Solution:

Calculate the stresses at the nodes at the midspan of using the Rectangular finite
element indicated in the drawing.
Due to the symmetric loading and boundary conditions of the deep beam, the
analysis of this problem can be simplified by considering the left side symmetry of
the deep beam.

ELEMENT Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 Node 4 a b Area

1 6 5 1 2 1.4 0.9 1.26
2 5 4 2 3 1.4 0.9 1.26

GLOBAL NODE COORDINATES LOCAL NODE COORDINATES LOCAL NODE COORDINATES

NODE x y For element 1 For element 2
1 1.4 0 node x y node x y
2 1.4 0.9 1 (6) 0 0 1 (5) 0 0.9
3 1.4 1.8 2 (5) 0 0.9 2 (4) 0 1.8
4 0 1.8 3 (1) 1.4 0 3 (2) 1.4 0.9
5 0 0.9 4 (2) 1.4 0.9 4 (3) 1.4 1.8
6 0 0
D Matrix (Plane Stress Problem)
𝐸 𝜐𝐸
0
1 − 𝜐2 1 − 𝜐2
𝐸 𝜐𝐸 𝐸
𝐷 = 0
1 − 𝜐2 1 − 𝜐2 1 − 𝜐2
1−𝜐
[ 0 0
2 ]
2.20 0.6593 0
𝐷 = [0.6593 2.20 0 ] 𝑥 108 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
0 0 0.7692

Stiffness Matrices for the Elements

𝑘11
𝑘21 𝑘22
𝑘31 𝑘32 𝑘33
𝑡 𝑘41 𝑘42 𝑘43 𝑘44
𝐾𝑒 =
12 𝑘51 𝑘52 𝑘53 𝑘54 𝑘55
𝑘61 𝑘62 𝑘63 𝑘64 𝑘65 𝑘66
𝑘71 𝑘72 𝑘73 𝑘74 𝑘75 𝑘76 𝑘77
[𝑘81 𝑘82 𝑘83 𝑘84 𝑘85 𝑘86 𝑘87 𝑘88 ]

𝑘11 = 𝑘33 = 𝑘55 = 𝑘77 = 4𝑑11 𝑝−1 + 4𝑑33 𝑝

𝑘22 = 𝑘44 = 𝑘66 = 𝑘88 = 4𝑑22 𝑝 + 4𝑑33 𝑝−1

𝑘21 = 3𝑑21 + 3𝑑33

𝑘31 = 2𝑑11 𝑝−1 + 4𝑑33 𝑝 𝑘32 = 3𝑑21 - 3𝑑33

𝑘41 = -3𝑑21 + 3𝑑33 𝑘42 = -4𝑑22 𝑝 - 2𝑑33 𝑝−1

𝑘51 = 4𝑑11 𝑝−1 + 2𝑑33 𝑝 𝑘52 = 𝑘41 𝑘53 = -2𝑑11 𝑝−1 - 2𝑑33 𝑝 𝑘54 = 𝑘21

𝑘61 = k 32 𝑘62 = 2𝑑11 𝑝- 4𝑑33 𝑝−1 𝑘63 = k 21 𝑘64 = -2𝑑11 𝑝- 2𝑑33 𝑝−1 𝑘65 = 𝑘43

𝑘71 = k 53 𝑘72 = k 43 𝑘73 = k 51 𝑘74 = k 32 𝑘75 = 𝑘31 𝑘76 = -3𝑑21 + 3𝑑33

𝑘81 = k 43 𝑘82 = k 64 𝑘83 = k 32 𝑘84 = k 62 𝑘85 = 𝑘32 𝑘86 = -4𝑑22 𝑝 + 4𝑑33 𝑝−1 𝑘85 = 𝑘21
𝑎
𝑝 =
𝑏
 For Element 1:

u6 v6 u5 v5 u1 v1 u2 v2
10.43782 4.28571 -1.96058 0.32967 -3.25833 -0.32967 -5.21891 -4.28571 u6
4.28571 15.65324 -0.32967 -14.66422 0.32967 4.85958 -4.28571 -7.82662 v6
-1.96058 -0.32967 10.43782 -4.28571 -5.21891 4.28571 -3.25833 -0.32967 u5
K1 0.00208 0.32967 -14.66422 -4.28571 15.65324 4.28571 -7.82662 -0.32967 4.859585 v5 108
-3.25833 0.32967 -5.21891 4.28571 10.43782 -4.28571 -1.96058 -0.32967 u1
-0.32967 4.85958 4.28571 -7.82662 -4.28571 15.65324 0.32967 -12.6862 v1
-5.21891 -4.28571 -3.25833 -0.32967 -1.96058 0.32967 10.43782 4.285714 u2
-4.28571 -7.82662 -0.32967 4.85958 -0.32967 -12.68620 4.28571 15.65324 v2

u6 v6 u5 v5 u1 v1 u2 v2
0.02175 0.00893 -0.00408 0.00069 -0.00679 -0.00069 -0.01087 -0.00893 u6
0.00893 0.03261 -0.00069 -0.03055 0.00069 0.01012 -0.00893 -0.01631 v6
-0.00408 -0.00069 0.02175 -0.00893 -0.01087 0.00893 -0.00679 -0.00069 u5
K1 0.00069 -0.03055 -0.00893 0.03261 0.00893 -0.01631 -0.00069 0.01012 v5 108
-0.00679 0.00069 -0.01087 0.00893 0.02175 -0.00893 -0.00408 -0.00069 u1
-0.00069 0.01012 0.00893 -0.01631 -0.00893 0.03261 0.00069 -0.02643 v1
-0.01087 -0.00893 -0.00679 -0.00069 -0.00408 0.00069 0.02175 0.00893 u2
-0.00893 -0.01631 -0.00069 0.01012 -0.00069 -0.02643 0.00893 0.03261 v2

For Element 2:

u6 v6 u5 v5 u1 v1 u2 v2
10.43782 4.28571 -1.96058 0.32967 -3.25833 -0.32967 -5.21891 -4.28571 u6
4.28571 15.65324 -0.32967 -14.66422 0.32967 4.85958 -4.28571 -7.82662 v6
-1.96058 -0.32967 10.43782 -4.28571 -5.21891 4.28571 -3.25833 -0.32967 u5
K2 0.00208 0.32967 -14.66422 -4.28571 15.65324 4.28571 -7.82662 -0.32967 4.859585 v5 108
-3.25833 0.32967 -5.21891 4.28571 10.43782 -4.28571 -1.96058 -0.32967 u1
-0.32967 4.85958 4.28571 -7.82662 -4.28571 15.65324 0.32967 -12.6862 v1
-5.21891 -4.28571 -3.25833 -0.32967 -1.96058 0.32967 10.43782 4.285714 u2
-4.28571 -7.82662 -0.32967 4.85958 -0.32967 -12.68620 4.28571 15.65324 v2

u5 v5 u4 v4 u2 v2 u3 v3
0.02175 0.00893 -0.00408 0.00069 -0.00679 -0.00069 -0.01087 -0.00893 u5
0.00893 0.03261 -0.00069 -0.03055 0.00069 0.01012 -0.00893 -0.01631 v5
-0.00408 -0.00069 0.02175 -0.00893 -0.01087 0.00893 -0.00679 -0.00069 u4
K2 0.00069 -0.03055 -0.00893 0.03261 0.00893 -0.01631 -0.00069 0.01012 v4 108
-0.00679 0.00069 -0.01087 0.00893 0.02175 -0.00893 -0.00408 -0.00069 u2
-0.00069 0.01012 0.00893 -0.01631 -0.00893 0.03261 0.00069 -0.02643 v2
-0.01087 -0.00893 -0.00679 -0.00069 -0.00408 0.00069 0.02175 0.00893 u3
-0.00893 -0.01631 -0.00069 0.01012 -0.00069 -0.02643 0.00893 0.03261 v3
Global Stiffness Matrix of the Deep Beam

Assembling the global stiffness matrix corresponding to the nonzero degrees of

freedom (u1=u2=u3=u4=v4=u5=v5=u6=v6=0)

v1 v2 v3
0.032611 -0.02643 0.00000 v1
K -0.02643 0.065222 -0.02643 v2 108
0.00000 -0.02643 0.032611 v3

Nodal Force

𝑓1𝑦 0
0
0
𝐹 = {𝑓2𝑦 } = { 1 } = { 0 }
𝑓3𝑦 (−50𝑘𝑁/𝑚)(1.4𝑚) ( ) −35 𝑘𝑁
2
Nodal Displacement
𝑢1𝑦
𝑈 = {𝑢2𝑦 }
𝑢3𝑦

General Stiffness Matrix

𝐹 = 𝐾𝑈
0 0.032611 −0.02643 0.0000 𝑢1𝑦
{ 0 } = 10 [−0.02643 0.065222 −0.02643] {𝑢2𝑦 }
8

−35 𝑘𝑁 0.0000 −0.02643 0.032611 𝑢3𝑦

The displacements at the nodes at the midspan:
𝑢1𝑦 −1.02713 × 10−5 𝑚 −0.0102713 𝑚𝑚
𝑢
{ 2𝑦 } = −1.26735 × 10−5 𝑚 = −0.0126735 𝑚𝑚
𝑢3𝑦 −2.10039 × 10−5 𝑚 −0.0210039 𝑚𝑚
 Stresses at the nodes at the midspan:

𝜎 𝑒 = 𝐻𝛿 𝑒
{𝜎(x1 , y1 )} {H(x1 , y1 )}
{𝜎(x 2 , y2 )} {H(x 2 , y2 )}
{𝜎 e } = = 𝛿e
{𝜎(x3 , y3 )} {H(x3 , y3 )}
{{𝜎(x4 , y4 )}} {{H(x4 , y4 )}}
-𝑑11 (b-y) -𝑑21 (a-x) -𝑑11 y -𝑑21 (a-x) -𝑑11 (b-y) -𝑑21 x 𝑑11 y 𝑑21 x
1
H= [-𝑑 (b-y) -𝑑22 (a-x) -𝑑21 y -𝑑22 (a-x) 𝑑21 (b-y) -𝑑22 x 𝑑22 y 𝑑22 x]
ab 21
-𝑑33 (a-x) -𝑑33 (b-y) -𝑑33 (a-x) -𝑑33 y -𝑑33 x 𝑑33 (b-y) 𝑑33 x 𝑑33 y

For Element 1:

{𝜎(0,0)} {H(0,0)}
{𝜎(0,0.9)} {H(0,0.9)}
{𝜎 1 } = { } ={ } 𝛿1
{𝜎(1.4,0)} {H(1.4,0)}
{𝜎(1.4,0.9)} {H(1.4,0.9)}

U1 = 0.00000
V1 = -1.02713 x 105
U2 = 0.00000
1
𝛿 = V2 = -1.26735 x 105
U5 = 0.00000
V5 = 0.00000
U6 = 0.00000
V6 = 0.00000

Solving for the H matrices:

-1.97802 -0.92308 0.00000 -0.92308 1.97802 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
H(0,0) 0.793651 -0.59341 -3.07692 0.00000 -3.07692 0.59341 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 108
1.07692 -0.69231 1.07692 0.00000 0.00000 0.69231 0.00000 0.00000

-1.56986 -0.73260 0.00000 -0.73260 1.56986 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

H(0,0) -0.47096 -2.44200 0.00000 -2.44200 0.47096 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 108
0.85470 -0.54945 0.85470 0.00000 0.00000 0.54945 0.00000 0.00000
 0.00000 -0.92308 -1.97802 -0.92308 0.00000 0.00000 1.978022 0.00000
H(0,0.9) 0.793651 0.00000 -3.07692 -0.59341 -3.07692 0.00000 0.00000 1.978022 0.00000 108
1.076923 0.00000 1.076923 -0.69231 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.692308

0.00000 -0.73260 -1.56986 -0.73260 0.00000 0.00000 1.56986 0.00000

H(0,0.9) 0.00000 -2.44200 -0.47096 -2.44200 0.00000 0.00000 1.56986 0.00000 108
0.85470 0.00000 0.85470 -0.54945 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.54945

-1.97802 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.97802 -0.92308 0.00000 0.92308

H(1.4,0) 0.793651 -0.59341 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.59341 -3.07692 0.00000 3.07692 108
0.00000 -0.69231 0.00000 0.00000 -1.07692 0.69231 1.07692 0.00000

-1.56986 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.56986 -0.73260 0.00000 -1.56986

H(1.4,0) -0.47096 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.47096 -2.44200 0.00000 -0.47096 108
0.00000 -0.54945 0.00000 0.00000 -0.85470 0.54945 0.85470 0.00000

0.00000 0.00000 -1.97802 0.00000 0.00000 -0.92308 1.97802 0.92308

H(1.4,0.9) 0.793651 0.00000 0.00000 -0.59341 0.00000 0.00000 -3.07692 1.97802 3.07692 108
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -0.69231 -1.07692 0.00000 1.07692 0.69231

0.00000 0.00000 -1.56986 0.00000 0.00000 -0.73260 1.56986 0.73260

H(1.4,0.9) 0.00000 0.00000 -0.47096 0.00000 0.00000 -2.44200 1.56986 2.44200 108
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -0.54945 -0.85470 0.00000 0.85470 0.54945

From the computed H matrices and displacements of the nodes from Element 1,
stresses can now be computed:

𝜎x = 1680.94 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜎x = 0.00 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

𝜎(0,0) = 𝜎y = 5603.13 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜎(1.4,0) = 𝜎y = 0.00 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝜏xy = 564.36 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜏xy = 564.36 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝜎x = 1680.94 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜎x = 0.00 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝜎(0,0.9) = 𝜎y = 5603.13 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜎(1.4,0.9) = 𝜎y = 0.00 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝜏xy = 696.35 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜏xy = 696.35 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
 For Element 2:

{𝜎(0,0.9)} {H(0,0.9)}
{𝜎(0,1.8)} {H(0,1.8)}
{𝜎 2 } = { } ={ } 𝛿2
{𝜎(1.4,0.9)} {H(1.4,0.9)}
{𝜎(1.4,1.8)} {H(1.4,1.8)}

U2 = 0.00000
V2 = -1.26735 x 105
U3 = 0.00000
2
𝛿 = V3 = -2.10039 x 105
U4 = 0.00000
V4 = 0.00000
U5 = 0.00000
V5 = 0.00000

Solving for the H matrices:

0.00000 -0.92308 -1.97802 -0.92308 0.00000 0.00000 1.97802 0.00000
H(0,0.9) 0.793651 0.00000 -3.07692 -0.59341 -3.07692 0.00000 0.00000 1.97802 0.00000 108
1.07692 0.00000 1.07692 -0.69231 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.69231

0.00000 -0.73260 -1.56986 -0.73260 0.00000 0.00000 1.56986 0.00000

H(0,0.9) 0.00000 -2.44200 -0.47096 -2.44200 0.00000 0.00000 1.56986 0.00000 108
0.85470 0.00000 0.85470 -0.54945 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.54945

1.97802 -0.92308 -3.95604 -0.92308 -1.97802 0.00000 3.95604 0.00000

H(0,1.8) 0.793651 0.59341 -3.07692 -1.18681 -3.07692 -0.59341 0.00000 3.95604 0.00000 108
1.07692 0.69231 1.07692 -1.38462 0.00000 -0.69231 0.00000 1.38462

1.56986 -0.73260 -3.13972 -0.73260 -1.56986 0.00000 3.13972 0.00000

H(0,1.8) 0.47096 -2.44200 -0.94192 -2.44200 -0.47096 0.00000 3.13972 0.00000 108
0.85470 0.54945 0.85470 -1.09890 0.00000 -0.54945 0.00000 1.09890

0.00000 0.00000 -1.97802 0.00000 0.00000 -0.92308 1.97802 0.92308

H(1.4,0.9) 0.793651 0.00000 0.00000 -0.59341 0.00000 0.00000 -3.07692 1.97802 3.07692 108
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -0.69231 -1.07692 0.00000 1.07692 0.69231

0.00000 0.00000 -1.56986 0.00000 0.00000 -0.73260 1.56986 0.73260

H(1.4,0.9) 0.00000 0.00000 -0.47096 0.00000 0.00000 -2.44200 1.56986 2.44200 108
 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -0.54945 -0.85470 0.00000 0.85470 0.54945

1.97802 0.00000 -3.95604 0.00000 -1.97802 -0.92308 3.95604 0.92308

H(1.4,1.8) 0.793651 0.59341 0.00000 -1.18681 0.00000 -0.59341 -3.07692 3.95604 3.07692 108
0.00000 0.69231 0.00000 -1.38462 -1.07692 -0.69231 1.07692 1.38462

1.56986 0.00000 -3.13972 0.00000 -1.56986 -0.73260 3.13972 0.73260

H(1.4,1.8) 0.47096 0.00000 -0.94192 0.00000 -0.47096 -2.44200 3.13972 2.44200 108
0.00000 0.54945 0.00000 -1.09890 -0.85470 -0.54945 0.85470 1.09890

From the computed H matrices and displacements of the nodes from Element 2,
stresses can now be computed:

𝜎x = 2467.21 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜎x = 0.00 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

𝜎(0,0.9) = 𝜎y = 8224.03 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜎(1.4,0.9) = 𝜎y = 0.00 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝜏xy = 1154.06𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜏xy = 1154.06 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝜎x = 2467.21 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜎x = 0.00 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝜎(0,1.8) = 𝜎y = 8224.03 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜎(1.4,1.8) = 𝜎y = 0.00 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝜏xy = 1611.77𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜏xy = 1611.77 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

The stresses at the nodes at the midspan:

𝝈𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝝈𝒆𝟏
𝟏 = 𝝈𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝝉𝒙𝒚 = 𝟓𝟔𝟒. 𝟑𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝝈𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝝈𝒆𝟏
𝟐 = 𝝈𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝝉𝒙𝒚 = 𝟔𝟗𝟔. 𝟑𝟓 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝝈𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝝈𝒆𝟐
𝟐 = 𝝈𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝝉𝒙𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟒. 𝟎𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝝈𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝝈𝒆𝟐
𝟑 = 𝝈𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝝉𝒙𝒚 = 𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
2. Compare the results with the results of analysis using CST. You may use the
software Easy FEM. Indicate how you created the mesh.

Since the deep beam has a symmetric loading and boundary conditions, the beam
can be modeled also by considering the left side symmetry using a software. Figure
1 shows the model of the symmetric left side of the deep beam.

Figure 1: 20x20 mesh size of the deep beam

Using the EasyFEM software, the resulted stresses from the midspan of the
extreme bottom and top fiber of deep beam are 1518.6 kN/m² and -2244.8 kN/m²,
respectively as shown in the Figure 2.

Figure 2: Stresses along x-direction for 20x20 mesh size

For the analysis, a 20x20 mesh was used, which resulted in 1444 elements and 780
nodes. The mesh was created using a structured meshing technique to ensure better
control over mesh quality and element distribution. This method improves accuracy
and convergence in FEM simulations.
 3. Calculate again the stresses at the nodes at the midspan of using the 2D
Rectangular 4-noded Isoparametric element. Compare with the results of 1) and 2).

ELEMENT Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 Node 4 a b Area

1 2 5 6 1 1.4 0.9 1.26
2 3 4 5 2 1.4 0.9 1.26

LOCAL NODE COORDINATES LOCAL NODE COORDINATES

For element 1 For element 2
node x y node x y
1 (2) 1.4 0.9 2 (3) 1.4 1.8
2 (5) 0 0.9 3 (4) 0 1.8
3 (6) 0 0 4 (5) 0 0.9
4 (1) 1.4 0 1 (2) 1.4 0.9

Element 1
Isoparametric Map
𝑥 = 𝑁1 (𝑠, 𝑡)𝑥1 + 𝑁2 (𝑠, 𝑡)𝑥2 +𝑁3 (𝑠, 𝑡)𝑥3 +𝑁4 (𝑠, 𝑡)𝑥4
(1 + 𝑠)(1 + 𝑡) (1 − 𝑠)(1 + 𝑡) (1 − 𝑠)(1 − 𝑡) (1 + 𝑠)(1 − 𝑡)
𝑥= (1.4) + (0) + (0) + (1.4)
4 4 4 4
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕(𝟏 + 𝒔)
𝑦 = 𝑁1 (𝑠, 𝑡)𝑦1 + 𝑁2 (𝑠, 𝑡)𝑦2 +𝑁3 (𝑠, 𝑡)𝑦3 +𝑁4 (𝑠, 𝑡)𝑦4
(1 + 𝑠)(1 + 𝑡) (1 − 𝑠)(1 + 𝑡) (1 − 𝑠)(1 − 𝑡) (1 + 𝑠)(1 − 𝑡)
𝑦= (0.9) + (0.9) + (0) + (0)
4 4 4 4
𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓(𝟏 + 𝒕)

Jacobian Matrix
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 1.43 0
𝐽−1 = ቂ ቃ
𝜕𝑠 ൪ = ቂ0.7 0 0 2.22
𝐽 = ൦ 𝜕𝑠 ቃ
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 0 0.45
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 det(𝐽) = 0.315
 B Matrix
𝜕𝑁1 𝜕𝑁2 𝜕𝑁3 𝜕𝑁4
0 0 0 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁1 𝜕𝑁2 𝜕𝑁3 𝜕𝑁4
𝐵= 0 0 0 0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑁1 𝜕𝑁1 𝜕𝑁2 𝜕𝑁2 𝜕𝑁3 𝜕𝑁3 𝜕𝑁4 𝜕𝑁4
[ 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 ]

𝐵 = ሾ𝐵𝑢1 𝐵𝑣1 𝐵𝑢2 𝐵𝑣2 𝐵𝑢3 𝐵𝑣3 𝐵𝑢4 𝐵𝑣4 ሿ

𝜕𝑁𝑛 𝜕𝑁𝑛
𝜕𝑥
𝐵𝑢𝑛 = 𝜕𝑁 = 𝐽−1 { 𝜕𝑠 } , n = 1,2,3,4
𝑛 𝜕𝑁𝑛
{ 𝜕𝑦 } 𝜕𝑡

By substituting s=0 and t=0,

0.35714 0.00000 -0.35714 0.00000 -0.35714 0.00000 0.35714 0.00000

B1 0.00000 0.55556 0.00000 0.55556 0.00000 -0.55556 0.00000 -0.55556
0.55556 0.35714 0.55556 -0.35714 -0.55556 -0.35714 -0.55556 0.35714

Stiffness Matrix:
K = 𝐵𝑇 𝐷𝐵𝑊𝑠 𝑊𝑡 ℎ𝐽−1
h = thickness of deep beam
Ws = 2 (Using one−point integration)
Wt = 2 (Using one−point integration)

2.20 0.6593 0
𝐷 = [0.6593 2.20 0 ] 𝑥 108 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
0 0 0.7692

u2 v2 u5 v5 u6 v6 u1 v1
0.01631 0.00893 -0.00135 -0.00069 -0.01631 -0.00893 0.00135 0.00069 u2
0.00893 0.02446 0.00069 0.01828 -0.00893 -0.02446 -0.00069 -0.01828 v2
-0.00135 0.00069 0.01631 -0.00893 0.00135 -0.00069 -0.01631 0.00893 u5
K1 -0.00069 0.01828 -0.00893 0.02446 0.00069 -0.01828 0.00893 -0.02446 v5 108
-0.01631 -0.00893 0.00135 0.00069 0.01631 0.00893 -0.00135 -0.00069 u6
-0.00893 -0.02446 -0.00069 -0.01828 0.00893 0.02446 0.00069 0.01828 v6
0.00135 -0.00069 -0.01631 0.00893 -0.00135 0.00069 0.01631 -0.00893 u1
0.00069 -0.01828 0.00893 -0.02446 -0.00069 0.01828 -0.00893 0.02446 v1
Element 2
Isoparametric Map
𝑥 = 𝑁1 (𝑠, 𝑡)𝑥1 + 𝑁2 (𝑠, 𝑡)𝑥2 +𝑁3 (𝑠, 𝑡)𝑥3 +𝑁4 (𝑠, 𝑡)𝑥4
(1 + 𝑠)(1 + 𝑡) (1 − 𝑠)(1 + 𝑡) (1 − 𝑠)(1 − 𝑡) (1 + 𝑠)(1 − 𝑡)
𝑥= (1.4) + (0) + (0) + (1.4)
4 4 4 4
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕(𝟏 + 𝒔)
𝑦 = 𝑁1 (𝑠, 𝑡)𝑦1 + 𝑁2 (𝑠, 𝑡)𝑦2 +𝑁3 (𝑠, 𝑡)𝑦3 +𝑁4 (𝑠, 𝑡)𝑦4
(1 + 𝑠)(1 + 𝑡) (1 − 𝑠)(1 + 𝑡) (1 − 𝑠)(1 − 𝑡) (1 + 𝑠)(1 − 𝑡)
𝑦= (1.8) + (1.8) + (0.9) + (0.9)
4 4 4 4
𝒚 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓(𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝒕)

Jacobian Matrix
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 1.43 0
𝐽−1 = ቂ ቃ
𝐽 = ൦ 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠 ൪ = ቂ0.7 0
ቃ
0 3
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 0 0.33
det(𝐽) = 0.2333
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

B Matrix
𝜕𝑁1 𝜕𝑁2 𝜕𝑁3 𝜕𝑁4
0 0 0 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁1 𝜕𝑁2 𝜕𝑁3 𝜕𝑁4
𝐵= 0 0 0 0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑁1 𝜕𝑁1 𝜕𝑁2 𝜕𝑁2 𝜕𝑁3 𝜕𝑁3 𝜕𝑁4 𝜕𝑁4
[ 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 ]

𝐵 = ሾ𝐵𝑢1 𝐵𝑣1 𝐵𝑢2 𝐵𝑣2 𝐵𝑢3 𝐵𝑣3 𝐵𝑢4 𝐵𝑣4 ሿ

𝜕𝑁𝑛 𝜕𝑁𝑛
𝜕𝑥
𝐵𝑢𝑛 = 𝜕𝑁 = 𝐽−1 { 𝜕𝑠 } , n = 1,2,3,4
𝑛 𝜕𝑁𝑛
{ 𝜕𝑦 } 𝜕𝑡

By substituting s=0 and t=0,

0.35714 0.00000 -0.35714 0.00000 -0.35714 0.00000 0.35714 0.00000

B2 0.00000 0.75000 0.00000 0.75000 0.00000 -0.75000 0.00000 -0.75000
0.75000 0.35714 0.75000 -0.35714 -0.75000 -0.35714 -0.75000 0.35714
 Stiffness Matrix:
K = 𝐵𝑇 𝐷𝐵𝑊𝑠 𝑊𝑡 ℎ𝐽−1
h = thickness of deep beam
Ws = 2 (Using one−point integration)
Wt = 2 (Using one−point integration)

2.20 0.6593 0
𝐷 = [0.6593 2.20 0 ] 𝑥 108 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
0 0 0.7692

u3 v3 u4 v4 u5 v5 u2 v2
0.01664 0.00893 0.00356 -0.00069 -0.01664 -0.00893 -0.00356 0.00069 u3
0.00893 0.03114 0.00069 0.02656 -0.00893 -0.03114 -0.00069 -0.02656 v3
0.00356 0.00069 0.01664 -0.00893 -0.00356 -0.00069 -0.01664 0.00893 u4
K2 -0.00069 0.02656 -0.00893 0.03114 0.00069 -0.02656 0.00893 -0.03114 v4 108
-0.01664 -0.00893 -0.00356 0.00069 0.01664 0.00893 0.00356 -0.00069 u5
-0.00893 -0.03114 -0.00069 -0.02656 0.00893 0.03114 0.00069 0.02656 v5
-0.00356 -0.00069 -0.01664 0.00893 0.00356 0.00069 0.01664 -0.00893 u2
0.00069 -0.02656 0.00893 -0.03114 -0.00069 0.02656 -0.00893 0.03114 v2

Global Stiffness Matrix of the Deep Beam

Assembling the global stiffness matrix corresponding to the nonzero degrees of

freedom (u1=u2=u3=u4=v4=u5=v5=u6=v6=0)

v1 v2 v3
0.02446 -0.01828 0.00000 v1
K -0.01828 0.05559 -0.02656 v2 108
0.00000 -0.02656 0.03114 v3

Nodal Force

𝑓1𝑦 0
0
𝑓 0
𝐹 = { 2𝑦 } = { 1 }= { 0 }
𝑓3𝑦 (−50𝑘𝑁/𝑚)(1.4𝑚) ( ) −35 𝑘𝑁
2
Nodal Displacement
𝑢1𝑦
𝑈 = {𝑢2𝑦 }
𝑢3𝑦
 General Stiffness Matrix

𝐹 = 𝐾𝑈
0 0.02446 −0.01828 0.0000 𝑢1𝑦
8 𝑢
{ 0 } = 10 [−0.01828 0.05559 −0.02656] { 2𝑦 }
−35 𝑘𝑁 0.0000 −0.02656 0.03114 𝑢3𝑦
The displacements at the nodes at the midspan:
𝑢1𝑦 −1.15679 × 10−5 𝑚 −0.0115679 𝑚𝑚
𝑢 −5
{ } = −1.54802 × 10 𝑚 = −0.0154802 𝑚𝑚
2𝑦
𝑢3𝑦 −2.44449 × 10−5 𝑚 −0.0244449 𝑚𝑚

Stresses at the nodes at the midspan:

𝜎 𝑒 = 𝐻𝛿 𝑒
{𝜎(x1 , y1 )} {H(x1 , y1 )}
{𝜎(x2 , y2 )} {H(x2 , y2 )}
{𝜎 e } = = 𝛿e
{𝜎(x3 , y3 )} {H(x3 , y3 )}
{{𝜎(x4 , y4 )}} {{H(x4 , y4 )}}
-𝑑11 (b-y) -𝑑21 (a-x) -𝑑11 y -𝑑21 (a-x) -𝑑11 (b-y) -𝑑21 x 𝑑11 y 𝑑21 x
1
H= [-𝑑 (b-y) -𝑑22 (a-x) -𝑑21 y -𝑑22 (a-x) 𝑑21 (b-y) -𝑑22 x 𝑑22 y 𝑑22 x]
ab 21
-𝑑33 (a-x) -𝑑33 (b-y) -𝑑33 (a-x) -𝑑33 y -𝑑33 x 𝑑33 (b-y) 𝑑33 x 𝑑33 y

For Element 1:

{𝜎(1.4,0.9)} {𝐻(1.4,0.9)}
{𝜎(0,0.9)} {𝐻(0,0.9)}
{𝜎 1 } = { } ={ } 𝛿1
{𝜎(0,0)} {𝐻(0,0)}
{𝜎(1.4,0)} {𝐻(1.4,0)}

U2 = 0.00000
V2 = -1.54802 x 105
U5 = 0.00000
1
𝛿 = V5 = 0.00000
U6 = 0.00000
V6 = 0.00000
U1 = 0.00000
V1 = -1.15679 x 105
 Solving for the H matrices:
0.00000 0.00000 -1.97802 0.00000 0.00000 -0.92308 1.97802 0.92308
H(1.4,0.9) 0.793651 0.00000 0.00000 -0.59341 0.00000 0.00000 -3.07692 1.97802 3.07692 108
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -0.69231 -1.07692 0.00000 1.07692 0.69231

0.00000 0.00000 -1.56986 0.00000 0.00000 -0.73260 1.56986 0.73260

H(1.4,0.9) 0.00000 0.00000 -0.47096 0.00000 0.00000 -2.44200 1.56986 2.44200 108
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -0.54945 -0.85470 0.00000 0.85470 0.54945

0.00000 -0.92308 -1.97802 -0.92308 0.00000 0.00000 1.97802 0.00000

H(0,0.9) 0.793651 0.00000 -3.07692 -0.59341 -3.07692 0.00000 0.00000 1.97802 0.00000 108
1.07692 0.00000 1.07692 -0.69231 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.69231

0.00000 -0.73260 -1.56986 -0.73260 0.00000 0.00000 1.56986 0.00000

H(0,0.9) 0.00000 -2.44200 -0.47096 -2.44200 0.00000 0.00000 1.56986 0.00000 108
0.85470 0.00000 0.85470 -0.54945 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.54945

-1.97802 -0.92308 0.00000 -0.92308 1.97802 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

H(0,0) 0.793651 -0.59341 -3.07692 0.00000 -3.07692 0.59341 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 108
1.07692 -0.69231 1.07692 0.00000 0.00000 0.69231 0.00000 0.00000

-1.56986 -0.73260 0.00000 -0.73260 1.56986 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

H(0,0) -0.47096 -2.44200 0.00000 -2.44200 0.47096 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 108
0.85470 -0.54945 0.85470 0.00000 0.00000 0.54945 0.00000 0.00000

-1.97802 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.97802 -0.92308 0.00000 0.92308

H(1.4,0) 0.793651 -0.59341 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.59341 -3.07692 0.00000 3.07692 108
0.00000 -0.69231 0.00000 0.00000 -1.07692 0.69231 1.07692 0.00000

-1.56986 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.56986 -0.73260 0.00000 0.73260

H(1.4,0) -0.47096 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.47096 -2.44200 0.00000 2.44200 108
0.00000 -0.54945 0.00000 0.00000 -0.85470 0.54945 0.85470 0.00000
 From the computed H matrices and displacements of the nodes from Element 1,
stresses can now be computed:

𝜎x = − 847.46 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜎x = 1134.08 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

𝜎(1.4,0.9) = 𝜎y = −2824.88 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜎(0,0) = 𝜎y = 3780.27 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝜏xy = −635.60 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜏xy = 850.56 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝜎x = 1134.08 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜎x = − 847.46 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝜎(0,0.9) = 𝜎y = 3780.27 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜎(1.4,0) = 𝜎y = −2824.88 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝜏xy = −635.60 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜏xy = 850.56 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

For Element 2:

{𝜎(1.4,1.8)} {H(1.4,1.8)}
{𝜎(0,1.8)} {H(0,1.8)}
{𝜎 2 } = { } ={ } 𝛿2
{𝜎(0,0.9)} {H(0,0.9)}
{𝜎(1.4,0.9)} {H(1.4,0.9)}

U3 = 0.00000
V3 = -2.44449 x 105
U4 = 0.00000
2
𝛿 = V4 = 0.00000
U5 = 0.00000
V5 = 0.00000
U2 = 0.00000
V2 = -1.54802 x 105

Solving for the H matrices:

1.97802 0.00000 -3.95604 0.00000 -1.97802 -0.92308 3.95604 0.92308
H(1.4,1.8) 0.793651 0.59341 0.00000 -1.18681 0.00000 -0.59341 -3.07692 3.95604 3.07692 108
0.00000 0.69231 0.00000 -1.38462 -1.07692 -0.69231 1.07692 1.38462

1.56986 0.00000 -3.13972 0.00000 -1.56986 -0.73260 3.13972 0.73260

H(1.4,1.8) 0.47096 0.00000 -0.94192 0.00000 -0.47096 -2.44200 3.13972 2.44200 108
0.00000 0.54945 0.00000 -1.09890 -0.85470 -0.54945 0.85470 1.09890

1.97802 -0.92308 -3.95604 -0.92308 -1.97802 0.00000 3.95604 0.00000

H(0,1.8) 0.793651 0.59341 -3.07692 -1.18681 -3.07692 -0.59341 0.00000 3.95604 0.00000 108
1.07692 0.69231 1.07692 -1.38462 0.00000 -0.69231 0.00000 1.38462
 1.56986 -0.73260 -3.13972 -0.73260 -1.56986 0.00000 3.13972 0.00000
H(0,1.8) 0.47096 -2.44200 -0.94192 -2.44200 -0.47096 0.00000 3.13972 0.00000 108
0.85470 0.54945 0.85470 -1.09890 0.00000 -0.54945 0.00000 1.09890

0.00000 -0.92308 -1.97802 -0.92308 0.00000 0.00000 1.97802 0.00000

H(0,0.9) 0.793651 0.00000 -3.07692 -0.59341 -3.07692 0.00000 0.00000 1.97802 0.00000 108
1.07692 0.00000 1.07692 -0.69231 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.69231

0.00000 -0.73260 -1.56986 -0.73260 0.00000 0.00000 1.56986 0.00000

H(0,0.9) 0.00000 -2.44200 -0.47096 -2.44200 0.00000 0.00000 1.56986 0.00000 108
0.85470 0.00000 0.85470 -0.54945 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.54945

0.00000 0.00000 -1.97802 0.00000 0.00000 -0.92308 1.97802 0.92308

H(1.4,0.9) 0.793651 0.00000 0.00000 -0.59341 0.00000 0.00000 -3.07692 1.97802 3.07692 108
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -0.69231 -1.07692 0.00000 1.07692 0.69231

0.00000 0.00000 -1.56986 0.00000 0.00000 -0.73260 1.56986 0.73260

H(1.4,0.9) 0.00000 0.00000 -0.47096 0.00000 0.00000 -2.44200 1.56986 2.44200 108
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -0.54945 -0.85470 0.00000 0.85470 0.54945

From the computed H matrices and displacements of the nodes from Element 2,
stresses can now be computed:

𝜎x = −1134.08 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜎x = 1790.83 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

𝜎(1.4,1.8) = 𝜎y = −3780.27 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜎(0,0.9) = 𝜎y = 5969.45 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝜏xy = −3044.25 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜏xy = −850.56 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝜎x = 1790.83 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜎x = −1134.08 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝜎(0,1.8) = 𝜎y = 5969.45 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜎(1.4,0.9) = 𝜎y = −3780.27 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝜏xy = −3044.25 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝜏xy = −850.56𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

The stresses at the nodes at the midspan:

𝝈𝒙 = − 𝟖𝟒𝟕. 𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝟐
𝝈𝒆𝟏
𝟏 = 𝝈𝒚 = −𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟒. 𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝑵/𝒎
𝝉𝒙𝒚 = 𝟖𝟓𝟎. 𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
 𝝈𝒙 = − 𝟖𝟒𝟕. 𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝝈𝒆𝟏
𝟐 = 𝝈𝒚 = −𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟒. 𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝝉𝒙𝒚 = −𝟔𝟑𝟓. 𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝝈𝒙 = −𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟒. 𝟎𝟖 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝝈𝒆𝟐
𝟐 = 𝝈𝒚 = −𝟑𝟕𝟖𝟎. 𝟐𝟕 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝝉𝒙𝒚 = −𝟖𝟓𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝝈𝒙 = −𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟒. 𝟎𝟖 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝝈𝒆𝟐
𝟑 = 𝝈𝒚 = −𝟑𝟕𝟖𝟎. 𝟐𝟕 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝝉𝒙𝒚 = −𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐

The results obtained using the 2D Rectangular 4-noded Isoparametric element show
variations when compared to the previous analyses. The results from the isoparametric
element show variations in the stress distribution compared to the Rectangular finite
element method and the CST method used in EasyFEM. While all methods provide similar
trends in stress distribution, the numerical values differ due to variations in the element
formulations and meshing strategies. Overall, the differences in stress values between
these methods highlight the impact of element formulation and mesh refinement on the
accuracy of finite element analysis.