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SQL_2024

The document provides a comprehensive overview of SQL, covering its evolution, database design, and key components such as DML and DDL. It includes detailed explanations of querying data, filtering, sorting, aggregating, and advanced SQL concepts like joins, subqueries, and transaction management. Additionally, it addresses SQL Server management and data analysis techniques, supported by references for further learning.

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4 views

SQL_2024

The document provides a comprehensive overview of SQL, covering its evolution, database design, and key components such as DML and DDL. It includes detailed explanations of querying data, filtering, sorting, aggregating, and advanced SQL concepts like joins, subqueries, and transaction management. Additionally, it addresses SQL Server management and data analysis techniques, supported by references for further learning.

Uploaded by

007daboss
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL

1. Introduction to SQL:
o Evolution and history of SQL.
o Relational database concepts.
o Key components: tables, columns, rows, and relationships.
o SQL standards and variations.
2. Database Design:
o Understanding database architecture.
o Entity-Relationship (ER) modeling.
o Normalization: first, second, and third normal form.
o Creating and managing database schemas.
3. Data Manipulation Language (DML):
o SELECT statement: retrieving data from tables.
o INSERT statement: adding new records.
o UPDATE statement: modifying existing records.
o DELETE statement: removing records from tables.
4. Data Definition Language (DDL):
o Creating and altering database objects: tables, views, indexes, etc.
o Modifying table structures: adding/removing columns, changing data types, etc.
o Dropping database objects.
o Managing constraints: primary keys, foreign keys, unique constraints, etc.
5. Querying Data:
o SELECT statement syntax and usage.

 Retrieving data from tables using the SELECT statement.


 Syntax: SELECT column1, column2 FROM table.
 Using the * wildcard to select all columns.
 Aliases for columns using the AS keyword.
 Distinct keyword to retrieve unique rows.
 SELECT INTO statement to create a new table from a query result.

o Filtering data with the WHERE clause.

 Filtering data based on specific conditions.


 Comparison operators: =, <>, >, <, >=, <=.
 Logical operators: AND, OR, NOT.
 IN operator to match against a set of values.
 BETWEEN operator to filter data within a range.
 LIKE operator for pattern matching using wildcards (% and _).
 IS NULL operator to filter NULL values.
 Combining filters using parentheses.

o Sorting data with the ORDER BY clause.

 data in ascending (ASC) or descending (DESC) order.


 Sorting by multiple columns.
 Sorting by column alias.
 Sorting by expressions or function results.
 Sorting NULL values using NULLS FIRST or NULLS LAST

o . Aggregating data using GROUP BY and HAVING clauses.

 Grouping rows based on specific columns.


 Aggregating data using aggregate functions: SUM, COUNT, AVG, MIN, MAX.
 Having clause to filter groups based on conditions.

6. Filtering and Sorting Data:


o Advanced filtering techniques: logical operators, comparison operators, IN, BETWEEN, LIKE, etc.

 Logical operators: AND, OR, NOT.


 Comparison operators: =, <>, >, <, >=, <=.
 IS NOT NULL operator: filtering non-NULL values.
 Combining filters using parentheses.

o Sorting data using multiple columns.

 ORDER BY clause: sorting data in ascending or descending order.


 Sorting by multiple columns.
 Sorting by a column alias.
 Sorting by expressions or function results.
 Sorting NULL values using NULLS FIRST or NULLS LAST.

7. Aggregating and Summarizing Data:


o Aggregate functions: SUM, COUNT, AVG, MIN, MAX.MEAN etc ..

 SUM: Calculates the sum of values in a column.


 COUNT: Retrieves the count of rows or non-null values in a column.
 AVG: Calculates the average of values in a column.
 MIN: Retrieves the minimum value in a column.
 MAX: Retrieves the maximum value in a column.
 MEAN: ….

o Grouping data with GROUP BY.

 rows based on specific columns.


 Allows for aggregation of data within each group.
 Syntax: SELECT column1, aggregate function(column2) FROM table GROUP BY column1.

o Filtering grouped data with HAVING.

 Filters groups based on specific conditions.


 Similar to the WHERE clause but operates on grouped data.
 Syntax: SELECT column1, aggregate function(column2) FROM table GROUP BY column1
HAVING condition.

Examples:

 Calculating the total sales for each product category: SELECT category, SUM(sales)
FROM table GROUP BY category.
 Determining the number of customers in each city: SELECT city, COUNT(customer_id)
FROM table GROUP BY city.
 Calculating the average rating for each movie genre: SELECT genre, AVG(rating) FROM
table GROUP BY genre.
 Finding the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in each month: SELECT
MONTH(date), MAX(temperature), MIN(temperature) FROM table GROUP BY
MONTH(date).

8. Joins and Subqueries:


o Types of SQL joins: INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, FULL JOIN.
o Subquery basics: understanding subqueries, correlated subqueries.
o Combining queries with UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT.
9. Indexes and Optimization:
o Indexing concepts and importance.
o Creating, altering, and dropping indexes.
o Query optimization techniques: query plans, performance tuning.
10. Stored Procedures and Functions:
o Creating, executing, and altering stored procedures.
o Parameters and variables in stored procedures.
o User-defined functions: scalar functions, table-valued functions.
11. Transaction Management:
o ACID properties of transactions.
o Managing transactions: COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT.
o Ensuring data integrity with constraints and triggers.
12. Data Views:
o Creating and managing views.
o Understanding view limitations and considerations.
o Granting/restricting access to views.
13. SQL Server Management:
o SQL Server architecture and components.
o Managing databases: backups, restores, security.
o User and permission management.
14. Advanced SQL Concepts:
o Window functions: ROW_NUMBER, RANK, DENSE_RANK, etc.
o Common table expressions (CTEs).
o Advanced query techniques: EXISTS, IN, NOT EXISTS, NOT IN.
15. Data Analysis with SQL:
o Data exploration and filtering.
o Aggregating and summarizing data for analysis.
o Correlated subqueries for complex data analysis.

References :
https://www.mysqltutorial.org/
https://www.w3schools.com/sql/
http://sqlzoo.net/

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