BA/B.

COM/BSC
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
1…Define computer?

ANS…A computer is a machine that can store, process, and retrieve data. It can perform a
variety of tasks, including typing documents, browsing the internet, and playing games.

2….. What are the different types of memories?

ANS….The different types of memory include sensory, short-term (also known as working memory),
and long-term memory, which can be further divided into explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-
declarative) categories

3….Define operating system

ANS….An operating system (OS) is the core software that manages a computer's hardware and
software resources, acting as an intermediary between the user and the computer's hardware to
enable applications to run and interact with the system.

4….Give the list of any five internal commands of DOS?

ANS…..Five common internal commands in DOS are DIR (lists files and
directories), COPY (copies files), CLS (clears the screen), DEL (deletes files), and REN (renames
files).

5……How to create a New Word Document?

ANS…..To create a new Word document, open Microsoft Word, click "File," then "New," and
finally select "Blank document" to begin.

6….What is cell referencing?

ANS…..Cell referencing in Excel is a way to refer to a cell or a range of cells in a worksheet. It's
used in formulas to calculate values.

7…..List any four Built-in functions in MS - Excel?

ANS….Four common built-in functions in MS Excel are SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, and
VLOOKUP.

8……What is the use of data filter in MS-Excel

ANS….Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation software used to create and deliver visual

presentations, incorporating multimedia elements like text, images, videos, and animations, for
various purposes like business, education, and personal use.
11.Write about logical organization of digital computer?

ANS…The logical organization of a digital computer refers to the structural arrangement and
interconnection of the components within the system, focusing on how data is processed, stored, and
controlled. It essentially describes the flow of information through the computer and how different parts
of the system interact to execute tasks.

Here’s a breakdown of the main components and their logical organization:

1. Input Unit

 Function: The input unit is responsible for receiving data from external sources (such as a
keyboard, mouse, scanner, or microphone) and converting it into a form that the computer can
process.
 Logical Organization: This unit communicates with the Central Processing Unit (CPU) to send
data for further processing. Devices in the input unit work by translating signals or user commands
into digital data that the CPU can understand.

2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU is the "brain" of the computer, responsible for executing instructions and processing data. It is
organized into several key sub-components:

 Control Unit (CU):

o Function: The control unit coordinates the activities of all components within the
computer. It fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and directs other parts of the
system on how to execute them.
o Logical Organization: It interprets the instruction set and controls the sequence of
operations that need to be performed, acting as the "director" of the computer system’s
operations.
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):
o Function: The ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic (addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division) and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT, etc.).
o Logical Organization: The ALU performs calculations and logic operations on data that is
either fetched from memory or provided by the input unit, and it sends the results back to
the CPU or memory for further processing.
 Registers:
o Function: Registers are small, high-speed storage locations inside the CPU that hold data
temporarily during processing.
o Logical Organization: There are different types of registers such as data registers, address
registers, and status registers. These registers facilitate quick access to data that is actively
being processed by the CPU.

3. Memory Unit
  Function: The memory unit stores data and instructions that the CPU needs to execute. It is
crucial for temporarily storing both the program code and the intermediate results of processing.
 Logical Organization: The memory is divided into different types:
o Primary Memory (RAM): Temporary storage that is fast and volatile (data is lost when
the computer is turned off). It stores data and instructions that are currently being used by
the CPU.
o Secondary Memory (Hard Drive, SSD): Non-volatile storage that holds data and
programs long-term. It is slower but has much higher capacity than primary memory.

The CPU communicates with the memory to fetch instructions, load data, and store results.

4. Output Unit

 Function: The output unit is responsible for delivering the processed data to the user or external
devices. This could be in the form of text, images, sound, or signals sent to external hardware.
 Logical Organization: It receives data from the CPU, often from registers or memory, and
formats it into a suitable form for display on devices like monitors, printers, or speakers.

12. Write about input and output devices of digital computer?

ANS…In a digital computer system, input devices are used to feed data into the
computer, while output devices are used to present the processed data or results to the
user. Together, these devices enable the interaction between the computer and the
external environment, making the system useful and responsive to user commands and
tasks.

Input Devices

Input devices are hardware components that allow the user to provide data or commands to the computer.
These devices convert the physical input into a digital form that the computer can process.

Here are some common input devices:

1. Keyboard
o Function: A keyboard is one of the most common input devices, allowing users to type
text and input commands into the computer.
o How it works: It consists of a set of keys that, when pressed, generate electrical signals
corresponding to specific characters or actions. These signals are sent to the computer for
processing.
2. Mouse
o Function: A mouse is a pointing device that allows users to interact with the graphical user
interface (GUI) of the computer.
o How it works: The mouse moves a pointer (cursor) on the screen based on its movement
on a flat surface. Buttons on the mouse are used to select, click, drag, or perform other
actions.
3. Scanner
o Function: A scanner is used to digitize physical documents, images, or photos by
converting them into a digital format.
 o How it works: A scanner uses light sensors to capture the image or text and converts the
reflected light into electrical signals, which are then processed and stored on the computer
as digital files (e.g., images, PDFs).
4. Microphone
o Function: A microphone is an input device that captures audio (sound) and converts it into
electrical signals that the computer can process.
o How it works: Sound waves are captured by the microphone's diaphragm and converted
into electrical signals, which are then digitized and processed by the computer, often for
voice recognition or audio recording.
5. Webcam
o Function: A webcam is used to capture video and still images, which are then transmitted
to the computer for processing.
o How it works: It captures visual data through a sensor and sends the digital images or
video to the computer, often for video conferencing or video recording.
6. Touchscreen
o Function: A touchscreen allows users to interact directly with the display by touching the
screen.
o How it works: The screen detects touch gestures (e.g., tapping, swiping, pinching) and
translates them into commands that the computer processes.
7. Joystick/Gamepad
o Function: Joysticks and gamepads are used primarily for interactive entertainment, such as
playing video games.
o How it works: These devices detect movement or button presses and send corresponding
signals to the computer, often translating this data into actions within a game.
8. Barcode Reader
o Function: A barcode reader scans barcodes on products or items to input information (e.g.,
product IDs, prices) into the computer system.
o How it works: The reader uses a laser or camera to scan the barcode and convert it into a
digital format that can be processed by the computer.

Output Devices

Output devices are hardware components that display or produce the results of computer processing. They
take the digital data from the computer and convert it into a human-readable or usable form.

Here are some common output devices:

1. Monitor (Display Screen)

o Function: A monitor is the primary output device used to display text, images, videos, and
graphical user interfaces (GUIs) on the screen.
o How it works: The monitor uses various technologies (e.g., LCD, LED, OLED) to display
visual output by converting digital data into electrical signals that control pixels on the
screen.
2. Printer
o Function: A printer produces a hard copy (physical output) of digital data, such as
documents, images, or photos.
o How it works: Printers come in different types (e.g., inkjet, laser) and convert the
computer's digital output into ink or toner on paper.
3. Speakers/Headphones
14. Write about different types of programming languages?
ANS….Types of Programming Languages
Programming languages are used to communicate with computers and create software, from simple
scripts to complex applications. These languages vary in their syntax, structure, and level of abstraction
from the hardware. The types of programming languages can be broadly classified into several categories
based on their level of abstraction, purpose, and how they are used.

1. Low-Level Languages

Low-level languages are closer to the hardware, with minimal abstraction. These languages provide very
fine control over the computer's hardware and are often used in system-level programming.

a. Machine Language

 Description: The most basic level of programming language, machine language consists entirely
of binary code (0s and 1s). It is the language that the computer's processor understands directly.
 Features: Each instruction in machine language is a binary code that tells the computer to perform
a specific task (e.g., add numbers, store data, etc.).
 Use: Machine language is used by the CPU directly but is not human-readable, so it's rarely used
for practical programming.

b. Assembly Language

 Description: Assembly language is a human-readable representation of machine language, using

mnemonic codes and symbols. It is specific to a particular computer architecture.
 Features: Assembly language uses symbols to represent machine instructions (e.g., MOV for
moving data, ADD for addition), making it slightly more understandable than raw binary.
 Use: Assembly is used for low-level programming tasks such as operating systems, device drivers,
or embedded systems, where fine control of hardware is required.

2. High-Level Languages

High-level languages provide greater abstraction from the hardware, making them easier for humans to
read and write. They allow programmers to focus more on solving problems than on managing hardware.

a. Procedural Languages

 Description: Procedural programming languages are based on the concept of procedures (also
known as functions or routines). These languages focus on a sequence of steps to be carried out.
 Features: They allow the creation of reusable functions or procedures, which help in organizing
code into logical blocks. Variables, data structures, and loops are used to control program flow.
 Examples:
o C: Known for its speed and efficiency, C is used in system programming, embedded
systems, and software development.
o Fortran: Used primarily in scientific computing, engineering, and numerical computation.
o Pascal: Often used in teaching computer science concepts.
17.Explain about various elements of MS-Word document?

ANS….Various Elements of an MS-Word Document

Microsoft Word is a powerful word processing tool that allows users to create, format, and manipulate
text documents. Understanding the various elements of an MS-Word document helps you effectively use
the software to produce professional and organized documents. Below are the key elements of an MS-
Word document:

1. Title Bar

 Description: The title bar is located at the top of the window and displays the name of the current
document. If the document has not been saved yet, it will show "Document1" or a similar default
name until you save it with a specific name.
 Function: It provides the document's title and the name of the application (Microsoft Word).

2. Menu Bar

 Description: The menu bar, located just below the title bar, contains various menus like File,
Edit, View, Insert, Format, etc. Each menu contains a list of commands and options related to its
category.
 Function: The menu bar is used to access Word's features and perform actions like opening,
saving, printing, inserting tables, or formatting text.

3. Toolbar/Ribbon

 Description: The ribbon is a large toolbar located just below the menu bar. It contains groups of
related commands and options arranged in tabs (e.g., Home, Insert, Page Layout, References,
etc.).
 Function: The ribbon provides quick access to Word's features, such as text formatting,
alignment, inserting images, and more. Each tab is organized into groups like Font, Paragraph,
Styles, etc.

4. Quick Access Toolbar

 Description: Located at the very top of the window (next to the title bar), the Quick Access
Toolbar contains frequently used commands like Save, Undo, and Redo.
 Function: It allows easy access to commonly used functions without needing to navigate through
menus or the ribbon. Users can customize the toolbar to include their preferred commands.

5. Cursor/Insertion Point

 Description: The insertion point, represented by a blinking vertical line, shows where the next
character will be inserted in the document.
 Function: The insertion point moves as you type or navigate through the document. You can click
anywhere in the document to place the cursor and begin typing.

6. Document Area
  Description: The document area is the main workspace where you can type, edit, and format your
content.
 Function: It is the central part of the MS-Word window where all text, images, and other elements
are placed and edited. The document area can also contain different sections, headers, footers, and
other objects.

7. Status Bar

 Description: The status bar is located at the bottom of the window and provides information about
the document, such as the page number, word count, and language. It may also display information
about the zoom level and document views (e.g., Print Layout, Web Layout, etc.).
 Function: The status bar provides useful information about the document’s current state, such as
the number of words, the page you are on, and the zoom level of the document.

8. Scrollbar

 Description: Located on the right side of the document area, the vertical scrollbar allows you to
scroll up and down through the document. There is also a horizontal scrollbar at the bottom to
move left and right.
 Function: The scrollbar helps navigate through long documents quickly by clicking and dragging
the slider or using the arrows to move through the document's pages.

9. Page Layout

 Description: This refers to the layout of the document's pages, including settings like page size,
margins, orientation, and columns. You can adjust these settings from the Page Layout tab in the
ribbon.
 Function: It controls the overall appearance and structure of the document, affecting how the
content fits on each page. It is important for printing purposes and for creating professional-
looking documents.

10. Header and Footer

 Description: The header is the section at the top of each page in the document, and the footer is at
the bottom.
 Function: Headers and footers are used to insert recurring elements, such as page numbers,
document titles, dates, or author names. These elements can appear on every page of the
document.

11. Text Area (Main Text)

 Description: The main body of the document where the user types text, inserts images, and
formats content.
 Function: This is the central area for composing content. The text area includes various formatting
options such as fonts, colors, and paragraph settings that help organize and present the document
in a readable way.
18. Write about Mail merge in MS-Word?

ANS….Mail Merge in MS-Word

Mail Merge is a powerful feature in Microsoft Word that allows you to create personalized documents,
such as letters, labels, envelopes, and emails, by merging a standard template with data from a list or
database. The data can come from various sources like an Excel spreadsheet, Access database, or even a
simple text file. This makes it especially useful for tasks such as sending mass mailings, invitations, or
newsletters to a large number of recipients while keeping each document personalized.

Key Components of Mail Merge

There are several key components that make up the Mail Merge process in MS Word:

1. Main Document (Template):

o This is the template document that contains the general content that will be used for all the
merged documents. For example, a letter template could contain placeholders where
personalized information (e.g., recipient's name or address) will be inserted.
2. Data Source:
o The data source contains the personalized information that will be merged into the main
document. Typically, this data is stored in a table format, with each row representing a
different recipient and each column representing a different data field (e.g., name, address,
phone number).
o Common data sources include:
 Excel spreadsheets (most common)
 Access databases
 Outlook contacts
 Text files (CSV)
3. Merge Fields:
o Merge fields are placeholders that you insert into your main document, indicating where
personalized information will appear. These fields will be replaced with actual data from
the data source during the merge process. For example, you could insert a merge field such
as "<>", which will be replaced with the recipient's actual first name.
4. Merged Document:
o The merged document is the final document that combines the main document with the
data source. This is the result of running the mail merge. Each record from the data source
will be used to create a separate document or item.

Steps in the Mail Merge Process

Here are the basic steps involved in performing a Mail Merge in MS Word:

1. Start Mail Merge

 Open MS Word and go to the Mailings tab.

 Click on Start Mail Merge. You will be prompted to select the type of document you want to
create, such as Letters, Envelopes, Labels, or Email Messages.
 After selecting the document type, you will begin working with the main document (template).
2. Select Recipients

 Click on Select Recipients in the Mailings tab.

 Choose Use an Existing List if you are using an external data source (like an Excel file).
Alternatively, you can choose Type New List to manually enter recipient details or use Choose
from Outlook Contacts if you are working with Outlook data.
 After selecting your data source, ensure the correct data file is opened and it is connected to the
Word document.

3. Insert Merge Fields

 In the main document, place the cursor where you want the personalized data (e.g., name, address)
to appear.
 Click on Insert Merge Field in the Mailings tab, and choose a field from your data source (e.g.,
First Name, Last Name, Address, etc.). These merge fields will be inserted into the document as
placeholders.
 You can format these fields like normal text to match the desired document layout.

4. Preview the Documents

 Once you've inserted the necessary merge fields, click on Preview Results in the Mailings tab.
This allows you to see how the final merged documents will appear with actual data from the data
source.
 You can scroll through the records to ensure everything is correctly formatted and the data aligns
with the placeholders.

19. Explain how to create Table and all the operations on Table data?

ANS…Creating and Managing Tables in MS Word

Tables are a great way to organize data in an MS Word document. You can use tables to present
information in rows and columns, such as schedules, inventories, or reports. MS Word offers a variety of
features for creating and managing tables, including adding or removing rows and columns, merging cells,
and formatting the table.

How to Create a Table in MS Word

There are several methods for creating a table in MS Word. Below are the most common ones:

1. Using the Insert Tab

 Step 1: Open Microsoft Word and place the cursor where you want the table to appear.
 Step 2: Go to the Insert tab in the Ribbon.
 Step 3: Click on the Table icon. A drop-down menu will appear.
 Step 4: You can either:
o Select the size of the table by dragging your mouse over the grid (e.g., 3x4 for 3 columns
and 4 rows).
 o Click on "Insert Table" for more control, allowing you to specify the number of rows
and columns manually.
o Draw a table by selecting Draw Table, which gives you the freedom to draw the table
manually.

2. Using the Quick Tables Option

 Step 1: Go to the Insert tab and click on Table.

 Step 2: Select Quick Tables. This option offers predefined table templates like calendars, tabular
lists, and more.
 Step 3: Choose the template you want, and it will be inserted into your document.

3. Using Keyboard Shortcuts

 You can also use keyboard shortcuts to insert a simple table. Type + followed by - and press
Enter for creating a table with one row and two columns. Use this method for quick, simple
tables.

Operations on Table Data in MS Word

Once your table is created, you can perform various operations to manage and manipulate the data within
it.

1. Inserting or Deleting Rows and Columns

 Inserting Rows:
o Method 1: Right-click in the row where you want to insert a new row. Select Insert and
choose whether you want to insert the row Above or Below the current row.
o Method 2: Go to the Layout tab (under Table Tools) and click Insert Above or Insert
Below to add a row.
 Inserting Columns:
o Method 1: Right-click in the column where you want to insert a new column. Select Insert
and choose whether you want to insert the column Left or Right.
o Method 2: In the Layout tab, under Table Tools, click Insert Left or Insert Right.
 Deleting Rows or Columns:
o Rows: Right-click on a row number and select Delete Row to remove the entire row.
o Columns: Right-click on a column and select Delete Column to remove it.
o Alternatively, in the Layout tab, under Table Tools, you can select Delete and choose
Delete Rows or Delete Columns.

2. Merging and Splitting Cells

 Merging Cells:
o To merge cells, select the cells you want to combine, right-click, and choose Merge Cells.
This is useful when you need to create headers or combine information.
o You can also merge cells from the Layout tab by clicking on Merge Cells in the Merge
group.
20. Explain about creating, Saving and protecting a worksheet and
workbook in MS-Excel?

ANS….Creating, Saving, and Protecting a Worksheet and Workbook in MS-Excel

Microsoft Excel is a powerful spreadsheet application that allows users to store, organize, analyze, and
manipulate data. Understanding how to create, save, and protect your worksheets and workbooks in Excel
is essential to ensuring your data is secure, organized, and easily accessible. Below, I’ll explain how to
create, save, and protect your work in Excel.

1. Creating a Worksheet and Workbook in MS-Excel

Creating a New Workbook

A workbook in Excel refers to an entire Excel file that can contain one or more worksheets (tabs or
sheets).

 Step 1: Open Microsoft Excel.

 Step 2: When Excel opens, it automatically creates a new, blank workbook. You can also
manually create a new workbook by going to the File tab and selecting New.
o Select Blank Workbook or choose a template depending on your needs.
 Step 3: A new workbook will appear with one or more default worksheets (usually Sheet1,
Sheet2, and Sheet3).
o You can rename these sheets by right-clicking on the sheet tab at the bottom of the window
and selecting Rename.

Creating a New Worksheet

A worksheet is a single sheet in the Excel workbook that contains rows and columns for entering data.

 Step 1: In an existing workbook, go to the bottom of the Excel window where you see the sheet
tabs.
 Step 2: To create a new worksheet, click the + button next to the existing sheets, or you can right-
click on an existing sheet tab and select Insert.
 Step 3: This will insert a new worksheet, which you can start populating with data.

2. Saving a Worksheet and Workbook in MS-Excel

Saving for the First Time

When you create a new workbook, you must save it in order to preserve your work.

 Step 1: Go to the File tab in the Ribbon.

 Step 2: Click on Save As.
  Step 3: Choose the location where you want to save the file (e.g., your computer, OneDrive, or
another cloud service).
 Step 4: Enter a name for the file in the File Name field.
 Step 5: Select the file format. The default format is Excel Workbook (.xlsx), which is suitable for
most uses.
 Step 6: Click Save.

Saving After the First Time

Once you've saved your workbook once, Excel automatically saves your work in the same location and
with the same name.

 Step 1: Click the Save icon (a floppy disk symbol) in the top left corner of the window, or press
Ctrl + S on your keyboard.
 Step 2: Excel will save the workbook with the last used name and location.

Saving a Copy

If you want to save the workbook as a new file while keeping the original file intact:

 Step 1: Go to the File tab and select Save As.

 Step 2: Choose a different location or enter a new file name and click Save.

23.Explain how to create database using MS-Access?

ANS….Creating a Database Using MS-Access

Microsoft Access is a powerful database management system that allows you to store, manage, and
manipulate data using a variety of tools and objects such as tables, queries, forms, and reports. It provides
a user-friendly interface to design and manage databases with minimal programming knowledge required.
Below, I'll explain how to create a database using MS-Access, step by step.

Steps to Create a Database in MS-Access

Step 1: Open Microsoft Access

 Launch Microsoft Access from the Start menu or the Microsoft Office suite.
 You’ll be presented with the Getting Started screen where you can either open an existing
database or create a new one.

Step 2: Create a New Database

 In the Getting Started screen, click on Blank Database.

 You will be prompted to specify the name and the location for your new database.
 o File Name: Type the name for your database.
o File Location: Choose the folder or location on your computer where you want to save the
database.
 After entering the database name, click Create.
o This will create a new database file with a .accdb extension and open it.

Step 3: Create Tables

Once the database is created, you will need to add tables. A table in Access is where your data is stored,
organized in rows and columns (fields).

Creating a Table

 Step 1: By default, Access opens a new Table in Datasheet View, where you can start entering
data directly into rows and columns.
o In this view, each column represents a field (data type), and each row represents a record
(individual entry).
 Step 2: You can start entering your data, but it is better to first define the table structure using the
Design View.
o Click View in the top-left corner of the Ribbon and select Design View.
o Access will prompt you to give your table a name. After entering a name, click OK.

Define Fields in Design View

 Step 1: In Design View, you can define each field (column) for the table.
o Field Name: Enter a name for the field (e.g., FirstName, LastName, DateOfBirth,
PhoneNumber).
o Data Type: Choose a data type for each field, such as Short Text, Long Text, Date/Time,
Number, Currency, Yes/No, etc.
 Step 2: Specify a Primary Key field:
o The Primary Key is a unique identifier for each record in the table. This is essential to
maintain data integrity and allow for easy identification of records.
o To set a primary key, click on the field (e.g., ID) that will serve as the primary key and then
click the Primary Key button in the Ribbon (or right-click the field and select Primary
Key).
 Step 3: After defining the fields and setting the primary key, click Save to save the table structure.

Step 4: Enter Data into the Table

 Once the table design is saved, go back to Datasheet View.

o To do this, click on the View button in the Ribbon and select Datasheet View.
 In this view, you can now begin entering data into your table, just like an Excel spreadsheet. Each
row will represent a new record, and each column will represent the fields you defined in Design
View.

Step 5: Create Additional Tables (if needed)

 If your database requires more than one table (which is common for relational databases), you can
create additional tables by repeating Steps 3 and 4 for each table.