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Checking for equality

A single equal ogn assigns @ vakat fom vanabin A cout equal
whether two values sre equ,
>>> car = thea?
cr

True
>>> Car = Sautit
>>> Car == thew”
False

Ignonng case when making a comparison

>>> Car = "Audi*

>>> car.doner(} <= ‘audi’

Irue

Checking [or inequality

>>> toppling = “aushroces”

>>> topping != ‘anchovies’
True

Sample boolean values

gaee_active = True

can ecit + False

Simpic if statement

ore - 15

if aye o> 18:

print (*¥au're ald enough te vote!)

if-else statements
ome - 27

tf age > IR:

print (°¥au" re ald enough to votel")
else:
print(“You can*t vote yet.~)
The if-elf-else chain
ope - 12

Sf age < 4:
orice - @
elif ope < 28:

price - 5
else:
price = 18

print(“Your cost is $" + striprice) + “.*)

Testing if a value is in a list

>>> players = [‘al', ‘bea’, ‘cyn", ‘cale']

>>> Tal’ in players

True

>>> ‘eric’ in players

False

Testing if a value is notin a list

bannec_users = (‘ann', ‘chad’, “dee*)
user = ‘erin®

Af user not in banned.

print("¥ou can pla:

Checking if a list is empty

players = [)

Af playe
for player in players:
print(*Player: * » player.title(})
else:
print("ne nave no players yet!”)

209% -~

Simple input

naae = input({"What's your nage? ")

print(“Hello, “+ nave + *.~)
Accepting numerical input

age = input("Hew old are you? ~)

age = int(age)

Sf age >= 1
print("\aYou can vete!")

else:

print("\aYou can't vote yet.")

Accepting input in Python 2.7

Use raw_input() in Python 2.7. This function interprets all Input as a

Sing. just as Mput() does in Python 3

nase = faw_ingut("What's your name? “)

print(“Hella, “+ nane + °.")

Caunting to §
current_nuaber = 1
while current_nunber <= 5:

print(current_ausber)
current_nurber += 1

Letting the user choose when to quit

promot + “\nTell we something, anc Ill “

prompt +> “repeat it back to you.”

proapt +- “\nfater ‘quit’ to end the program. *

message - ~
while message !- ‘quit’:
message - input (prorpt)

if message !+ ‘quit’;
print (nessoge)
Using a flag

prompt = “\nlell me sorething, ond I'll *

protat += "repeat it back ta you.”

prompt += “\nEnter ‘quit’ to end the prograr. ~

active + True
while active:
message = input(prenpt)

if message == ‘quit’:
active » False
else:
print (nessage)

Using break to exit a loop

protat = “\nahat cities have you visited?”
promt r= “\nEnter ‘quit’ when you're done.

wnile True:
city = input(orospt)

if city == ‘quit’:
break

else:

print(“I've been to“ + city # “I")

An infinite cop

while True:
name = input("\rWo are you? “)
orint(“Nice to meet vou. ~ + name + “!*)
Making a dictionary

alien @ = {*calor’; “green’, ‘points’; St

Removing all cats from a list of pets

pets = ['dog’, “cat', ‘dog’, fish’, ‘cat’,

‘rabbit’, ‘cat']

print( ners)

whale ‘cat’ in pets:

pets. remove, cat’)

print(pets)
Making 2 function

lef yreet_user():
**isplay a sieple preeting.*"*
prant(“Kello!")

greet_user()
Passing a single argument

det yreet_user(usernane) =
“““Dasplay 2 simple greeting.
prant("Hello, " + usernare +

greet_user(' jesse")
greet_user("diana")
Rreet_user('beeedon’ )

Using positional arquments

def describe petiarinal, ranc}:

"Display information about # pet
print(*hal have a * 4 anisal
print(tIts mare + onan +

deseribe get('narster’, ‘hecry"}

Hescrite pet ('dog’, ‘willie’)
Using keyword arguments
ef describe_petian inal, rane}:
“'"Di splay Lnfornat len about a pet
print(*inl have 2 * + eninsl + *
print(*Its nare iy“ + none +
descrine_pet(antral-"narster’, nare
Gescrine got(naro

‘You can provide @ defeutt value for a parameter. When

function cal's omit th’s arqumment the default valve wit be
used. Parameters mith default
“parameters without

valves mus! be listed after

An the function’s definition

Using a defauk value

det deseride pet(nane, enw
’''Display Lofartat ine: abaut a pet
nt(TkaT hawe a" = anival +
Ot(TTTS name iS 7 + naw eo
descrite pet('harry’, ‘rsmeter’)
descr ibe_pet (‘wl llie')

Using None to make an argument optional

scrape pet(ormal, nowe-here):

""*Display Lnfartation abaul a pet.***
print(*\al have a" + anlval + *.")
if none
peant( "Ets nave is * + rene > 2")

describe _pet('hanstor’, “narry")

describe _pet('snace’}
Making a list

users - [‘val’, ‘bob’, ‘ria’, ‘ron’, ‘ned”]

Passing a list as an argument

def greet_users(names):
“““Brint a simple greeting ta everyone.
for name in names:
asp - “Hello,
print(rsg)
usernames = ["hannah ", “margot’)
greet_users(usernanes

Allowing a function to modify a list

The following example sends a list of mode's to 2 function for
painting. The origina’ ist is emptied, and the second list is

def print_madels(urgrinted, printed}:

"""3d print 3 set of models.-°*
while unprinted:
current_nocel = unprinted.pop()
print(“Printing * + current node?)
printed. append( current model)
F Store some unprinted designs,

# snd print each of then.

unprinted ~ [phone case’, ‘pendant’, ‘ring’)

printed = []

orint_models(unprintes, grintec)

ungrintec)
printed)

orint("\nunprintec
print( “Printed:

Preventing a function from modifying a list

The folowing exampie i the same as the previous one. excep! ine
ongina! kst is unchanged after caling pnnt_ models)

def print_models(urgrintec, printed

“""3d print a set of nodels.~-~
while unprinted:
current_socel = unprinted. pap()
print("Printing * + current_nodel)
printed.append( current_model)

* Store some unprinted designs,

® and print each of then.

original = (“phone case’, ‘pendant’, ‘ring*)

printes = []

print_madels(criginal[:], printed)
print("\nOriginal:", original)
print("Printed:", printed)

Collecting an arbitrary number of arguments

def make_pizza(size, *toppings):

“"*Make a pazza."""
print("\nMaking a ~ + size + ~ pizza.7)
prant( “Toppings:
for topping in toppings:
print(7- " + topping)

© Make three pizzas with different toppings.

make pizza(‘small', ‘pepperani*}

make_pizza(' large ‘bacon bits’, ‘pineapple')

make _pizza('mediua’, “mushrooms”, ‘peppers’,

‘ontons’, ‘extra cheese’)

Collecting an arbitrary number of keyword arguments

det build profile(first, last, *tuser_info

"guild a user's profile dict ianary
* Guile a dict with the required keys.
profile = ("first’: first, ‘last’: last}

# Add any other keys and values.

for key, value in user_info.items():

profile[key] - value

return profile

# Create two users with different kinds

OQ Save &

Using a colormap
A colormap varies the point colors from one shade to another,
based on a certain value for each point. The value used to
determine the color of each point is passed to the c argument, and
the cmap argument specifies which colormap to use.

The edgecolor='none' argument removes the black outline

from each point.

plt.scatter(x_values, squares, c=squares,

cmap=plt.cm.Blues, edgecolor='none’,
s=10)

Filling the area under a data series

Pygal allows you to fill the area under or over each series of data.
The default is to fill from the x-axis up, but you can fill from any
horizontal line using the zero argument.

t = pygal.Line(fill=True, zero=0@)

chart.y title = ‘Stars’

chart.add('Python Repos’, repos)
chart. render_to_file('python_repos.svg')

ENG Ady O

5:36 PM
6/8/2025