STRING CONCEPTS IN PYTHON

→ String is a data type in Python.

→ String is a sequence of characters enclosed in quotes.
→ We can primarily write strings in the following ways

1. Single quote string → a = ‘Saheer’

2. Double quote → b = “Saheer”

3. Triple quote → c = ‘’’ Saheer ‘’’

Indexing
Indexing in Python allows you to access individual elements of a sequence (like
strings, lists, or tuples) using their position or "index." Each item in a sequence
has an index, starting with 0 for the first element, 1 for the second, and so on.
Negative indexing is also allowed, where -1 refers to the last element, -2 to the
second last, and so on.
Example of Indexing with a String:

name = "Python"
# Positive Indexing
print(name[0]) # Output: 'P'
print(name[3]) # Output: 'h'

# Negative Indexing
print(name[-1]) # Output: 'n' (last character)
print(name[-3]) # Output: 't'

In this example:

name[0] gives us the first character, "P" .

name[3] gives the fourth character, "h" .

name[-1] fetches the last character, "n" .

name[-3] fetches "t" , the third character from the end.

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 Indexing is a powerful way to access and work with specific parts of
sequences in Python.

1. Creating Strings
Single-line String:

greeting = "Hello, World!"

Multi-line String:

paragraph = """This is a paragraph.

It spans multiple lines."""

2. Accessing Characters in a String (Indexing)

Each character in a string has an index. Python uses 0-based indexing, so the
first character is at index 0 .

Example:

text = "Python"
print(text[0]) # Output: P
print(text[2]) # Output: t

Negative Indexing: You can also use negative indices to access characters
from the end of the string.

print(text[-1]) # Output: n
print(text[-3]) # Output: h

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 3. Slicing Strings
Slicing allows you to get a specific part (substring) of the string.

Syntax: string[start:end]

Example:

word = "Python"
print(word[0:3]) # Output: Pyt
print(word[2:]) # Output: thon
print(word[:4]) # Output: Pyth
print(word[-3:]) # Output: hon

4. Modifying Strings
Strings are immutable in Python, meaning they cannot be changed after
creation. However, you can create a new string based on modifications.

Example:

text = "Hello"
new_text = text + " World" # Concatenation
print(new_text) # Output: Hello World

5. Common String Methods

Python has several built-in methods to work with strings:

.lower() : Converts all characters to lowercase.

print("HELLO".lower()) # Output: hello

.upper() : Converts all characters to uppercase.

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 print("hello".upper()) # Output: HELLO

.strip() : Removes whitespace from the beginning and end of the string.

print(" hello ".strip()) # Output: hello

.replace(old, new) : Replaces a substring with another substring.

print("hello world".replace("world", "Python")) # Output: hello Python

.find(substring) : Finds the index of the first occurrence of a substring, or

returns 1 if not found.

print("hello world".find("world")) # Output: 6

6. Escape Characters
Escape characters allow you to include special characters in strings, like quotes
or newlines.

Examples:

print("He said, \"Hello!\"") # Output: He said, "Hello!"

print("Hello\nWorld") # Output:
# Hello
# World

7. Checking String Contents

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 You can check for specific characters or substrings within a string using in and
not in keywords.

Example:

sentence = "The quick brown fox"

print("fox" in sentence) # Output: True
print("cat" not in sentence) # Output: True

Practice Programs:
1. Write a program that takes a user’s full name as input and prints it in
uppercase.

# Program to print full name in uppercase

full_name = input("Enter your full name: ")
print("Your name in uppercase is:", full_name.upper())

2. Create a program that asks for a sentence and prints the number of times
the word "Python" appears in it.

# Program to count occurrences of "Python" in a sentence

sentence = input("Enter a sentence: ")
count = sentence.count("Python")
print("The word 'Python' appears", count, "times in the sentence.")

3. Write a program to slice a string to extract the last 3 characters of a user-

input string.

# Program to extract the last 3 characters of a string

user_string = input("Enter a string: ")

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 last_three_chars = user_string[-3:]
print("The last three characters are:", last_three_chars)

Conditional Statements: if, else, elif

→ Sometimes we want to play games on our phone if the day is Sunday.

→ Sometimes we order ice cream online if the day is sunny.

→ sometimes we go hiking if our parents allow it.

All these are decisions that depend on the condition.

In Python programming too we must be able to execute instructions on a

condition. This what conditional statement.

if statement:

if 5 > 3:
print("Five is greater than three")

else statement: Runs if the if condition is False.

if 3 > 5:
print("Three is greater")
else:
print("Five is greater")

elif (else if): Adds more conditions.

age = 18
if age < 18:
print("You are a minor")
elif age == 18:

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 print("You just turned 18!")
else:
print("You are an adult")

Practice Programs
1. Using if Statements

1. Write a program that asks the user for their age. If the user is 18 years or
older, print "You are an adult." Otherwise, do nothing.

age = int(input("Enter your age: "))

if age >= 18:
print("You are an adult.")

2. Create a program that asks the user for a number. If the number is positive,
print "The number is positive."

number = float(input("Enter a number: "))

if number > 0:
print("The number is positive.")

3. Write a program that checks if a given number is even or odd using an if

statement. If the number is even, print "Even number".

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if num % 2 == 0:
print("Even number")

2. Using if-else Statements

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 1. Write a Python program that checks whether a number entered by the user
is positive or negative. If the number is positive, print "Positive"; vv!, print
"Negative".

number = float(input("Enter a number: "))

if number >= 0:
print("Positive number")
else:
print("Negative number")

2. Create a program to check if a user is eligible to drive based on their age. If

the user is 18 years or older, print "You can drive"; otherwise, print "You
cannot drive."

age = int(input("Enter your age: "))

if age >= 18:
print("You can drive")
else:
print("You cannot drive")

3. Write a program that asks the user to enter a number and checks if the
number is divisible by 5. If it is divisible, print "Divisible by 5"; otherwise,
print "Not divisible by 5."

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if number % 5 == 0:
print("Divisible by 5")
else:
print("Not divisible by 5")

3. Using if-elif-else Statements

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 1. Create a program that asks the user for their marks and prints the grade
according to the following conditions:

Marks >= 90: Print "A"

Marks >= 80: Print "B"

Marks >= 60: Print "D"

Marks >= 70: Print "C"

Marks < 60: Print "F"

marks = int(input("Enter your marks: "))

if marks >= 90:
print("Grade A")
elif marks >= 80:
print("Grade B")
elif marks >= 70:
print("Grade C")
elif marks >= 60:
print("Grade D")
else:
print("Grade F")

2. Write a program that asks the user for the day of the week (as a number
from 1 to 7) and prints the name of the day (e.g., 1 for "Monday", 2 for
"Tuesday", etc.).

day = int(input("Enter day number (1-7): "))

if day == 1:
print("Monday")
elif day == 2:
print("Tuesday")
elif day == 3:
print("Wednesday")
elif day == 4:
print("Thursday")

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 elif day == 5:
print("Friday")
elif day == 6:
print("Saturday")
elif day == 7:
print("Sunday")
else:
print("Invalid day number")

3. Create a Python program that asks the user to enter a number between 1
and 100. If the number is greater than 90, print "High"; if it's between 50
and 90, print "Medium"; and if it's less than 50, print "Low."

number = int(input("Enter a number between 1 and 100: "))

if number > 90:
print("High")
elif number >= 50:
print("Medium")
else:
print("Low")

Practice Questions
For if Statements
1. Write a program that asks the user to input their favorite color. If the color is
"blue", print "That's a cool color!".

2. Write a program that checks if a number entered by the user is greater than
100.

3. Write a program that asks the user for their score in a game. If the score is
above 50, print "You passed the level!".

4. Create a program that asks the user for the temperature in Celsius. If the
temperature is above 30, print "It's hot outside".

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 5. Write a program to check if a given year is a leap year using the following
rule: a year is a leap year if it is divisible by 4 but not by 100, or it is divisible
by 400.

For if-else Statements

1. Write a program that asks for the user’s temperature. If it’s 37°C or higher,
print "You have a fever"; otherwise, print "You don’t have a fever."

2. Write a program that checks if a number entered by the user is a multiple of

10. If yes, print "Multiple of 10"; otherwise, print "Not a multiple of 10."

3. Write a program to determine if a person’s age is even or odd.

4. Create a program that asks the user for their score and checks if they
passed or failed (passing mark is 40).

5. Write a program that checks if a given number is zero or non-zero.

For if-elif-else Statements

1. Write a program that takes the price of a product as input and assigns a
discount based on the price:

Price > 1000: Discount 10%

Price between 500 and 1000: Discount 5%

Price < 500: No discount.

2. Create a program that checks if a person’s weight falls into one of the
following categories:

Below 50 kg: Underweight

50-70 kg: Normal weight

Above 70 kg: Overweight

3. Write a program to input the amount of rainfall (in mm) and print:

More than 50mm: "Heavy Rain"

20-50mm: "Moderate Rain"

Less than 20mm: "Light Rain"

4. Write a program that checks whether a student has passed or failed an

exam using the following rule:

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 Marks >= 50: Passed

Marks >= 40 and <50: Retake

Marks < 40: Failed.

5. Write a program that takes a temperature in Fahrenheit and classifies it into:

Above 85°F: "Hot"

60°F to 85°F: "Warm"

Below 60°F: "Cold"

For if Statements
1. Write a program that asks the user to input their favorite color. If the color
is "blue", print "That's a cool color!".

color = input("Enter your favorite color: ")

if color.lower() == "blue":
print("That's a cool color!")

2. Write a program that checks if a number entered by the user is greater

than 100.

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if number > 100:
print("The number is greater than 100.")

3. Write a program that asks the user for their score in a game. If the score is
above 50, print "You passed the level!".

score = int(input("Enter your game score: "))

if score > 50:

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 print("You passed the level!")

4. Create a program that asks the user for the temperature in Celsius. If the
temperature is above 30, print "It's hot outside".

temperature = float(input("Enter the temperature in Celsius: "))

if temperature > 30:
print("It's hot outside")

5. Write a program to check if a given year is a leap year.

year = int(input("Enter a year: "))

if (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or (year % 400 == 0):
print("It's a leap year.")

For if-else Statements

1. Write a program that asks for the user’s temperature. If it’s 37°C or higher,
print "You have a fever"; otherwise, print "You don’t have a fever."

temperature = float(input("Enter your temperature in Celsius: "))

if temperature >= 37:
print("You have a fever.")
else:
print("You don’t have a fever.")

2. Write a program that checks if a number entered by the user is a multiple

of 10.

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))

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 if number % 10 == 0:
print("Multiple of 10")
else:
print("Not a multiple of 10")

3. Write a program to determine if a person’s age is even or odd.

age = int(input("Enter your age: "))

if age % 2 == 0:
print("Your age is even.")
else:
print("Your age is odd.")

4. Create a program that asks the user for their score and checks if they
passed or failed (passing mark is 40).

score = int(input("Enter your score: "))

if score >= 40:
print("You passed.")
else:
print("You failed.")

5. Write a program that checks if a given number is zero or non-zero.

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if number != 0:
print("The number is non-zero.")
else:
print("The number is zero.")

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 For if-elif-else Statements
1. Write a program that takes the price of a product as input and assigns a
discount based on the price.

price = float(input("Enter the price of the product: "))

if price > 1000:
discount = price * 0.1
print(f"Discount applied: {discount}")
elif 500 <= price <= 1000:
discount = price * 0.05
print(f"Discount applied: {discount}")
else:
print("No discount available.")

2. Create a program that checks if a person’s weight falls into specific

categories.

weight = float(input("Enter your weight in kg: "))

if weight < 50:
print("Underweight")
elif 50 <= weight <= 70:
print("Normal weight")
else:
print("Overweight")

3. Write a program to input the amount of rainfall (in mm) and print rainfall
classification.

rainfall = float(input("Enter rainfall amount in mm: "))

if rainfall > 50:
print("Heavy Rain")
elif 20 <= rainfall <= 50:
print("Moderate Rain")

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 else:
print("Light Rain")

4. Write a program that checks whether a student has passed, needs a

retake, or failed an exam.

marks = int(input("Enter your marks: "))

if marks >= 50:
print("Passed")
elif 40 <= marks < 50:
print("Retake required")
else:
print("Failed")

5. Write a program that takes a temperature in Fahrenheit and classifies it as

"Hot", "Warm", or "Cold".

temperature = float(input("Enter temperature in Fahrenheit: "))

if temperature > 85:
print("Hot")
elif 60 <= temperature <= 85:
print("Warm")
else:
print("Cold")

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