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Semantic Web UNIT-4

Ontology engineering is a field focused on the development and methodologies for creating ontologies, which are formal representations of concepts and their relationships within a domain. It aims to address interoperability issues in software and business processes by providing a common vocabulary and structured knowledge. The field has applications in various areas, including artificial intelligence, knowledge management, and life sciences, with numerous ontology languages and development tools available to support the process.

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17 views4 pages

Semantic Web UNIT-4

Ontology engineering is a field focused on the development and methodologies for creating ontologies, which are formal representations of concepts and their relationships within a domain. It aims to address interoperability issues in software and business processes by providing a common vocabulary and structured knowledge. The field has applications in various areas, including artificial intelligence, knowledge management, and life sciences, with numerous ontology languages and development tools available to support the process.

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Kotakonda sandhya rani
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Ontology engineering

Ontology engineering in computer science and information science is a


new field, which studies the methods and methodologies for building
ontologies:

Ontology is a formal representation of a set of concepts within a domain and


the relationships between those concepts. A large scale representation of
abstract concepts such as actions, time, physical objects and beliefs would
be an example of ontological engineering.[2]

Example of a constructed MBED Top Level Ontology based on the Nominal


set of views
Overview

[Ontology engineering] aims at making explicit the knowledge contained


within software applications, and within enterprises and business procedures
for a particular domain. Ontology engineering offers a direction towards
solving the inter-operability problems brought about by semantic obstacles,
i.e. the obstacles related to the definitions of business terms and software
classes. Ontology engineering is a set of tasks related to the development of
ontologies for a particular domain.

Ontologies provide a common vocabulary of an area and define, with


different levels of formality, the meaning of the terms and the relationships
between them. During the last decade, increasing attention has been
focused on ontologies. Ontologies are now widely used in knowledge
engineering, artificial intelligence and computer science; in applications
related to areas such as knowledge management, natural language
processing, e-commerce, intelligent information integration, bio-informatics,
education; and in new emerging fields like the semantic web. Ontological
engineering is a new field of study concerning the ontology development
process, the ontology life cycle, the methods and methodologies for building
ontologies,[4][5] and the tool suites and languages that support them.

Ontology languages

An ontology language is a formal language used to encode the ontology.

There are a number of such languages for ontologies, both proprietary and
standards-based:

 Common logic is ISO standard 24707, a specification for a family of


ontology languages that can be accurately translated into each other.

 The Cyc project has its own ontology language called CycL, based on
first-order predicate calculus with some higher-order extensions.

 The Gellish language includes rules for its own extension and thus
integrates an ontology with an ontology language.

 IDEF5 is a software engineering method to develop and maintain
usable, accurate, domain ontologies.

 KIF is a syntax for first-order logic that is based on S-expressions.

 Rule Interchange Format (RIF) and F-Logic combine ontologies and
rules.

 OWL is a language for making ontological statements, developed as a
follow-on from RDF and RDFS, as well as earlier ontology language
projects including OIL, DAML and DAML+OIL. OWL is intended to be
used over the World Wide Web, and all its elements (classes,
properties and individuals) are defined as RDF resources, and
identified by URIs.
 XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language) is a syntax for
expressing business semantics.

Ontology engineering in life sciences

Life sciences is flourishing with ontologies that biologists use to make sense
of their experiments[6]. For inferring correct conclusions from experiments,
ontologies have to be structured optimally against the knowledge base they
represent. The structure of an ontology needs to be changed continuously so
that it is an accurate representation of the underlying domain.

Recently, an automated method was introduced for engineering ontologies in


life sciences such as Gene Ontology (GO),[7] one of the most successful and
widely used biomedical ontology.[8] Based on information theory, it
restructures ontologies so that the levels represent the desired specificity of
the concepts. Similar information theoretic approaches have also been used
for optimal partition of Gene Ontology. [9] Given the mathematical nature of
such engineering algorithms, these optimizations can be automated to
produce a principled and scalable architecture to restructure ontologies such
as GO.

Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO), a 2006 initiative of the U.S. National


Center for Biomedical Ontology that provides a common 'foundry' for various
ontology initiatives, amongst which are:

 The Generic Model Organism Project (GMOD)


 Gene Ontology Consortium
 Sequence Ontology
 Ontology Lookup Service
 The Plant Ontology Consortium
 Standards and Ontologies for Functional Genomics and more
Ontology development tools

 Protégé 2000,
 Oiled, Apollo,
 RDFedt,
 OntoLingua,
 OntoEdit,
 WebODE,
 KAON,
 ICOM,
 DOE
 WebOnto

PPt is Included

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