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Linux

The document provides a comprehensive guide on managing users and groups in a Linux server environment, detailing commands for adding, modifying, and deleting user accounts, as well as managing group memberships. It also covers file permissions, password policies, and file system types, explaining how to set and modify these settings. Additionally, it includes information on graphical user administration tools and file attributes for enhanced file management.

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ebrahimhatem2005
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7 views5 pages

Linux

The document provides a comprehensive guide on managing users and groups in a Linux server environment, detailing commands for adding, modifying, and deleting user accounts, as well as managing group memberships. It also covers file permissions, password policies, and file system types, explaining how to set and modify these settings. Additionally, it includes information on graphical user administration tools and file attributes for enhanced file management.

Uploaded by

ebrahimhatem2005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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to know who is logged in to your server

# who
# last
# w
# users
--------------------
k- Managing Users
- Essential files for users and groups
/etc/passwd
/etc/group
/etc/shadow
/etc/gshadow
/home/{username}
/etc/skel => contains default files home for new users
/etc/login.defs
/etc/sudoers

kali ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL

- Adding, Deleting , Modifying user account

- add new user


# useradd -m -s /bin/bash -G sudo john
- change the password
# passwd {username}
- delete user
# userdel -r john

- modify user
- change the user home directory
# usermod -d /new/directory {user}

- change the username of specific user


# usermod -l newusername {user}

- change the shell of login


# usermod -s /bin/zsh {user}

- change the groups ( remove the last group )


# usermod -G group1,group2 {user}

- add user to new group without deleting last groups


# usermod -aG newgroup {user}

- listing user information


# id {username}

- to lock user account (Prevent him from login )


# passwd -l {username}

- unlock account {permit him to login }


# passwd -u {username}

- Managing groups
- add new group with id
# groupadd {groupname}
# groupadd {groupname} -g {GID}

- delete group
# groupdel {groupname}

- rename group name


# groupmod {old_name} -n {new_Group_name}

- change the gid of the group


#groupmod -g 2000 {groupname}

- Adding a User to a Group


# usermod -aG groupname username

- remove user from group


# sudo gpasswd -d username groupname

- to know the groups that username in it


# groups username

- to get more information about group


# getent group groupname

- to change the primary group for username


# usermod -g {newgroup} {username}

- to put password for the group


# gpasswd {groupname}

- password aging and get more information about the user's passwords

- to get infromation about the password of user as expireation


# chage -l username

- to set password policy


# chage [option] username

- option as :
- {-m days => set the min number of days password to change}
- {-M days => set the max number of days password need to change}
- {-W days => set the number of days to warn changing the password
- { -I days => Sets the number of inactive days after a password expires
before the account is locked
- {-E data => Sets an account expiration date in the format YYYY-MM-DD }

- check the /etc/shadow


admin:$y$j9T$CbCTLnmDfJaWMDz6EaxEF0$wgVb2ruLvNfM0kvAqLglnnQb/
K2VgzEDxqeRD4kRCS4:19957:0:99999:7:::
- 1th fi`eld: user
- 2th field: user's password hash (bycrypt) `
- 3th field: when last time password changed from 1970-1-1
- 4th field: the minimum number days password can be changed
- 5th field: maximum number of days password need to be changed
- 6th field: days to warn user to change password (before 7 days
- 7th field: days after password expired and before account is locked
- 8th field: account expiration date (number of days since 1970)

- to force user to change his password in the first time


# passwd -e username

- /etc/skel directory (default configuration files for new users)


- if you need to add new file added to every new user then
# nano /etc/skel/newfile.txt
# useradd -m hossamshady

- Locking an account
# passwd -l username
# usermod -s /sbin/nologin username => change shell dir
# usermod -s /bin/false username
- Unlocak an account
# passwd -u username

- Grphical user and group administration


- open settings
- navigate users
- now you can add , modify and delete users

# sudo apt install gnome-system-tools gnome-system-tools


or
# sudo apt install kuser
or
# sudo apt install cockpit
# sudo systemctl start cockpit
=> Access it via a web browser at http://localhost:9090.

+201003425890
[email protected]
`
------------------------------

=> file permissions

- execute(x) => 1
- write (w) => 2
- read (r) => 4

# chmod 777 file.txt

- user catagory
- Owner
- Group
- Others

# ls -lah
(-rwxrw-r-- 1 root root 730 Jul 28 07:39 test.txt)
- 1th field: show if it is direcroty (d) or file
- 3 fields ( 2th,3th,4th) are related to Owner
- 3 fields (5th,6th,7th) are related to Group
- 3 fields (8th,9th,10th) are related to Others

- to change the mode of the file


# chmod u+x file.txt => add execute for the owner
or # chmod chmod 755 file.txt

as (1=>x, 2=>write, 4=>read)

- chown [options] owner:group filename


# to change the ownership of file to user=> alice, group(admins)
# chown alice:admins file.txt

- to change the group only (change the group of file to admins)


# chgrp admins file.txt

- to prevent any modification for the file


# chattr +i filename

- to remove prevention
# chattr -i filename

- to allow only append


# chattr +a filename

- No-Access Time (A): Prevents the file access time from being updated
# chattr +A filename

- Restricted Deletion (d): Prevents a file from being deleted or renamed by


users who do not own the file, even if they have write permissions.
# chatter +d filename`

- file system types


- EXT4( Extended File system family version 4)
- support large files up to 1000 TB
- Faster than last versions
- Use Case: Modern Linux systems `(default for many distributions),
general-purpose usage.

- NTFS (New Technology File system )


- Support for large files and volumes.
- File-level encryption (EFS)
- Use Case: Windows operating systems, external drives shared between
Windows and Linux.

- ISO 9660 => ovf


- File system for optical media (CDs and DVDs)
- Use Case: Optical discs (CDs, DVDs), often used for bootable media

- NFS (Network File System)


- Allows file access over a network
- commonly used in enterprise and server environments

- SMB/CIFS (Server Message Block/Common Internet File System)


- Protocol for network file sharing, primarily between Windows and other
systems
- Allows remote file access, printing, and more over a network

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