Scribd
Upload
7 views6 pages

PSK Modulation and Demodulation

The document outlines the objectives, apparatus, theory, and procedures for conducting experiments on Phase Shift Keying (PSK) modulation and demodulation. It explains the significance of PSK in digital data transmission and details the steps for performing Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation and demodulation using specific equipment. The document also includes pre-lab and post-lab questions to reinforce understanding of the concepts involved.

Uploaded by

HEMAN PRASAD
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views6 pages

PSK Modulation and Demodulation

The document outlines the objectives, apparatus, theory, and procedures for conducting experiments on Phase Shift Keying (PSK) modulation and demodulation. It explains the significance of PSK in digital data transmission and details the steps for performing Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation and demodulation using specific equipment. The document also includes pre-lab and post-lab questions to reinforce understanding of the concepts involved.

Uploaded by

HEMAN PRASAD
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

Exp.

4 PSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION


4.1 Objective
1. To understand the theory and application of Phase Shift Keying (PSK) modulation and
demodulation.
2. To perform BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) modulation and demodulation for a
given binary data input.
3. To Measure and observe the phase variations in the modulated signal.
4.2 Apparatus Required
SL.No Equipment/Component name Range Quantity
1 PSK Modulation and Demodulation Kitek-BCT-13 1
Trainer kit
2 Digital Storage Oscilloscope (0 – 20MHz) 1
3 Digital Multi-meter - 1
4 Patch Cords and Probes - few

4.3 Theory
To transmit the Digital data from one place to another, we have to choose the Transmission
medium. The simplest possible method to connect the Transmitter to the Receiver with a piece of
wire. This works satisfactorily for short distances in some cases. But for long distance
communication with the aircraft, ship, vehicle this is not feasible. Here we have to opt for the
Radio Transmission.
It is not possible to send the digital data directly over the antenna because the antennae of
practiced size works on very high frequencies, much higher than our data transmission rate. To
be able to transmit the data over antennae, we have to modulate the signal i.e, phase, frequency
or amplitude etc. is varied in accordance with the digital data. At receiver we separate the signal
from digital information by the process of demodulation. After this process we are left with high
frequency signal (carrier signal) which we discard & the digital information, which we utilize.
Modulation also allows different data streams to be transmitted over the same channel
(Transmission medium). This process is called as „Multiplexing‟ & result in a considerable
saving in Bandwidth no of channels to be used, Also it increases the channel efficiency. As
variation of particular parameter variation of the carrier wave give rise to various modulation
techniques. Some of the basic modulations techniques are ASK, FSK, PSK, DPSK &QPSK. PSK
is a form of angle modulated, constant amplitude digital modulation. Digital communication
become important with the expansion of the use of computers and data processing and have
continued to develop into a major industry providing the interconnection of computer peripherals
and transmission of data between distant sites.

Phase shift keying is a modulation/data transmitting technique in which phase of the carrier
signal is shifted between two distinct levels. In a simple PSK (i.e. binary PSK) un-shifted carrier
Ac cos (2πfct) is transmitted to indicate a 1 condition, and the carrier shifted by 1800 i.e. – Ac cos
(2πfct) is transmitted to indicate as 0 condition.
The general expression for the modulated signal is:
s (t) = Ac cos (2πfct+ϕ)
Where:
Ac is the amplitude of the carrier.
fc is the carrier frequency.
ϕ is the phase shift based on the input binary data.

For a given data sequence:


 Bit 1 may correspond to a phase of ϕ1=0∘.
 Bit 0 may correspond to a phase of ϕ0=180∘
This phase shift can also be extended to multiple phases in more complex forms of PSK, such as
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), which uses 4 different phases to represent 2 bits per
symbol.

Fig. 4.1shows the PSK modulator. IC CD 4051 is a 4 channel analog multiplexer and is used as
an active component in this circuit. One of the control signals of 4051 is grounded so that 4051
will act as a two channel multiplexer and other control is being connected to the binary signal ie
data to be transmitted. Unshifted carrier signal is connected directly to CH1 and carrier shifted
by 1800 is connected to CH2.phase shift network is a unity gain inverting amplifier using OP-
amp (TL084). When input data signal is 1 ie control signal is at high voltage, output of the 4051
is connected to CH1 and unshifted (or 0 phase) carrier is passed on to output. Similarly when
data signal is 0 ie control signal is at zero voltage output of 4051is connected to CH2 and carrier
shifted by 1800 is passed on to output

Fig. 4.1 PSK Modulator


Demodulation of PSK is achieved by subtracting the received carrier from a derived synchronous
reference carrier of constant phase. Fig. 4.2 shows the simple coherent (synchronous) PSK
demodulator. Received PSK signal is converted to square wave using an op-amp (TL084) based
zero crossing detector and connected to EX-OR circuit. The derived reference carrier is
connected to other input of the EX-OR Gate through an op-amp based zero crossing detector. For
the simplicity same carrier is used at receiver as reference carrier (In practical communication
system reference carrier is generated at receiver).We can observe the exact operation of
demodulator with the help of waveforms at various nodes in the circuit

Fig. 4.2 PSK Demodulator


4.4 Pre-lab
1. Draw the constellation diagram of BPSK and explain its significance.
2. Explain why BPSK requires coherent detection, while other modulation schemes like
FSK can work with non-coherent detection.
3. Can BPSK be considered as a special case of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(QAM)?
Justify your answer.
4. What happens to a BPSK signal if phase synchronization is lost at the receiver?
5. Why does BPSK have better noise immunity than ASK but similar bandwidth
efficiency?
4.5 Procedure
PSK Modulation
1. Connect the AC supply to the kit.
2. Make connections and settings as shown in Fig. 4.3
3. Connect the carrier signal to the carrier input of the PSK modulator.
4. Connect the data signal from data block to the data input of the modulator.
5. Set the CRO to dual mode and observe the output of the PSK modulator on DSO at
CH-1 and corresponding data input on DSO at CH-2
6. Observe the carrier signal, data signal and PSK output signal and plot the waveforms.
7. Repeat steps 4 to 6 for different data inputs.

Fig. 4.3 PSK Modulation and Demodulation


Click here to watch the experiment demonstration
PSK Demodulation
1. Connect the PSK output to the PSK input of the demodulator.
2. Connect the carrier signal to the carrier input of the PSK demodulator
3. Observe the PSK demodulated signal on DSO at channel-1 and corresponding data
input at channel-2
4. The demodulated output is true replica of data outputs.
5. Repeat steps 1 to 3 for different data inputs.

Observation
Signal Amplitude (V) Time Period (ms) Phase

Modulating
Input/Data input
(Square)
Carrier Signal
(Sinusoidal)
PSK Modulated BIT 0:
Output BIT 1:
Demodulated Output
(Square wave)

Model Graph

Fig. 4.4. Waveforms for PSK modulation and Demodulation


4.6 Post lab
1. Explain how carrier synchronization was maintained in the demodulation process?
2. If a non-coherent receiver is used for BPSK demodulation, what challenges arise?
3. What happens to a BPSK signal if there is a phase offset between the transmitter and
receiver? How can phase correction be achieved?
4. A BPSK system operates over an AWGN channel with an Eb/No = 10 dB. Compute the
probability of bit error.
5. A BPSK system receives a signal y (t) = 2.5 cos (2πft) + n (t), where n(t) is Gaussian
noise with zero mean and variance 0.3. Determine whether the receiver detects bit
'0' or bit '1'.
4.7 Result
Thus the PSK modulation and demodulation is performed and the waveforms are plotted.

You might also like