choose Append – OK – Image Capture – Ok - Close.

T = 50°C 500

500

Young‟s modulus = 200 GPa

Poisson‟s Ratio = 0.3

Thermal expansion coefficient = 12 x 10-6

RESULT:

Thus the Thermal stress and heat transfer analysis of plates by using the ANSYS Software.
 Ex. No: 7 (a)
MODEL ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVER BEAM
Date:

AIM:
To conduct the mode frequency analysis of beam using ANSYS software.

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:
Ram : 2 GB
Processor : Core 2 Quad / Core 2 Duo
Operating system : Window XP Service Pack 3
Software : Ansys (Version15.0)

PROCEDURE:
The three main steps to be involved are
1. Pre Processing
2. Solution
3. Post Processing

Start - All Programs – Ansys 15- Mechanical APDL Product Launcher – Set the Working
Directory as E Drive, User - Job Name as Roll No., Ex. No. – Click Run.

PREPROCESSING:

1. Preprocessor - Element type - Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Beam, 2D elastic 3 – Ok –

Close.
2. Real constants - Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Ok – Area 0.1e-3, Izz 0.833e-9, Height
0.01 – Ok – Close.
3. Material props - Material Models –Structural – Linear – Elastic - Isotropic – EX
206e9, PRXY 0.25 – Ok – Density – DENS 7830 – Ok.
4. Modeling – Create – Key points – Inactive CS – Enter the coordinate values - Ok.
Lines – lines – Straight Line – Join the two key points – Ok.
5. Meshing – Size Cntrls – manual size – lines – all lines – Enter the value of no of
element divisions 25 – Ok. Mesh – Lines – Select the line – Ok.

SOLUTION:

1. Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Structural – Displacement - On nodes – Select

the node point – Ok – All DOF – Ok. Analysis type – New analysis – Modal – Ok.
Analysis type – Analysis options – Block Lanczos – enter the value no of modes
to extract as 3 or 4 or 5 – Ok – End Frequency 10000
–Ok.
2. Solve – Current LS – Ok – Solution is done – Close.

POST PROCESSING:

General post proc – Read results – First set - Plot results – Deformed shape – Choose
Def+undeformed – Ok. Read results – Next set - Plot results – Deformed shape –
 Choose Def+undeformed – Ok and so on.

FOR REPORT GENERATION:

File – Report Generator – Choose Append – OK – Image Capture – Ok - Close.

(Capture all images)

Young‟s modulus = 206 GPa

Poisson‟s Ratio = 0.25

3
Weight Density = 7.83X10 kg/m3
RESULT:

Thus the mode frequency analysis of beam is done by using the ANSYS Software.
 Ex. No: 7 (b)
MODEL ANALYSIS OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
Date:

AIM:
To conduct the mode frequency analysis of beam using ANSYS software.

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:
Ram : 2 GB
Processor : Core 2 Quad / Core 2 Duo
Operating system : Window XP Service Pack 3
Software : Ansys (Version15.0)

PROCEDURE:
The three main steps to be involved are
1. Pre Processing
2. Solution
3. Post Processing

Start - All Programs – Ansys 15- Mechanical APDL Product Launcher – Set the Working
Directory as E Drive, User - Job Name as Roll No., Ex. No. – Click Run.

1. Utility Menu > Change Job Name > Enter Job Name.
Utility Menu > File > Change Title > Enter New Title.

2. Preference > Structural > OK.

3. Preprocessor > Element type > Add/Edit/ delete > beam > 2D elastic 3 > close.

4. Preprocessor > Real Constant > Add/Edit/Delete > Area = 100, Izz = 833.33 &
Height = 10 > Ok.

5. Preprocessor > Material Properties > Material Model > Structural > Linear >
Elastic > Isotropic > EX = 2.068 E5, PRXY = 0.3 & Density = 7.83E-6.

6. Preprocessor > Modeling > create > key points > inactive CS
Key point no.1 = (0, 0)
Key point no.2 = (1000, 0)

7. Preprocessor > Modeling > create > lines > straight lines > select 1&2.

8. Meshing > mesh tool > lines > Element edge length > = 100 mm > mesh > pick all

9. Solution > analysis type > new analysis > modal > ok > analysis options >
subspace = 5 > ok.

10. Solution > define loads > apply > structural > displacement > on key points >
select first point & second point > apply > UY > displacement = 0 > Ok.
 11. Solve > current L.S > close

12. General postprocessor > result summary.

13. General postprocessor > read result > first set > Ok.

14. General postprocessor > plot result > deform shape > deformed + undeformed >
Ok.

15. General postprocessor > plot control > animate > modal shape.

RESULT:

Thus the mode frequency analysis of simply supported beam is obtain.

 Ex. No: 7 (c)
MODEL ANALYSIS OF FIXED BEAM
Date:

AIM:
To conduct the model frequency analysis of beam using ANSYS software.

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:
Ram : 2 GB
Processor : Core 2 Quad / Core 2 Duo
Operating system : Window XP Service Pack 3
Software : Ansys (Version15)

PROCEDURE:
The three main steps to be involved are

1. Pre Processing

2. Solution

3. Post Processing

Start - All Programs – Ansys 10- Mechanical APDL Product Launcher – Set the Working
Directory as E Drive, User - Job Name as Roll No., Ex. No. – Click Run.

1. Utility Menu > Change Job Name > Enter Job Name.
Utility Menu > File > Change Title > Enter New Title.

2. Preference > Structural > OK.

3. Preprocessor > Element type > Add/Edit/ delete > beam > 2D elastic 3> close.

4. Preprocessor > Real Constant > Add/Edit/Delete > Area = 100, Izz = 833.33 &
Height = 10 > Ok.

5. Preprocessor > Material Properties > Material Model > Structural > Linear >
Elastic > Isotropic > EX = 2.068 E5, PRXY = 0.3 & Density = 7.83E-6.

6. Preprocessor > Modeling > create > key points > inactive CS
Key point no.1 = (0, 0)
Key point no.2 = (1000, 0)

7. Preprocessor > Modeling > create > lines > straight lines > select 1&2.

8. Meshing > mesh tool > lines > Element edge length > = 100 mm > mesh > pick all

9. Solution > analysis type > new analysis > modal > ok > analysis options >
subspace = 5 > ok.
 10. Solution > define loads > apply > structural > displacement > on key points >
select first point & second point > apply > all DOF > displacement = 0 > Ok.

11. Solve > current L.S > close

12. General postprocessor > result summary.

13. General postprocessor > read result > first set > Ok.

14. General postprocessor > plot result > deform shape > deformed + undeformed >
Ok.

15. General postprocessor > plot control > animate > modal shape.

RESULT:

Thus the mode frequency analysis on fixed beam is performed.

 Ex. No: 8 HARMONIC, TRANSIENT AND SPECTRUM ANALYSIS OF A 2D
Date: COMPONENT

AIM:

To conduct the Harmonic, transient and spectrum analysis of a 2D component by using

ANSYS software.

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:
Ram : 2 GB
Processor : Core 2 Quad / Core 2 Duo
Operating system : Window XP Service Pack 3
Software : Ansys (Version15)

PROCEDURE:
The three main steps to be involved are
1. Pre Processing
2. Solution
3. Post Processing

Start - All Programs – Ansys 15- Mechanical APDL Product Launcher – Set the Working
Directory as E Drive, User - Job Name as Roll No., Ex. No. – Click Run.

PREPROCESSING:

1. Preprocessor - Element type - Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Beam, 2D elastic 3 – Ok – Close.

2. Real constants - Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Ok – Area 0.1e-3, Izz 0.833e-9, Height 0.01 – Ok –
Close.
3. Material props - Material Models –Structural – Linear – Elastic - Isotropic – EX 206e9,
PRXY 0.25 – Ok – Density – DENS 7830 – Ok.
4. Modeling – Create – Key points – Inactive CS – Enter the coordinate values - Ok. Lines –
lines – Straight Line – Join the two key points – Ok.
5. Meshing – Size Cntrls – manual size – lines – all lines – Enter the value of no of element
divisions 25 – Ok. Mesh – Lines – Select the line – Ok.

SOLUTION:

1. Solution - Analysis type – New analysis – Harmonic – Ok. Analysis type – Analysis options
– Full, Real+imaginary – Ok– Use the default settings – Ok
2. Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Structural – Displacement - On nodes – Select the node
point – Ok – All DOF – Ok. Force/Moment – On Nodes – select the node 2 – Ok – Direction
of force/mom FY, Real part of force/mom -100 – Ok. Load step Opts – Time/Frequency –
 Freq and Substps – Enter the values of Harmonic freq range 1-100, Number of sub steps 100,
Stepped – Ok.
3. Solve – Current LS – Ok – Solution is done – Close.

POST PROCESSING:
1. TimeHist postpro – Variable Viewer – Click “Add” icon – Nodal Solution – DOF Solution –
Y-Component of displacement – Ok – Enter 2 – Ok. Click “List data” icon and view the
amplitude list. Click “Graph” icon and view the graph. To get a better view of the response,
view the log scale of UY.

2. Plotctrls – Style – Graphs – Modify axes – Select Y axis scale as Logarithmic – Ok. Plot –
Replot – Now we can see the better view.

FOR REPORT GENERATION:

File – Report Generator – Choose Append – OK – Image Capture – Ok - Close. (Capture all
images)

Young‟s modulus = 206 GPa

Poisson‟s Ratio = 0.25

Weight Density = 7.83 x 103 kg/m3

Length of the Beam = 1m
RESULT:

Thus the harmonic, transient and spectrum analysis of a 2D component is done by using the
ANSYS Software.
 Ex. No: 9
SIMULATION OF SPRING – MASS SYSTEM
Date:

AIM:

To develop a simulation for spring mass system using MATLAB software.

.

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:
Ram : 2 GB
Processor : Core 2 Quad / Core 2 Duo
Operating system : Window XP Service Pack 3
Software : MAT LAB

PROCEDURE:
Create a Simulation model for a mass attached to a spring with a linear damping
force.

A mass on a spring with a velocity-dependant damping force and a time dependant

force acting upon it will behave according to the following equation:

The model will be formed around this equation. In this equation, 'm' is the equivalent
mass of the system; 'c' is the damping constant; and 'k' is the constant for the stiffness
of the spring. First we want to rearrange the above equation so that it is in terms of
acceleration; then we will integrate to get the expressions for velocity and position.
Rearranging the equation to accomplish this, we get:

To build the model, we start with a 'step' block and a 'gain' block. The gain block
represents the mass, which we will be equal to 5. We also know that we will need to
integrate twice, that we will need to add these equations together, and that there are
two more constants to consider. The damping constant 'c' will act on the velocity, that
is, after the first integration, and the constant 'k' will act on the position, or after the
second integration. Let c = 0.35 and let k = 0.5. Laying all these block out to get an
idea of how to put them together, we get:
By looking at the equation in terms of acceleration, it is clear that the damping term
and spring term are summed negatively, while the mass term is still positive.
To add places and change signs of terms being summed, double-click on the sum
function block and edit the list of signs:

Once we have added places and corrected the signs for the sum block, we need only
connect the lines to their appropriate places. To be able to see what is happening with
this spring system, we add a 'scope' block and add it as follows:
 The values of 'm', 'c' and 'k' can be altered to test cases of under-damping, critical-
damping and over-damping. To accurately use the scope, right-click the graph and
select "Autoscale". The mdl-file can now be saved.

The following is a sample output when the model is run for 30 iterations.
RESULT:
The spring mass system model was developed using MATLAB and the sample
output was taken by running the model.
 Ex. No: 10 INTRODUCTION TO – MATLAB BASICS, DEALING WITH
MATRICES, GRAPHIC FUNCTIONS OF ONE VARIABLE AND
Date:
TWO VARIABLES

INTRODUCTION
The MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing integrates computation,
visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are
expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include

 Math and computation

 Algorithm development
 Data acquisition
 Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
 Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
 Scientific and engineering graphics
 Application development,

Including graphical user interface building MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data
element is an array that does not require dimensioning. It allows you to solve many technical computing
problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to
write a program in a scalar non interactive language such as C or FORTRAN.
The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to provide easy
access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects. Today, MATLAB
engines incorporate the LAPACK and BLAS libraries, embedding the state of the art in software for
matrix computation.
SIMULINK INTRODUCTION:
Simulink is a graphical extension to MATLAB for modeling and simulation of systems. In
Simulink, systems are drawn on screen as block diagrams. Many elements of block diagrams are
available, such as transfer functions, summing junctions, etc., as well as virtual input and output devices
such as function generators and oscilloscopes. Simulink is integrated with MATLAB and data can be
easily transferred between the programs. In these tutorials, we will apply Simulink to the examples from
the MATLAB tutorials to model the systems, build controllers, and simulate the systems. Simulink is
supported on Unix, Macintosh, and Windows environments; and is included in the student version of
MATLAB for personal computers.
The idea behind these tutorials is that you can view them in one window while running Simulink
in another window. System model files can be downloaded from the tutorials and opened in Simulink.
You will modify and extend these system while learning to use Simulink for system modeling, control,
and simulation. Do not confuse the windows, icons, and menus in the tutorials.
For your actual Simulink windows, Most images in these tutorials are not live - they simply
display what you should see in your own Simulink windows. All Simulink operations should be done in
your Simulink windows.
 Starting Simulink
 Model Files
 Basic Elements
 Running Simulations
 Building Systems
Starting Simulink
Simulink is started from the MATLAB command prompt by entering the following command:
>> Simulink
Alternatively, you can hit the Simulink button at the top of the MATLAB window as shown
below: When it starts, Simulink brings up the Simulink Library browser.
 Open the modeling window with New then Model from the File menu on the Simulink
Library Browser as shown above. This will bring up a new untitiled modeling window shown
below.

Model Files
In Simulink, a model is a collection of blocks which, in general, represents a system. In
addition to drawing a model into a blank model window, previously saved model files can be loaded
either from the File menu or from the MATLAB command prompt.

You can open saved files in Simulink by entering the following command in the MATLAB
command window. (Alternatively, you can load a file using the Open option in the File menu in
Simulink, or by hitting Ctrl+O in Simulink.)

>> filename
The following is an example model window.

A new model can be created by selecting New from the File menu in any Simulink window (or by
hitting Ctrl+N).
Basic Elements

There are two major classes of items in Simulink: blocks and lines. Blocks are used to generate,
modify, combine, output, and display signals. Lines are used to transfer signals from one block to
another.

Blocks
There are several general classes of blocks:
 Continuous
 Discontinuous
 Discrete
 Look-Up Tables
 Math Operations
 Model Verification
 Model-Wide Utilities
 Ports & Subsystems
 Signal Attributes
 Signal Routing
 Sinks: Used to output or display signals
 Sources: Used to generate various signals
 User-Defined Functions
 Discrete: Linear, discrete-time system elements (transfer functions, state-space models, etc.)
  Linear: Linear, continuous-time system elements and connections (summing junctions,
gains, etc.)
 Nonlinear: Nonlinear operators (arbitrary functions, saturation, delay, etc.)
 Connections: Multiplex, Demultiplex, System Macros, etc.

Blocks have zero to several input terminals and zero to several output terminals. Unused input
terminals are indicated by a small open triangle. Unused output terminals are indicated by a small
triangular point. The block shown below has an unused input terminal on the left and an unused
output terminal on the right

Lines

Lines transmit signals in the direction indicated by the arrow. Lines must always transmit signals
from the output terminal of one block to the input terminal of another block. One exception to this
is a line can tap off of another line, splitting the signal to each of two destination blocks, as shown
below.

Lines can never inject a signal into another line; lines must be combined through the use of
a block such as a summing junction.
A signal can be either a scalar signal or a vector signal. For Single-Input, Single-Output
systems, scalar signals are generally used. For Multi-Input, Multi-Output systems, vector signals are
often used, consisting of two or more scalar signals. The lines used to transmit scalar and vector
signals are identical. The type of signal carried by a line is determined by the blocks on either end
of the line.
 Simple Example

The simple model (from the model files section) consists of three blocks: Step, Transfer Fcn,
and Scope. The Step is a source block from which a step input signal originates. This signal is
transferred through the line in the direction indicated by the arrow to the Transfer Function linear
block. The Transfer Function modifies its input signal and outputs a new signal on a line to the
Scope. The Scope is a sink block used to display a signal much like an oscilloscope.
There are many more types of blocks available in Simulink, some of which will be discussed
later. Right now, we will examine just the three we have used in the simple model.
Running Simulations
To run a simulation, we will work with the following model file:simple2.mdl
Download and open this file in Simulink following the previous instructions for this file.
You should see the following model window.

Before running a simulation of this system, first open the scope window by double-clicking
on the scope block. Then, to start the simulation, either select Start from the Simulation menu (as
shown below) or hit Ctrl-T in the model window.

68
 The simulation should run very quickly and the scope window will appear as shown below. If it
doesn't, just double click on the block labeled "scope."

Note that the simulation output (shown in yellow) is at a very low level relative to the axes of the
scope. To fix this, hit the autoscale button (binoculars), which will rescale the axes as shown
below.

Note that the step response does not begin until t=1. This can be changed by double-clicking on the
"step" block. Now, we will change the parameters of the system and simulate the system again. Double-
click on the "Transfer Fcn" block in the model window and change the denominator to [1 20 400]
Re-run the simulation (hit Ctrl-T) and you should see what appears as a flat line in the scope
window. Hit the autoscale button, and you should see the following in the scope window.

69
 Notice that the autoscale button only changes the vertical axis. Since the new transfer function has
a very fast response, it compressed into a very narrow part of the scope window. This is not really a
problem with the scope, but with the simulation itself. Simulink simulated the system for a full ten
seconds even though the system had reached steady state shortly after one second.
To correct this, you need to change the parameters of the simulation itself. In the model window,
select Parameters from the Simulation menu. You will see the following dialog box.

There are many simulation parameter options; we will only be concerned with the start and stop
times, which tell Simulink over what time period to perform the simulation. Change Start time from
0.0 to 0.8 (since the step doesn't occur until t=1.0. Change Stop time from 10.0 to 2.0, which should
1.0 be only shortly after the system settles. Close the dialog box and rerun the simulation.
After hitting the autoscale button, the scope window should provide a much better display of the
step response as shown below.

70
RESULT:

Thus the introduction to – MATLAB basics, dealing with matrices, graphic functions of one
variable and two variables have been studied.