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Control Systems

The document discusses various concepts related to nuclear energy, control systems, and transfer functions. It covers topics such as energy acquisition in nuclear reactions, feedback control systems, and the mathematical modeling of dynamic systems. Additionally, it addresses the importance of transfer functions in analyzing system behavior and stability.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views43 pages

Control Systems

The document discusses various concepts related to nuclear energy, control systems, and transfer functions. It covers topics such as energy acquisition in nuclear reactions, feedback control systems, and the mathematical modeling of dynamic systems. Additionally, it addresses the importance of transfer functions in analyzing system behavior and stability.

Uploaded by

iitg.feelings
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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Cinding Energy Energy aquired to dimoctate a nucless into “ts constituents. 5 _ 6g. Onin rey 2h yt ee a win - 26 Ht ut - | eg: Ue ss ag sntue cel M4 ae Me fo a 4 —— | mays 21 dima = Am Mass ah newton ove ama. vy |. Enevag xelemed freaction mars ° proton, = 110073 amu a “| “ty -aT 2 4b aoe 4 ovat x 16x10“ x x 3 x08 r (40) - ' ‘= bok Mev t = 285.04 4 anu 5 U gf Ver 2056 MeV of energy. 31K coh U gives TMT (Pert font) — the energy eal nebeared E —» 27. (KE oh ml > 90°). (rndinbiny vs Lt Fission of smath nuclee - pH tml He Bont + E CeesMey) | 2. Chiba) “= consumes nes entra (aoein't give) ~ hawe woth woth al au bigot Clement a [sion seachions. close Loop |Fudvacks coulrol systenn ___|__ open Loe - = © Feed back couteot ayct en ~ CS esbvch has a prevtrrbed | “ees ee | ee control i, catd | ates Giagiort 8 Moon ek Yeontoo? Tee diff a bles. rence i npud ib ed ars tre peor eee eee ee - ESS : = actuating aks © Crore Spo = Ce 0 6-6 if Hee output i reilee msicn Or compared wir tre aeferen te input ton if ww Catled oper Loop C-S- - - at) He > Ow ek). Ope. Lop C$. are Atoble jtomat & external diotivoonces « poe dimed nop myrte— Asirility ie a maton Hae: ay » 5) 4) ) Closed Loop Syste ts mom eae Gfx loop aa Fas! Woe eaten ips Ewe ditt fh OS gulthaite - pn Ciny OS Gane Simpl dustruthon ae fo moinnin. neh “4 menada ere | Foe ope Loop yiten ae ca ne Cali bration u mk immpesfant from 4 tye | +5 Pine: Ge g(t) a Coundry conditions « a +. ady + Say = be be 4 5 Ain A455 oO Linton - time - jnvatawt” t) Linese time vation’ &) Nonlinear Hine imvasdant 4) Novlinear Gime variant Ayla + dear time mv / osith Ady Lingle Input “satin Aponte mw fo tine — eSpace Appren che ! Binge utp va * foe Aept CALS Iw “pulp. 4 of, supepesttion ee approach 13 weed - 7 : —_ - - PSE + Componer +h mea suring duvice te toma * fe ine Counter oP site wocararod « aay Li Saeap poopestien ¢ gpowtd wt Cate “t ditto w ee canis as vce (wre ete. Converging Element) | Sent] = VME (Variable Manipulation Elumeut) DTE ie Travamitien Elenont) DPE (dar Premulatiom Element) Cont &y stems - Famebi'en Ap} me . 7 Xp dine (reecaut Ayton a ~ aye input and angle oe tpale a | a + apy LaF QneiG' tay = bo KOE‘ IY. Hing % + by ‘ (nym) Trew ais Yr ovcpat oe inputs _ ZL ( Baya » On) (by | Ze nial cond i Hon) oo - ps ag = GS) = XCD bys sets = tbe a 5) B+ AUSHTE = +A, eS te - a j as Gaye - | - ee §-plame = 6 + JOO nl Tn Meany | . * hee 3 oo 5 ee i (ae yg _ _ oO - G0) = lin Glsras) G0). ten &G0) — sty “Tp dtd | a gs ann feck 7 | ase eae as a ASS Ee : BS jOw | bine 4463) - On AGgly ; 4540 AT Aya jac" | = AGG) = OG, jd \Gy) : OG, 2G Oy _ =F ha tay - Riemann ? Conctebion : — — 06 ~ a0 ae Ow | : —_ BO —_TWamafer Fux ction Gu = () sti S= er jw, : Ge = F (64) ~jwo Cs +1) + foo (CH )*4 gore Gq oH, Gt 2 (Cu) 400% + CH) pot! Binge. port . — Zeros : — Petes Petebco © Paints on Hae S plew- ar utuen Git) is amaly bie Cattes a ordinary pens Points in He 8. plane at uth Gis) is not | aecatyhic tote) fa Alagulay pethtr o0>5 Gingutar peiata at wha acy & iH dba valves appeent, inbeal ty axe cated pole, Singular poitt AF wivith Gli) =O are Cotud Zerots — Te ppc TF 1K poe property of Ayton aud if 14 indepencleat” 4, Hu magiucfne aud naling of inputs and Akiving porur. The TEs choern’t provide aes information Conteris tue pluysi cat Atruchare of He Ayden un TF ‘for om ‘ "Cod be For a bnoion TF the mature of Hae system cau be | unctetatrod “ind Aespowats for different Inputs Cau he | Ghtacnd * The TE Con be watohbiibed ty per known pale sk my ia wpa ng @ ie) ede Aduwatt + used ie peacating fom © Rakion “ate (ie ne of ‘postdtes tedeegorg h Utvie SS pr mth volume poo uth tine ) RQ. = -~AAH _ HUNT = AMoVv Adu . 5; E, mim © (W/m?) Comte? Systems Bleck _ Diag ewe C [tow enact lead of ) Lt is prctewal acptosentation Of a function bvexy tompontnt awd Mae How of Mynale , Hre contro ays One Atprtrent ed Hrrousle bloug yen Furcal block —> A pttbtnd fuse ‘on (s) B(s) = Gees) Aw) Summing Iplecte ~ Ade | Subtract agnrls > + ces) AG) “ Fuslow power dein ty, ia | eu» CCH) = Als) - RIS) Yaouch Point * fotnt from where Bifrate an tele to ote for Ponal pout o Buramnay pom MF Gh ce . branes point = a Gi A L eaeery our ) : ao a iC aly are ate t) Sew a schualor Main part 4, contr! Bysteon 4) Grtroller Ec mw x _ i ; rH | & ay 5 K-44 GG 2 yd Go ea em i 7a eos ce : Ze Ge ! +. ae RG) Eu) ee = | Gif Es -- | 86) [us)je—I Beck dg digiae of clereR CCs) = E(s)G(s) > ow - Bis) = HICH) i en - | Kab (y= Rey - es) 4p CG) - GG) —GQG) | [ROD 1+ G6) KO | @ | SL end foun —[& ee een | _ ©) Few epee | cos GO) HO). EG) ~ a 2 HG) = Stenson ) | i ¢ Oe a GG) | fad forward pep Unity fasnects outset fonction CHO) = I) jive aecseuh ft fron if fot fos opr ep oy. 3 Produce for constructi a blocks Di'ngra a O) whale matiewelcat wt frat duchess He dunamce Behaviour of each Component : @) Take Laplace Transform of equatinn A 8S tim ng 2eh0 Initial Condition - . i) Represent tach Laplae tramifeunr 4? indev) th each Weck: b meaty ® Avemite thre loaned ty cornplle 4hock, Ailey tacen RC Crcutt x ere aoe ea er Ri =1Go? po tt eho T(s) = els) - G05) 2 R 5 TR i ® t) te fiat 5 Gt) = IG) ge - i © : Cars © QO [ Ve et) 6 | és) : aan \ ae VG — Els) bw (S?) Pe-[ Ye yoo om EEE df - Af +0 vi Fer_mest ptobabi veterity, 2 Vingp = [2 kot oe eg. Te Qook, Onyqerr (Or) z Vongp (02) = 2x 138 x10 F844 als ME 826 (Control Systems) =F > excilakion mij = “ult d- Fe -F, “Ap plye et Lape Timefomalic, T io kay > Fes) ee tsya) = Rls) ms?y(s) = Uw. S uw) - ky(s) ~ Cs yet m2 Uls) — Fycs) ~ Fees) FO) \—. Yio T Fics =4Cs) ms*y G+ Cs yrs) +. KY(s) = U9) — Exes) W, anc F) }_» 42 yo | oe — @&-0) = _ fo Yt Myst yn 9 (RO) + My's =e . =| Ys = GI = GriCk-0) + GH Ys SMe ae = G:%4 = Go agstOn Sef Gitte 0) + GMs ia | a YeGagp C e -. GG (kc): 14,6 Hy, C Ye AC/6) Gs sf ms fy) R (je : — 7 \ — f Lu ehion oT ee oti. | Res) a ees fea —69--[i [qe + CO) Tt _ | : Cis) = Seen te —— () R20, dos) — Cols) Dis)=0, RS) — Cals) ee - knca PYG, = Op - : | 2) DG, =o 144 HC —— | st ty 1+ 44,4) — | co 14G,G,H 4 = ~ TEGH - GiGo IAG GH = Grd + GOR - C#G.G,4. ale alo ale 2 Vater Ie veel alt) = a Me tn Mate (pace eo Mate spare equahions ¢ () Onpul variables —* Uiskys ~~ 9 ¥r 1) Gulput vanabs— Yig4r, -- 9m S) Mate Ee Hy ha5 ~~ 29 An j =e Ha Eos o_ @ 24 po = 4 ut) — £ a, Kx co im ener dina 9 - -2 Ym $iGrs op, ° F f2(%ig---- 5 Map Uy’ of \ = ft (315 2» An 9 Wig lay aut) = > Etxsunt) = Wate e 424 C%y 29 Mag hy ~~ Yat ga Ctig = 2-9 hag alg. n ter YU = Gutta We Ce uurpre inh xe) = 40) xq) Eee) we) i y XO) + peyu® — | : : | | Yn de (4g = 9 tng Uy gtr EY) | otto cycle ig move effraent tt oan aT | 7 L (Ul, > mu), fhe 5 same Compression vaho, | : “gd nb 926 = Gutsel Suge | ght ayn te nn + tod any = bit + betty i Zz XH) = AW Xb) E BES ULE) - i YE) = C&)xb) + De) ult) Pb aye wR Mat Aa = bet bey doll ste) ST Qteg = 22 Ma) State vanable Vt Sk yr x c “ > [10 00.-.] % | Wese State Apace Peprrrtert aah on Tt ee duncher Uinta fine dnvartenet , arth Single cutpat mystens + Xa) = Ax) + Bul) Y(t) = Cx) + Dult) Loplace Trams form : SX) - X(o) = AXG) + BLS) Yu) = CX®@ + DUG) : TF. 3 Ys) (ST-4) x6) = Bu ue) > Xs) = (IEA)! BUS) YU) = C CST-A)"B UC) + DUG) Yo) ~ ¢ (Sf-A4y4B + D = GCs) UG) GW = C aj(A) B ED (St- 4] ing mass damping system: mie eg ty = ull) [3] > Een am dL] * ff)" FG olny (ms* test k) Yes) = U(s) ” Gtsy = YO) =: ' 1. UID Const 08 4) ey Te) se &] fo.) ey fay een | eceee eed ay * 4 ~4){ *s po Ss Yon = 1 St4 bS 4k. a mst ye bsrk _ ™ 5 e - - L Find the Trans fer Fumclion for fo tas following systems: | Su = bu-hy “ $ Xs) = bUCs)~bYCS) | % = butt) — b y(t) > A= bx, +bul) | woe 5 junata bien . SK 4= 4, Fauna . % > Ab aut) eary(t) co a, Fm an, +a ult) By Ee Ib) (© yeu [1 In] ystems ee a 5: Control Ss The. ty cree trace Lf. bo Cote tpore equation) EE Yeu | Y Gite (S+z7 4.1 ) - - S4P GK ¢ s rar ety Flad We «late gpace equation — Stz “Srp Tew beak ke Ce elt — Modem Coubrot Tung = Read: Sicin 2-1, 262 23,24 25 Sete ee "AeO-L, A22- 1, A-2-4,4 A-2-9, 4-2-10,4 aN, B- B-1-1,-t-84 B-2-9, B- 2: ol Mathenabicat Modeltivg a - es | Fy a bot — tt Wo pm vo ca mit Kin + Cny-4,) 46/4, = ul Pkt) ¥ Ky (%-*) Com, ] Amity my, + Ky M2 ky (4, —%,) + bg 4320 Key t la mH Urey Hy ia, tb, = Wt) My t (GHG) n, —Ky a, tbs > O Pind Bal Fe and then $ the system Ne ult) weedy d's TE we anatytic or net. transfer function - Ye5) late space cquabions a Wathed) oF Hae, cortrotel action. eee] 7 eT 1 | pustomatie oulvotr ShOL) aa = | | Compan dacs Avid watpest fo Apeuneh input + + Cowlaat actions {iit ie | ! Om - of 2) Prspertiional 5) wed 4) Dintvatine Propetinnl - plus, — twkegrat ©) Propertionst =pls< derivative | Re plus Adviviadice = (3s oY Upon employed 1 pladate:centyotied {agra — | Wk atala Dau = a g wf “J+ ult) ut) EY, at) r0 ¢ uc) =u, , db =K,tW +UXK, det) ad i“ ~ Setonant 44 | pee VS 2K (1 + Tyas E(s) °( ‘ = PLD Control’ 4 Ut) = kpelth + Ke fel) dt = k Tad et) a PLS Late 8° at VG) 2 KCL + ied zs EG)” rf = ae Eledonie mntrsotterr ane har’ elcebet at eee deri quid fe ex ecuti cba wate mot cat cttow Haat ee gore, contisl actions - The main Ompenuet of Ha tleetnicat erent’ io He Operational Ansplif (op-amp ) ne uf An Op amp (4 an vattnge wth Gch - eviee demignid rata for chs wte Wee win externag vbactt components Loke susiaters £' capacitous bfow it's outpud | input inp terminals - Thc_fedbact compo nent, Beton toe _funchion of Hae ep-aump - hap peers vanity of Disses ho Me rome Bo operational aaa pli fier — 7 |The Spo A ees device Hoot uw Commpenkel of 2 wetgl ienpedence imparts thc are investing amd nom - investing inputs. the #ricrel feuniel Ly Hu cutput pert Hust cou be bette Reurte ond aiuk et fer a_vellage er tunrtnf True cor be 4 44 peo of) Op-ommps Oy els 2 Melo tees © torr In 2 awe. onf © vt. tr 2 Cus ewk @Q wer Mm £ (an oxen ae Hue we vit use Wits type Voltage Tn + Veteage Out, vy inverling inpuk Via” . . . ee -— Vig invadiin 4 Vout input (Vid-Va)kewe 3) (0-2) Ke, 9 e's fal goo ieee (Mid = Via) K = Vout k~ 108, phen freq. < 101 : beth AC, DC. : Koy ka ‘athe hy As the gain ample fier ig vi haga these i no acal m9 of At Fuhr, Wage ~ Velie Paley, fre arnplt powvtable a ik if hard fo toutsot Small input ¥ + To reduce Hae differential ain negative feed back v8 gunevnllg Use tshveh |, ¢ pau of foie peeten Sh He ops a Leek’ } wegahive or invedh’y Bap Humidal aw external pdb act Dustoe WE nomen a tea ts Loop chro fi piifaer soe ina cloud Ths bored Loop ekt Ly ¢ of giuwds - “sen 2 @nwn- a Oraiplafulers + ; oe Seen eee - af nye ——______ OS Mt Vee ~ — - Z SE — a lene y ao See 7 | * a ate , —e a 5 7 — - Trvesting epamp. ti-@el, , @-& 2h Rg, R. ale R 5 Lecontrof (inkeyator edeett) ub) = k; felty at =f, Gl s1 bs) — cs arm tt) = - Ets) Cs See - | 16) * 1,0) — a - | Bers Wy mead a @'- &, pals R > L6G) 2 - 1b) — K Sy = T,¢s) ts Els) = - Sols) . q — — Res __ 4iy feb 6 of aH. Te) —j—(4i=e') = 1 figdt > Elss= Lt) 2 Biles ho ME 325 : Control Sytouns = PD Contyotler i Zo & Ry oreo. fereey oe S ele, = i o -£&, mo = f(s) _ 2 ' a hy a € . -k ceo pee (Eq Re\ (14 RCs) | Ei, Ee Ree q = Us). Kp (i+ Ys) eG) fe =f Wt) = kek) + ky dew i dt Controller in Ce, (ee) = Rel t uw Side ? -EG) =(e+ 1) tls) = /I4 (Ls Bs) Ly) cs -&G) Cs. £6) [4 e,¢8 be Re (4 eC ) Bs UR Cs ull) = Kee) tke (e@mes a iG) Ets) he Ae — CaS ' ae os at] wt) = Kee) + ky del seb) p ke feeidt ai. UO. K {14 us + E(s) ws : {ts te + 7 Tash “Ts 7 pyr Fete oti | e—* Bg ky = (Ont Se) — {otf & wive t uty Ki ran citowy af fhe alate - pee ‘quabons ved —_— ME S21 (Applied, ae sy He aythe and abso durive FF j—> Reto — - hub: machen = - — from fluid fo feast a energy 0 7 — att fur “ft - ye Nyda — Turbines — = Pimps; Greene) >70 teawn Tui, ge cay, —"Exbndedl Gao Taroine [4-10 Phau ha | Fuser producing Power Absorbing Ou Hae barts of - [nes natiire O| ad: ibe (Liq) HT» Pass » Fane » 2 WT, LP Blower ~ lonapunible AP, ST, ap t pee (yeves Ga te been of application: a : . mydioehic Trek cop —— GT MT | ie een, Input Raachien Conbrifugad Ania Lmpulse [Rx Tunerne i Purmp I eT ot ecg Mixed , et ed ee ee ee oe a a oe foe oh bevaibat numpowons | tot Aged ~ Tn practice, tpt to & syrbem are Scaced by dome standard, inputs we, nalg. The actual dapat to a syste lan be cit tet by Linear tombinahin tof Hire tet | Aignals - Wa Parabolic ~input o : = — fe) = t%2,tZO ' = 6 > to Ke Minusovdal —Lrput 7 - i (t) = A Maw — —— Jn Ry - eater a : -—- (6 lt-a)ar sy, a Cis) Gu) — an “ROY $$. w=), 66V= G6) a First order sysem, . jt ay = bx : ; Uo. (2 > a - Kk x6 = a 15a a a Cw). 1 - : — RO) 14s t - Veit ep input -e a(t) = 1, 70 _ Rs) 2 Ys & Cs) = a C(t) = G . elr) tro, Ct) =0 6@i= 4 fu Feb. a on, 7 Double aampling pla : - Arauiatial Procers loutref : vel [ae CO) Renton Caines Pe komm @) Airignable Counts. ee 123 456 Day. Cuwtrel Uimat Thuorenr - Ge= GMa Uh te trl from a random C. wn Population foliuus a homal distadbution 4-D- Of mean K-chaxt with R-chak Take k samplio of Hee n- Typicateg m= 55 K= 20. Fer each k Aawaple 4 ud out mean X; Find Ri = lene te lb a qe Se: tH ? fer PF eee ; me $25 - Control Systems Fivst_order_system : 4. ce) - i = ge * Cras) 5 Ht) Cregeen ' '+Ts + dy £8) -fi-¢ ‘/t) et) = r@)-ct) = ent jest 20 | © —@—_ {BIG cw | Gs te cos) ic \#Ts | Te 2 Ke RG) HG teeghts = <@ . _ “ue ke @ eee ee ws R tr Te tetas s fpr Ap function, rh) 21, £70 < qs 2 Ve pe CQ) ke Oi he rtbabddeain wh ih 4 (astereeas Ge K (1-e"*/m) ct) = tee ee inet hy THK, ? fete renpewres Unit Camp Input + HY Et fort Zo = 0 fn to ee ee ee Reh Av) ceo faa) n> (te 4 ce) Kt)-—clt) YY elt) t(i-e Wt VAY 4+ 0, e(t) = ered OES: D'——— - (w= ft . T) CA 7 (a) let = Stiond -order system, migcie kn su) k ec) = 2 XxX) UG) © mst Km tes “« ch ste 68+ Kin cat wr 5 Ate oe s+ LE was toy - + Coz Lenten 2 22 7 re y lin 3 a Gen Wn = = mone a Cys haat ep iapet 9 RL (nn 7 ster +e Ss ‘ f Fens - ar os 1 setbey 7 s SLE G,Stoyt “84 2K a5 + Et Sy SHB a Ciae 2 Gena te | = en a = (Sx Bean) faye = 2 |) (a en wy rt-€ es ( “ree (+5 ~alteny Sige * nt fon Vie -¢@ Sout (fe cost Tuan +), on EN tat te 5 pee), Ft teem YOuvA s elt) = rt) -et) ; . = 5 ent tos (yt td) 9 vI-e 5 tn, elt) =o. \ \ te 2 Fe alr 238] Lorents fore bw) Fa one trary d. parbote | Fa afer Ex 8] Create 7 cetona__loes fpr ary ee ple | PEG) (=> BP(moy 2b) oa. velit of Me chee BBG = P(t) Biz elute fet / | NO te at Bignebe fe } Maxwell's juatlons a ie Wane iG | WE = B eee (Gani (ow ) 7 Y € . : [: ee ao ee [ one = = ; 28 -vxee aC 's bw ) k | e - x BE 7: 4. yt 2 0X6 - (Borgen = Manuel equafions ) 436 ct at — ‘ ee charge density (Clem) _ ‘ €, + permittivity of fre spau { = 885X107! ($1 units ) \ ! \ \ oe toc . ang, | Me: pameabil ty of poe apace 2 4n nol tm) i To current densit (Atm) Ct spud of bight —luwlgh | mpeg: Contiol Systema Second 6: der Aystem ui C() ot a RY 7 +2 EWn SHOn ecl C= 4 - $4 §% ao | s (s+ Bony + oot (Sr §a,y bor | = | ct) = 1- oe Yat) | | ek) = {nll =e) : | | e j : vo eat + rg) | too, eb) =O fe = pe@ee eet ees © Gren s, ok | = a | SEOn (5+ SY ey) 2 pee mt(1 tot) - 40 , et) = 0 €71 oo ew = pe S 6+) Gt $2) | Speman cueivin =) ye tp es ! CG 3 ‘ARS ree ~ Fass} Cb) = [4 on (” 2 Hh on Pe l6 porte Hun system yo unstable + tee aetative value of Aj Aton hee Aalative importonce of hee e componls _ a - 4 : Ha closed Loop pole YW mur a dosed Loop 2er0- bum He wesidue Ws small - jo ¢ plow dala + Joo She = ot Be? ME 32d (Indurbuial brag \- _ wo | I} He closed Loop pj —? real 4. complex cong f — (5) = 4, —_ — 2 4, Sw, (s+ 2g ee +S Gia PFI St BE caps + - eft tS bel clay = ge nl TEE) Une Boundary wk “tark time(s) Precedence & Is = 6 23 A 7 6 > 42 B é Is 8 & 37 c a s dt - 2 (2 FG 1 34 W 4 27 M K 18 tod L 7 Total 152 Th one d Avarlabte Lovting fim, = 490 mbrutes, Customer demand = 500 TAKT Times Available wortting ime _ ago , 0-96 minh Customer demand 990 - 57.65 fo a ME_ 325. (Contvol Systems) Syote Hote Eror K Es) AG) Can = 08) ! ; - | | Hb thar . B Ef ay Fr | | | | | | | | \ ‘ \ \ Op pe AN LAN CS) = _ GW) a OR TF GI £(S_= RO) =C(sy --- Ls) = Sp —— 14GG a ess = kine eG) = lim ake) = afin a fo f4+Gls) 570 SE te TT hie Gls) —————— 3-90 4G) [+ Lin GUS) te be cee bin G6) a “Stabe posifien exnom —_ — Grslank 4 © G6) = K (S420 (et) — gh(StPi) (S4+ Po) = = = oe 1)%3- => = \ | bob 2 yy} peel Kw a a “fe us a hoop inal athet , 170 Rs) = Py ess deine 1 = him Ang Ao SEU GI] Soy $GU) “yt Ke Ly = Bim 3 G(s) 0 hlie rll omg F238 type-0 ee Omg eetco = types Ky = K_, _ type-t 1 & _ - Css how pach bolic bt = = 7 - 3) fo t70 - _ | —_— = oe ROS) <4 _ - 8 a, | ae 40 FE FGINY Bin FGI) sls) Ka Ome ice ene Aly AK Constant — ' r Ose HO 7 & es oa | kK: = bec f ; K es 1 = 6%, Oo = 0 a 3) c) - K_ RS) 6242s KSA ay =. = wr SUS ) ee

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