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POLYMERS 1

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 Polymers

Poly means many and mer means unit or part. Process formation of polymers from
respective monomers is called polymerization.

Polymerization
(i)nCH2 = CH2 ------------------------> n[CH2 – CH2] ------------------> [CH2 – CH2]n
Ethene Repeating Unit Polythene
Polymer
 Classification Based on Source

1. Natural polymers – Proteins, cellulose, starch

2. Semi-synthetic Polymers – Cellulose acetate and cellulose nitrate

3. Synthetic polymers – polythene, nylon 6,6 , Buna-S

 Classification Based on Structure of Polymers
1. Linear Polymers : Polymers consist of long and straight chains. High density
polythene, polyvinyl chloride.

2. Branched chain polymers : Linear chains having some branches.

3. Cross linked or Network polymers : Formed from bi-functional and tri-functional

monomers and contain strong covalent bonds. E.g. bakelite, melamine.
 Classification Based on Mode of Polymerization
1. Addition polymers : Formed by the repeated addition of monomer molecules
possessing double or triple bonds. The addition polymers formed by the
polymersation of a single monomeric species are known as homopolymers, e.g.
polythene.

nCH2 = CH2 ------------------> (CH2 – CH2)n Homopolymer

ethene Polythene
 Classification Based on Mode of Polymerization

2. Copolymers: Polymers made by addition polymerisation from two different

monomers are termed as copolymers.
C6H5
|
nCH2 = CH – CH = CH2 + nC6H5CH=CH2 ---------> (CH2 – CH = CH – CH2 - CH)n
1, 3-Butadiene Styrene Butadiene-styrene copolymer
(Buna - S)
 Classification Based on Mode of Polymerization

3. Condensation polymers :
Formed by repeated condensation reaction between two different bi-functional or tri-
functional monomeric units. Elimination of small molecules such as water, alcohol,
hydrogen chloride, etc. take place.

n H2N (CH2)6NH2 + n HOOC(CH2)4 COOH --------> [NH(CH2)6NHCO(CH2)4CO]n +

nH2O
Nylon 6, 6
 Classification Based on Molecular Forces:

1. Elastomers : Rubber – like solids with elastic properties Polymer chains are held
together by the weakest intermolecular forces.
The examples are buna-S, buna-N, neoprene, etc.

2. Fibers : Thread forming solids which possess high tensile strength and high
modulus. Strong intermolecular forces like Hydrogen bonding. Polyamides and
polyesters.
The examples are wool, silk, cotton, rayon, nylon, polyester, polyethylene etc.
 Classification Based on Molecular Forces:
3. Thermoplastic polymers: The linear or slightly branched long chain
molecules capable of repeatedly softening on heating and hardening on
cooling. These polymers possess intermolecular forces of attraction
intermediate between elastomers and fibres. Some common thermoplastics
are polythene, polystyrene, polyvinyls etc.

4. Thermosetting polymers: Heavily branched molecules, which on heating

undergo extensive cross linking in moulds becomes infusible. These cannot
be reused. Examples are bakelite, urea-formaldehyde resins, etc.
 Difference Between : Thermoplastic and thermosetting
plastics.

Thermoplastic Thermosetting Plastic

- It can be repeatedly softened on heating - It is a permanent setting polymer which
and hardened on cooling become hard and infusible on heating.
- Can be used again - Can not be softened again
- eg:- Polyethne, PVC - eg:- bakelite and melamine formaldehyde
resine
 Difference Between : Homopolymers &
Copolymers
Homopolymers Copolymers
- Addition polymers formed by - Addition, polymers formed by
polymerization of single monomeric polymerization of more than one
species. monomeric species.
- 🡪 nCH2 = CH2 🡪 (CH2 - CH2)n 🡪 nCH2 = CH – CH = CH2 + nC6H5 –
- Polythene CH = CH2
- 🡪 nCH2 = CH 🡪 (CH2 - CH)n 1,3-butadiene ↓ styrene
- | | (CH2 – CH = CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH)n
- Cl PVC |
C6H5
 Difference Between : Fibers & Elastomers

Fibres Elastomers
- Thread farming solids which passes high - Rubber like solids with elastic propertis.
tensile strength & high modules. - Polymers chains are held together by
- Strong intermolecular forces like H-bonding weakest intermolecular forces.
- e.g.🡪 Polyamides (nylon 6, 6), terelene - Buna-S, buna-S, neoprene
 Difference Between : Addition & Condensation
Polymers
Addition Polymers Condensation Polymers
- Formed by repeated addition of monomer - Formed by repeated condensation reaction
molecules possessing multiple molecule. between two different bifunctional or
- No elimination of any by product molecules. trifunctional monomeric units.
- Molecular mass of polymer in integral - Occurs with the eliminations of small
multiple of the monomer units. molecules such as water, alcohol, HCl etc.
- Not the integral multiple
 Difference Between : Low & High density
Polythene
Low density Polythene (LDPE) High Density Polyethene (HDPE)
550 – 570K 333 – 343K
nCH2 = CH2 -----------------------> - (CH2 – 🡪 nCH2 = CH2 -----------------------> - (CH2 –
CH2)n CH2)n
1000 – 1500 atm 6 – 7atm
traces NO2 Zieglar Natte catalyst
Consist of branched chain str. of molecules Consist of linear chain polymers molecules
Chemical inert Also chemically inert
Moderate tensile strength High tensile strength
Uses : as packing material, squeeze bottles, Uses : Pipes, bottles, buckets,dustbin,toys,
flexible toys bags
A. B.
C. D.
A. B. C. D.
A. B. C. D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Arrange the following polymers in increasing order of their intermolecular forces.
Nylon-6, 6, buna-S, polythene, neoprene

A. Neoprene < buna-S < nylon-6, 6, < polythene

B. Neoprene < buna-S < polythene < nylon-6, 6
C. Polythene < nylon-6, 6 < buna-S < neoprene
D. Polythene < buna-S < nylon-6, 6 < neoprene
Condensation polymerization among the following polymer is:

A. Teflon
B. Polystyrene
C. PVC
D. Dacron
Which of the following sets contain only addition polymers?

A. Polyethylene, polypropylene, terylene

B. Polyethylene, PVC, teflon
C. Buna-S, nylon, polybutadiene
D. Bakelite, PVC, polyethylene
 SOME IMPORTANT POLYMERS

S.No Name of Monomers Structures Uses

. polymers
1. Polypropene Propene (CH2 – CH)n Manufacture of ropes,
CH2 = CH | toys, pipes, etc.
| CH3
CH3
2. Polystyrene Styrene (CH2 – CH)n Insulator, wrapping
CH2 = CH | material, toys, radio &
| C6H5 television devices.
C6H5
3. Polyvinyl Vinyl chloride (CH2 – CH)n Rain coat, hand bags,
Chloride (PVC) CH2 = CH | water pipes
| Cl
Cl
 SOME IMPORTANT POLYMERS

S.No Name of Monomers Structures Uses

. polymers
4. Nylon-6 Caprolactam Tyre cords, fabrics,
ropes

533-543 K
H20

5. Nylon 6, 6 Sheets, bristles

. brushes &
textile industry
 SOME IMPORTANT POLYMERS

S.No Name of Monomers Structures Uses

. polymers

6. Polyethene Ethene (CH2 = CH2)n Bottles, toys, packing

CH2 = CH2 material
7. Teflon/PTFE Tetrafluoroethee (nCF2=CF2)n Used in non-stick surface
nCF2=CF2 coated materials
 SOME IMPORTANT POLYMERS
S.No. Name of polymers Monomers Structures Uses

8. Terelene or dacron Crease resistant so used in

blending with cotton & wool
fibres.

9. Bakelite C6H5OH+ For making combs, electrical

Phenol 🡪 switches, handles of utensils
HCHO

10. Buna-S CH2=CH-CH=CH2 (CH2-CH=CH- Used in floor tiles, foot wears

1,3-butadiene CH2-CH-CH2)n components
+

Copolymer
 SOME IMPORTANT POLYMERS
S.No. Name of polymers Monomers Structures Uses

11. Buna-N CH2=CH-CH=CH2 (CH2-CH=CH- Oil seal and tank lining

1,3-butadiene CH2-CH2-CH)n
+ |
CH2=CH- CN N
Acrylonitrile Copolymer

12. Polybutadiene Butadiene (CH2=CH- Manufacture of golf balls &

CH2=CH-CH=CH2 CH=CH2)n various elastic objects

13. Neoprene 2-chloro-1,3- (CH2=C- Manufacture of conveyer belts,

butadiene CH=CH2)n gaskets, hases
CH2=C-CH=CH2 |
| Cl
Cl
Chloroprene
 SOME IMPORTANT POLYMERS

S.No. Name of polymers Monomers Structures Uses

14. Natural Rubber 2-methyl-1, 3 (CH2=C- Auto mobile tyres & tubs &
butadiene CH=CH2)n foot wears.
(isoprene)
CH2=C-CH=CH2 |
| CH3
CH3
 SOME IMPORTANT POLYMERS

S.No. Name of polymers Monomers Structures Uses

15. Glyptal (a) Ethylene glycol Manufacture of pairs &

(b) Phthalic acid lacquers

16 Urea – formal (a) Urea -(NH-CO-NH- For making unbreakable cups

dehyde resin (b) Formaldehyde CH2)-n & laminated sheets
SOME IMPORTANT POLYMERS
SOME IMPORTANT POLYMERS
SOME IMPORTANT POLYMERS
SOME IMPORTANT POLYMERS
 Shorts Notes

1. BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS : Due To potential environmental hazards of synthetic polymeric wastes certain biodegradable
polymers such as PHBV and Nylon-2-Nylon-6 are developed alternatives. These polymers of not resistant to environmental degradation
process.

(a) Poly β-hydroxybutyrate –Co-β-hydroxy vale rate (PHBV) :

Obtained by copolymerization of 3-hydroxybutanoic acid and 3-hydroxypentanoic acid.
Uses : Specialty packaging, orthopedic devices

OH
|
CH3 – CH – CH2 – COOH + CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – COOH –
|
OH
– (O – CH – CH2 – C –O – CH – CH2 – C)–n
| || | ||
CH3 O CH2CH3 O
 Shorts Notes

(b) Nylon-2-Nylon-6:
Alternating polyamide copolymer of glycine (NH2 – CH2- COOH) and amino
caproic acid (NH2(CH2)-5COOH
 Shorts Notes

2. VULCANIZATION :
this process involves healing a mixture of row rubber with sulphur and an
appropriate addtive at a temperature range between 373 to 415K. On
vulcanization sulphur forms cross links through disulphide bonds at the reactive
sites of double bonds and thus rubber gets stiffened.
 Which one of the following is an example of a thermosetting polymer ?

A.

B.

C.

D.
Which one of the following is an example of copolymer?

A. Buna-S
B. Teflon
C. PVC
D. Polypropylene
Match the polymers in column-A with their main uses in column-B and choose
the correct answer:

Column - A Column - B

A. Polystyrene i. Paints and lacquers

B. Glyptal ii. Rain coats
C. Polyvinyl chloride iii. Manufacture of toys
D. Bakelite iv. Computer discs

(A) A - iii, B - i, C - ii, D - iv

(B) A - ii, B - i, C - iii, D - iv
(C) A - ii, B - iv , C - iii, D - i
(D) A - iii, B - iv , C - ii, D - i
A.

B.
C.

D.
On complete hydrogenation, natural rubber produces

A. ethylene-propylene copolymer
B. vulcanised rubber [JEE(Advanced)-2016, 3/124]
C. polypropylene
D. polybutylene
 Match the chemical substances in Column I with type of polymers/type of bond
in Column II .
(2007, 6M)
Column I Column II

(a) Cellulose p. Natural polymer

(b) Nylon-66 q. Synthetic polymer
(c) Protein r. Amide linkage
(d) Sucrose s. Glycoside linkage
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