SPS

SAGAR
PUBLIC

Session2023-24
Sagar public school saketnagar
Bhopal Madhya Pradesh
Physics investigatory project
Topic; AC generator
Submitted by:Veera Dubey
Class XII D
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this
physicsinvestigatory' on topic AC
generator' has been successfully
completed by Veera Dubey of class
XII D under the guidance of MR.
arpitjainin particular fulfillment of
curriculum if central of board of
CBSE ( centraiboard central of
secondary education) leadingto
award of annual examination of the
year 2023-24.

Principals signature Teacher's signature

Institution stamp examiner signature

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...
Iwould like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to my physics
teacher MR. ARPIT JAIN ,who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project of PHYSICSon the
topic AC GENRATOR
Icame to know about s0 many new
things and Iam really thankful to
them. Secondiv, Iwould also like to
thank my parents and friends who
helped ne a lot in finalizing this
project within the limited time frame.

VEERA DUBEY
XII-D
 Topic

AC GENERATOR

att
buse.
 INDEX
Content
1.certificate
2.introduction
3.theory and working
4.component of nc generator
5.efficiency
6.result
7.uses

8. losses in AC generator
9. precautions
10. bibliography
 INTRODuCTION

>An eleetrte generater iaa deviee that eonverta

mechaniealenergy to eleetrieat eneroy

>A generator foreeseleetrte eurrent to flow through an

be
external cireuit. The souree of meehanlcal energy may
water falling
a reciprocating or turbine steam engine,
combustion
through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal
engine, awind turbine, a hand crank, compressed alr, or
any other source of mechanical energy

power for electric

> Generators provide nearly all of the
power grids

AC Voltage
S
 THEORY AND WORKING

The strong magnetic field is produced by a current flow

through the field coil of the rotor.

The field coilin the rotor receives excitation through the

use of slip rings and brushes.

Two brushes are spring-held in contact with the slip

rings to provide the continuous connection between the
field coil and the external excitation circuit.

" The armature is contained within the windings of the

stator and is connected to the output.

Each time the rotor makes one complete revolution, one

complete cycle of AC is developed.

A generator has many turns of wire wound into the slots

of the rotor.

CYCLE

The magnitude of AC voltage generated by an AG

generator is dependent on the field strength and speed of
the rotor.
 " Most generators are operated at a constant speed;
therefore, the generated voltage depends on field
excitation, or strength.
COMPONENTS OF AN AC GENERATOR

" Field
"Armature

" Prime mover

"Rotor
" Stator

"Slip rings

ivieiiteiC Foles

Magnelic Flux

VwHe Loop
(tho conductor)
 FIELD

The field inan AC generator consists of coils of

conductors withinthe generator that receive a voltage
froma source (called excitation) and produce a magnetic
flux.

The magnetic flux in the field cutsthe armature to

produce avoltage. Thisvoltage is ultimately the output
voltage of the ACgenerator.

ARMATURE

" The armature is the part of an AC

generator in which
voltage is produced.

" This component consists of many co ls of

wire that are
CYCLE large enough.

PRIME MOVER

" The prime mover is the component that is used to drive

the AC generator.
 mover may be any type of rotating maehine,
The prime turbine, or a motor.
engine, a steam
such as a diesel
ROTOR

generator is the rotating component

The rotor of an AC
shown inFigure 1.
of the generator, as

driven by the generator's prime mover,

The rotor is
be a steam turbine, gas turbine, or diesel
which may
of generator, this
engine. Depending onthe type
armature or the field.
component may be the

rotor will be the armature if the voltage output is

The
there; the rotor will be the field if the field
generated
excitationis applied there.

STATOR

the part that is

The stator of an AC generator is
stationary.

armature or
Like the rotor, this component may be the
generator. CYCLE
the field, depending on the type of
 The stator will be the armature if the voltage output is
generated there; the stator will be the field if the field
excitation is applied there.

SLIP RINGS

Slip rings are electricalconnections that are used to

transfer power to and from the rotor of an AC generator.

The slipring consists of acircular conducting material

from
that is connected to the rotor windings and insulated
rotates
the shaft. Brushes ride on the slip ring as the rotor
The electrical connection to the rotor is made by
connections to the brushes

desired
Sliprings are used in AC generators because the
output of the generator is asine wave

an
In aDC generator,a commutator was used to provide
output whose current always flowed in the positive
direction.
EFFICIENCY

Efficiency of an ACgenerator is the ratio of the useful

power output to the total power input.

Because any mechanical process experiences some

losses, no AC generators can be 100per cent efficient.

" Efficiency of an AC generator can be calculated using

Equation.

Efficiency = (Output /Input). put) X 100

OR

Eficiency = (POWER OUT/POWER IN)X 100

EFFICIENCY OF ELECTRIC GENERATOR CY

POWER= VOLTAGE X CURRENT

EFFICIENCY POWER OUTPUT 100
POWER INPUT

RESULT

WHEN THE AXLE OF GENERATING MOTOR IS

ROTATED, E.M.F. IS PRODUCED BY IT.

REASON: CHANGE IN FLUX THROUGH THE

WINDING OF MOTOR.

CIRCUIT AS LONG AS
THIS E.M.F. REMAINS IN THE
LAW OF
AXLE IS ROTATED. HENCE, FARADAY's
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION IS VERIFIED.

IS INCREASED, THE
" AS THE SPEED OF ROTOR
PRODUCED BY
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
GENERATOR ALSO GET INCREASED.

INCREASE
REASON: RATE OF CHANGE OFFLUX
USES

"Aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind

generators, high speed gas furbine genorators

systems,
Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)drive
automotive starter generators.

generator, or alternator', is used to produce

Anac
voltages for transmission via the grid system or,
ac
locally, as portable generators.

run on ac current.
Allof Our household appliances
oven, lights,
Ex: Refrigerator, washing machines,
fan etc.
 LOSSES INAN AC GENERATOR
1.) Internal Voltage Drop

generators.
The load current flows through the armature in all AC
and inductive
The armature has some amount of resistance
reactance.

known as the internal

The combinationof these make up what is
resistance, which causes a loss in a n AC generator.

drop is developed across the

When the load current flows, a voltage
Internal resistance.

the output voltage and, therefore,

This voltage drop subtracts from
power that is lost and not
represents generated voltage and
available to the load.

2.) HYSTERESIS LOSSESs

an AC generator are
Hysteresis losses occur when iron cores in
subject to effects from a magnetic field.

held in alignment withthe

"The magnetic domains of the cores are
strength.
field in varying numbers, dependent upon field

The magnetic domains rotate, with respect to

the domains not held
of the rotor.
in alignment, one complete turn during each rotation
This rotation of magnetic domains in the iron causes friction and
heat

The heat produced bythis friction is called magnetic hysteresis

loss.

After the heat-treated silicon steel is formed to the desired shape,

cool.
the laminations are heated to a dull red and then allowed to

reduces hysteresis losses to a

"This process, known as annealing,
very low value.

AC armatures are constructed of

To reduce hysteresis losses, most hysteresis
inherently low
heat- treated silicon steel, which has an
loss.

3.) MECHANICAL LOSSES

friction,
can be caused by bearing
Rotational or mechanical losses windage),
and air friction (called
brush friction on the commutator,
turbulence due to armature rotation
which is caused by the air

instrumentalinkeeping bearing friction

Careful maintenance can be
to e minimum.

reduction
bearings and proper lubrication are essential to the
Clean
of bearing friction.

seating, proper
Brush friction is reduced by ensuring proper brush
tension.
brush use, and maintenance of proper brush
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Wikipedia.com

Google search engine

Physics NCERT book

*www.youtube.com/c/knowledgecycle
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Wikipedia.com

Google search engine

Physics NCERT book

*www.youtube.com/c/knowledgecycle