LAB MANUAL

COMPUTER GRAPHICS
 Experiment – 1
Digital Differential Analyzer Algorithm
Algorithm:
1. Start.
2. Declare variables x,y,x1,y1,x2,y2,k,dx,dy,s,xi,yi and also declare
gdriver=DETECT, mode.
3. Initialize the graphic mode with the path location in TurboC3 folder.
4. Input the two line end-points and store the left end-points in (x1,y1).
5. Load (x1, y1) into the frame buffer; that is, plot the first point. put x=x1,y=y1.
6. Calculate dx=x2-x1 and dy=y2-y1.
7. If abs (dx) > abs (dy), do s=abs(dx).
8. Otherwise s= abs(dy).
9. Then xi=dx/s and yi=dy/s.
10. Start from k=0 and continuing till k<s,the points will be
i. x=x+xi.
ii. Y=y+yi.
11. Plot pixels using putpixel at points (x,y) in specified colour.
12. Close Graph and stop.

1
Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>
float round(float a);
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
// gd=graphics driver (detects best graphics driver and assigns it as default,
gm=graphics mode.
int x1,y1,x2,y2,steps,k;
float xincr,yincr,x,y,dx,dy;
printf("enter x1,y1");
scanf("%d%d",&x1,&y1);
printf("enter x2,y2");
scanf("%d%d",&x2,&y2);
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\turboc3\\BGI");//initializes the graph
dx=x2-x1;
dy=y2-y1;
if(abs(dx)>abs(dy))
steps=abs(dx);
else
steps=abs(dy);
xincr=dx/steps;
yincr=dy/steps;
x=x1;
y=y1;
for(k=1;k<=steps;k++)
{
 delay(100);//for seeing the line drawing process slowly.
x+=xincr;
y+=yincr;
putpixel(round(x),round(y),WHITE);
}
outtextxy(200,20,"DDA"); // for printing text at desired screen location.
outtextxy(x1+5,y1-5,"(x1,y1)");
outtextxy(x2+5,y2+5,"(x2,y2)");
getch();
closegraph(); // closes the graph and comes back to previous graphic
mode. }
float round(float a)
{
int b=a+0.5;
return b;
}

Output:
 Experiment 2
Bresenham’s Line Drawing Algorithm

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,x1,y1,x2,y2,p,dx,dy;
int gd=DETECT,gm;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"C:\\TurboC3\\BGI");
printf("\nEnter the x-coordinate of the first point
::"); scanf("%d",&x1);
printf("\nEnter the y-coordinate of the first point
::"); scanf("%d",&y1);
printf("\nEnter the x-coordinate of the second point
::"); scanf("%d",&x2);
printf("\nEnter the y-coordinate of the second point
::"); scanf("%d",&y2);
x=x1;
y=y1;
dx=x2-x1;
dy=y2-y1;
putpixel(x,y,2);
p=(2*dy-dx);
while(x<=x2)
{
if(p<0)
{
x=x+1;
p=p+2*dy;
}
else
{
x=x+1;
y=y+1;
p=p+(2*dy)-(2*dx);
}
putpixel(x,y,7);
}
getch();
closegraph();
 }

VARDHAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CSE Department
Output:
 Experiment-3
Midpoint Circle Generation Algorithm
Program:

#include<dos.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void draw_circle(int,int,int);
void symmetry(int,int,int,int);
void main()
{
int xc,yc,R;
int gd=DETECT,gm;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"C:\\TurboC3\\B
GI"); printf("Enter the center of the
circle:\n"); printf("Xc =");
scanf("%d",&xc);
printf("Yc =");
scanf("%d",&yc);
printf("Enter the radius of the circle :");
scanf("%d",&R);
draw_circle(xc,yc,R);
getch();
closegraph();
}

void draw_circle(int xc,int yc,int rad)

{
int x = 0;
int y = rad;
int p = 1-rad;
symmetry(x,y,xc,yc);
for(x=0;y>x;x++)
{
if(p<0)
p += 2*x + 3;
else
{
p += 2*(x-y) + 5;
y--;
}
symmetry(x,y,xc,yc);
delay(50);
}
}

void symmetry(int x,int y,int xc,int yc)

{
putpixel(xc+x,yc-y,GREEN); //For
pixel (x,y) delay(50);
 putpixel(xc+y,yc-x, GREEN); //For
pixel (y,x) delay(50);
putpixel(xc+y,yc+x, GREEN); //For pixel (y,-x)
delay(50);
putpixel(xc+x,yc+y, GREEN); //For pixel (x,-y)
delay(50);
putpixel(xc-x,yc+y, GREEN); //For pixel (-x,-y)
delay(50);
putpixel(xc-y,yc+x, GREEN); //For pixel (-y,-x)
delay(50);
putpixel(xc-y,yc-x, GREEN); //For pixel (-y,x)
delay(50);
putpixel(xc-x,yc-y, GREEN); //For pixel (-x,y)
delay(50);
}

Output:
 Experiment 4
Ellipse Generation Algorithm

4: #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>
void disp();
float x,y;
int xc,yc;
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
int rx,ry;
float p1,p2;
clrscr();
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"C:\\TurboC3\\BGI");
printf("Enter the center point :");
scanf("%d%d",&xc,&yc);
printf("Enter the value for Rx and Ry :");
scanf("%d%d",&rx,&ry);
x=0;
y=ry;
disp();
p1=(ry*ry)-(rx*rx*ry)+(rx*rx)/4;
while((2.0*ry*ry*x)<=(2.0*rx*rx*y))
{
x++;
if(p1<=0)
p1=p1+(2.0*ry*ry*x)+(ry*ry);
else
{
y--;
p1=p1+(2.0*ry*ry*x)-(2.0*rx*rx*y)+(ry*ry);
}
disp();
x=-x;
disp();
x=-x;
}
x=rx;
y=0;
disp();
p2=(rx*rx)+2.0*(ry*ry*rx)+(ry*ry)/4;
while((2.0*ry*ry*x)>(2.0*rx*rx*y))
{
y++;
if(p2>0)
p2=p2+(rx*rx)-(2.0*rx*rx*y);
else
{
 x--;
p2=p2+(2.0*ry*ry*x)-(2.0*rx*rx*y)+(rx*rx);
}
disp();
y=-y;
disp();
y=-y;
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
void disp()
{
delay(50);
putpixel(xc+x,yc+y,10);
putpixel(xc-x,yc+y,10);
putpixel(xc+x,yc-y,10);
putpixel(xc-x,yc-y,10);
}

Output:
 Experiment- 6
Creating two dimensional objects

Aim: To write a C-program for creating simple two dimensional shape of house, car, fish, man using
lines, circles etc.

i) Program for creating House shape:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"C:\\TURBOC3\\BGI");
setcolor(5);
rectangle(60,80,150,200);
rectangle(95,140,120,200);
line(60,80,100,15);
line(100,15,150,80);
circle(100,60,10);
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output:
ii) Program for creating simple car shape:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{
int gd = DETECT, gm;
initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\TurboC3\\BGI");
cleardevice();
line( 150, 100, 242, 100);
ellipse(242, 105, 0, 90, 10, 5);
line(150, 100, 120, 150);
line(252, 105, 280, 150);
line(100, 150, 320, 150);
line(100, 150, 100, 200);
line(320, 150, 320, 200);
line(100, 200, 110, 200);
line( 320, 200, 310, 200);
arc(130, 200, 0, 180, 20);
arc( 290, 200, 0, 180, 20);
line( 270, 200, 150, 200);
circle(130, 200, 17);
circle(290, 200, 17);
getch();
}

Output:

20
 iii)Program for creating fish:

#include<stdlib.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<ctype.h>

void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"C:\\TurboC3\\BGI");
cleardevice();
ellipse(520,200,30,330,90,30);
circle(450,193,3);
line(430,200,450,200);
line(597,185,630,170);
line(597,215,630,227);
line(630,170,630,227);
line(597,200,630,200);
line(597,192,630,187);
line(597,207,630,213);
line(500,190,540,150);
line(530,190,540,150);

getch();
}
Output:

21
iv)Program for creating man object:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"C:\\TurboC3\\BGI");
setcolor(9);
circle(150,150,35);
line(150,185,150,300);
line(150,200,120,230);
line(150,200,180,230);
line(150,300,120,330);
line(150,300,180,330);
outtextxy(230,350,"HI, This is Computer Graphics");
getch();
}

Output: