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Detailed_SQL_DDL_DML_Commands_Fixed

The document explains various SQL DDL and DML commands, including how to create databases and tables, modify table structures, and manage data with commands like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE. It provides syntax and examples for each command, highlighting key concepts such as primary keys, foreign keys, and aggregate functions. Additionally, it covers filtering and sorting data using WHERE and ORDER BY clauses, as well as grouping data with GROUP BY.

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Kartik Nayak
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2 views

Detailed_SQL_DDL_DML_Commands_Fixed

The document explains various SQL DDL and DML commands, including how to create databases and tables, modify table structures, and manage data with commands like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE. It provides syntax and examples for each command, highlighting key concepts such as primary keys, foreign keys, and aggregate functions. Additionally, it covers filtering and sorting data using WHERE and ORDER BY clauses, as well as grouping data with GROUP BY.

Uploaded by

Kartik Nayak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL DDL and DML Commands Explained

Detailed SQL Command Explanations

CREATE DATABASE:
Creates a new database for storing tables and other database objects.
Syntax:
CREATE DATABASE database_name;
Example:
CREATE DATABASE SchoolDB;

CREATE TABLE:
Creates a new table with specified column names, data types, and constraints.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype constraint,
column2 datatype constraint,
...
);
Example:
CREATE TABLE Student (
StudentID INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(50),
Age INT,
DepartmentID INT,
FOREIGN KEY (DepartmentID) REFERENCES Department(DepartmentID)
);

ALTER TABLE:
Modifies the structure of an existing table - add, remove, or alter columns.
Examples:
ALTER TABLE Student ADD Email VARCHAR(100);
ALTER TABLE Student DROP COLUMN Age;
ALTER TABLE Student ALTER COLUMN Name VARCHAR(100);

PRIMARY KEY:
A constraint that uniquely identifies each record in a table.
- Cannot contain NULL values.
- Usually defined on one or more columns.
Example:
PRIMARY KEY (StudentID)

FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES:


SQL DDL and DML Commands Explained

A foreign key in one table points to a primary key in another table, establishing a relationship.
Example:
FOREIGN KEY (DepartmentID) REFERENCES Department(DepartmentID)

SELECT ... FROM:


Retrieves data from one or more columns in a table.
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name;
SELECT * FROM table_name; -- selects all columns

WHERE:
Adds conditions to a SELECT, UPDATE, or DELETE query to filter records.
Example:
SELECT * FROM Student WHERE Age > 17;

ORDER BY:
Sorts the result set by one or more columns.
- ASC for ascending (default), DESC for descending.
Example:
SELECT * FROM Student ORDER BY Name ASC;

GROUP BY:
Groups rows with the same value in specified columns.
Often used with aggregate functions (SUM, COUNT, AVG, etc.).
Example:
SELECT DepartmentID, COUNT(*) FROM Student GROUP BY DepartmentID;

INNER JOIN:
Returns only rows that have matching values in both tables.
Example:
SELECT Student.Name, Department.Name
FROM Student
INNER JOIN Department ON Student.DepartmentID = Department.DepartmentID;

SUM():
Returns the total sum of a numeric column.
Example:
SELECT SUM(Age) FROM Student;

COUNT():
Counts the number of rows or non-null entries in a column.
SQL DDL and DML Commands Explained

Examples:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Student; -- counts all rows
SELECT COUNT(Email) FROM Student; -- counts non-null emails

AVG():
Returns the average value of a numeric column.
Example:
SELECT AVG(Age) FROM Student;

INSERT INTO:
Adds new records to a table.
Syntax:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2) VALUES (value1, value2);
Example:
INSERT INTO Student (StudentID, Name, Age)
VALUES (1, 'Kartik', 17);

DELETE FROM:
Deletes rows from a table based on a condition.
Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
Example:
DELETE FROM Student WHERE StudentID = 1;
Note: Without WHERE, all rows are deleted.

UPDATE:
Modifies existing records in a table.
Syntax:
UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1 WHERE condition;
Example:
UPDATE Student SET Age = 18 WHERE StudentID = 1;

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