“PERSEVERANCE AND FOCUS ARE THE SECRET OF SUCCESS”

Good luck and best wishes on your final periodical examination for this year!

FOURTH QUARTER
EXAMINATION REVIEWER
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

MAY 14, 2025, WEDNESDAY

 MATHEMATICS 11B | DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS | 4TH QUARTER REVIEWER | 2ND SEMESTER

LESSON 1 | INTRODUCTION TO DERIVATIVES

Derivative – the rate of change of a function (result or outcome) with respect to a variable
Derivative by Definition (or the Limit Definition of The Derivative of a Function)
The derivative of a function f at any number x in its domain is the expression obtained in:
𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
Other notations: 𝑦′ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) (𝑓(𝑥)) 𝐷𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝐷𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Differentiation – the process of finding the derivative of a function

Differentiable Function – a function whose derivative exists

The Four Step Rule in Finding The Derivative of a Function

Step 1: Find 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) by replacing all variable x with 𝑥 + ∆𝑥
Step 2: Find 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) by subtracting the original function from the expression obtained in Step 1
𝑓(𝑥+∆𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
Step 3: Find by dividing by ∆𝑥 from the expression obtained in Step 2
∆𝑥
𝑓(𝑥+∆𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
Step 4: Find the derivative using 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim by finding the limit of the expression obtained in
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
Step 3 as ∆𝑥 approaches to 0

Derivative as the Slope of the Tangent Line at x = x0

𝑑𝑦
The derivative is related to the slope of the line tangent to a curve at any point. Recall that is a notation for
𝑑𝑥
∆𝑦
the derivative of a function. This resembles the slope formula 𝑚 = . If a line is tangent to a function and the
∆𝑥
∆𝑦
point of tangency is known, we can apply that 𝑚 𝑇 = . Thus, the derivative is a value of slope of a line
∆𝑥
tangent to the function at any point in the curve.

Steps in Finding The Line Equation Tangent to the Function At a Given Point

Step 1: Find the point of

Step 2: Find the slope 𝒎𝑻 Step 3: Find the line equation
tangency (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 )
> Since a point of the line and its
> Substitute the value of the > Find the derivative of the function
slope is known, use the point-
given point on the original > Substitute the value of the given
slope form to find the line
function, then simplify. This will point on the expression obtained after
equation tangent to the function
be the point of tangency (the differentiation, then simplify. This will
at the given point:
point where the line equation be the value of the slope of the line
will coincide) or (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) tangent to the function or 𝑚 𝑇
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑇 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

LESSON 2 | DERIVATIVE OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

𝑑
Remember that the operator means that a function will be derived with respect to x (or a variable).
𝑑𝑥
Constant Rule of Differentiation
𝑑
(𝑐) = 0
𝑑𝑥
where c is a constant

Power Rule of Differentiation

𝑑 𝑛
(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
where n is a rational number

Constant Multiple Rule of Differentiation

𝑑
(𝑎𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑎𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
where f is a differentiable function and a is a real number

Sum and Difference Rule of Differentiation

𝑑
(𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
where f and g are differentiable functions
Product Rule of Differentiation
𝑑
(𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
where f and g are differentiable functions

Quotient Rule of Differentiation

𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥)
( )= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) (𝑔(𝑥))
where f and g are differentiable functions and g is a non-zero function

General Power Rule of Differentiation (The Chain Rule)

𝑑 𝑛
(𝑢 ) = 𝑛𝑢 𝑛−1 ∙ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥
where u is a differentiable function of x

The chain rule is a fundamental rule in calculus used to differentiate composite functions. A composite
function is a function within a function, like f(g(x)). The chain rule states that the derivative of a composite
function is the derivative of the outer function (with the inside function left alone) times the derivative of the
inner function.

The chain rule is crucial for differentiating trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic, and inverse trigonometric
functions, especially when these functions are combined or nested within each other. This rule is also used in
implicit differentiation.

LESSON 3 | DERIVATIVE OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(sin(𝑢)) = cos(𝑢) ∙ (𝑢) (csc(𝑢)) = − csc(𝑢) cot(𝑢) ∙ (𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(cos(𝑢)) = − sin(𝑢) ∙ (𝑢) (sec(𝑢)) = sec(𝑢) tan(𝑢) ∙ (𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(tan(𝑢)) = sec 2 (𝑢) ∙ (𝑢) (cot(𝑢)) = − csc 2 (𝑢) ∙ (𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

where: u is a differentiable function of x

LESSON 4 | DERIVATIVE OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

𝑑 𝑢 𝑑 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑
(𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 ∙ (𝑢) (𝑎 ) = 𝑎𝑢 ∙ ln (𝑎) ∙ (𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

where: u is a differentiable function of x

: a is a constant

LESSON 5 | DERIVATIVE OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑑
(ln(𝑢)) = ∙ (𝑢) (log 𝑎 (𝑢)) = ∙ (𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ln(𝑎) 𝑑𝑥

where: u is a differentiable function of x

: a is a constant

LESSON 6 | DERIVATIVE OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

𝑑 𝑢′ 𝑑 𝑢′
(sin−1 (𝑢)) = (csc −1 (𝑢)) = −
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 |𝑢|√𝑢2 − 1
𝑑 𝑢′ 𝑑 𝑢′
(cos −1 (𝑢)) = − (sec −1 (𝑢)) =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 |𝑢|√𝑢2 − 1
𝑑 𝑢′ 𝑑 𝑢′
(tan−1 (𝑢)) = (cot −1 (𝑢)) = −
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2

where: u is a differentiable function of x

: u’ is the derivative of function u with respect to x
 LESSON 7 | IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

Implicit differentiation is a technique used to find the derivative of a function that is not explicitly defined as
y = f(x). Instead, the function is defined implicitly through an equation relating x and y. The key idea is to
differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x, treating y as a function of x and applying the chain
rule.

An implicitly defined function is one where the dependent variable (usually y) is not isolated on one side of
the equation. For example, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 is an implicitly defined function; you can't easily solve for y.

The core of implicit differentiation is the chain rule. Remember that if y is a function of x, then the derivative of
𝑑𝑦
a term involving y with respect to x will include .
𝑑𝑥

How To Implicitly Differentiate?

> Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x.
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
>> Whenever you differentiate a term involving y, apply the chain rule: (𝑦) = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
>>> After differentiating, you'll have an equation containing . Solve this equation algebraically for .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Find for the circle equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 2 𝑑
(𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) = (25) Differentiate both sides of the equation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 2 𝑑 2 𝑑
(𝑥 ) + (𝑦 ) = (25) Apply the rules for differentiation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0 Implicitly differentiate
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 = −2𝑥 Solve algebraically by isolating
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥
2𝑦 2𝑦
𝒅𝒚 𝒙
=− Final Answer
𝒅𝒙 𝒚

LESSON 8 | HIGHER ORDER OF DERIVATIVES

Higher-order derivatives refer to taking the derivative of a function more than once. Instead of just finding the
first derivative (the rate of change), you can find the second derivative (the rate of change of the rate of
change), the third derivative, and so on. Each subsequent derivative provides additional information about
the function's behavior.
𝒅𝒚
First Derivative (𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝒐𝒓 ): This represents the instantaneous rate of change of the function at a given
𝒅𝒙
point. Geometrically, it gives the slope of the tangent line to the curve at that point.

𝒅𝟐 𝒚
Second Derivative (𝒇′′ (𝒙) 𝒐𝒓 ): This represents the rate of change of the first derivative.
𝒅𝒙𝟐

𝒅𝟑 𝒚
Third Derivative (𝒇′′′ (𝒙) 𝒐𝒓 ): This represents the rate of change of the second derivative.
𝒅𝒙𝟑

𝒅𝒏 𝒚
Higher Derivatives (𝒇(𝒏) (𝒙) 𝒐𝒓 ): You can continue taking derivatives indefinitely, each representing the
𝒅𝒙𝒏
rate of change of the previous derivative. The notation 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑥) denotes the nth derivative.

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑓(𝑥) = sin(𝑥)

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = cos(𝑥)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 30𝑥 4 + 20𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 2 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = − sin(𝑥)
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 120𝑥 3 + 60𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 6 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = − cos(𝑥)
𝑓 (4) (𝑥) = 360𝑥 2 + 120𝑥 + 12 𝑓 (4) (𝑥) = sin(𝑥)
𝑓 (5) (𝑥) = 720𝑥 + 120 𝑓 (5) (𝑥) = cos(𝑥)
𝑓 (6) (𝑥) = 720 𝑓 (6) (𝑥) = − sin(𝑥)
𝑓 (7) = 0 𝑓 (7) (𝑥) = − cos(𝑥)