MATHEMATICS

Study Material for JEE Main & Advanced preparation

Prepared by Career Point Kota Experts
 CONTENTS OF THE PACKAGE AT A GLANCE

MATHEMATICS
Class 11
Trigonometry Algebra (Part-I) Coordinate Geometry
♦ Trigonometric Ratios ♦ Elementary Mathematics & ♦ Point & Straight Line
♦ Trigonometric Equations Logarithm ♦ Circle
♦ Properties of Triangle ♦ Quadratic Equation ♦ Parabola
♦ Radii of Circle ♦ Progressions ♦ Ellipse
♦ Binomial Theorem ♦ Hyperbola
♦ Permutation & Combination
♦ Statistics
♦ Set & Relation

Class 12
Differential Calculus Integral Calculus Algebra (Part-II)
♦ Function ♦ Indefinite Integration ♦ Complex Number
♦ Inverse Trigonometric Functions ♦ Definite Integration ♦ Probability
♦ Limit ♦ Area Under the Curve ♦ Determinants
♦ Continuity ♦ Differential Equation ♦ Matrices
♦ Differentiation ♦ Vector
♦ Tangent & Normal ♦ Three Dimensional Geometry
♦ Monotonicity
♦ Maxima & Minima

Note to the Students

Career Point offers this must have Study Package in Physics to meet the complete curriculum needs of
engineering aspirants. The set comprises of 6 books: Mathematics - set of 3 books for class 11 and set of 3
books for Class 12. The set caters to the different requirements of students in classes XI and XII. It offers
complete and systematic coverage of JEE Main and JEE Advanced syllabi and aims to provide firm
foundation in learning and develop competitive edge in preparation of the JEE and other engineering entrance
examinations.

These books are designed with an engaging and preparation-focused pedagogy and offer a perfect balance of
conceptual learning and problem solving skills.
Theory & Concepts
Each chapter consists of high quality theory that covers all the topics, sub-topics and concepts of JEE syllabus.
Important Points
This part contains important concepts & formulas of chapter at one place in short manner, So that student can
revise all these in short time.

Solved Examples (JEE Main/Advanced)

To understand the application of concepts, there is a solved example section. It contains large variety of all
types of solved examples with explaination to ensure understanding the application of concepts.
Practice Exercises
Exercise Level - 1 : It contains objective questions with single correct choice to ensure sufficient practice to
accutrately appply formule and concepts.

Exercise Level - 2 : It contains single objective type questions with moderate difficulty level to enhance the
conceptual and application level of the student.
Exercise Level - 3 : It contains previous years question of JEE Main from Year 2005 to 2024.
Exercise Level - 4 : It contains all variety of questions as per level of JEE Advanced such as MCQ, Column
match, Passage based & Numerical type etc.
Exercise Level - 5 : It contains previous years question of JEE Advanced from Year 2005 to 2024.

Exercise Level - 6 : Advanced level a bit complex questions for students for solid rock prepertion for Top
Rankers.
Answer key
Ankswer key is provided at the end of the exercise sheets.

Revision Plan
We emphasis that every student should prepare his/her own revision plan. For this purpose there is Revision Plan
Section in each chapter which student should prepare while going thorugh the study material. This will be useful at
the time of final revision before final exam for quick & effective revision.
Online Solutions
Self explanatory and detailed soltuion of all excercises above are available on Career Point website
www.careerpoint.ac.in
 FUNCTION

JEE ADVANCED SYLLABUS

1. Domain and range of functions

2. Into, Onto and one-to-one function

3. Sum, Difference, Product and quotient of two functions

4. Composite Function

5. Absolute value

6. Greatest integer, Polynomial, Rational, Trigonometric, Exponential and logarithmic functions

7. Even and odd functions

8. Inverse of a function

_____________________________________________________________________________________ Function | 1
 Revision Plan
Prepare Your Revision plan today!

After attempting Exercise Sheet, please fill below table as per the instruction given.
A. Write Question Number (QN) which you are unable to solve at your own in column A.
B. After discussing the Questions written in column A with faculty, strike off them
in the manner so that you can see at the time question number during Revision, to
solve such questions again.
C. Write down the Question Number you feel are important or good in the column B.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
EXERCISE
Questions unable
Good or Important questions
to solve in first attempt

Level-1

Level-2

Level-3

Level-4

Level-5

Level-6

Revision Strategy:
Whenever you wish to revision this chapter, follow the following steps-
Step-1: Review your theory notes.
Step-2: Solve Questions of Column A
Step-3: Solve Questions of Column B
Step-4: Solve questions from other Question Bank, Problem book etc.

2 | Function ____________________________________________________________________________________
 Function
1. PRELIMINARIES f2 s
2 t
 Tricotomy Law
4 u
6 v
The real numbers are ordered in magnitude means.
8 w
If x and y be two real numbers then there will be
one and only one of the following relation will hold. f3 s
x < y, x = y, x > y 2 t
4
 Interval u
6 v
The set of numbers between any two real numbers 8
is called interval. The following are the types of w
interval. f4 s
(a) Closed Interval 2 t
[a, b] = {x, a  x  b} 4 u
(b) Open Interval 6 v
8
(a, b) or ]a, b[ = {x, a < x < b} w
(c) Semi open or semi closed interval Now see that f1 is not function from set A to set B,
[a, b[ or [a, b) = {x; a  x < b} since there is an element 6  A which is not
]a, b] or (a, b] = {x; a < x  b} associated to any element of B. But f2 and f3 are the
functions from A to B, because under f2 and f3 each
2. DEFINITION OF FUNCTION element of A is associated to a unique element in B.
Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then a function But f4 is not a function from A to B because an
' f ' from set A to set B is a rule which associates element 8 A is associated to two element u and w
elements of set A to elements of set B such that in B.
  All elements of set A are associated to element
in set B. 3. WAYS OF REPRESENTING FUNCTIONS
  An element of set A is associated to a unique
element in set B.  Analytical Representation
Terms such as "map" (or "mapping"), log e x  ex
"correspondence" are used as synonyms for y= x 2 – 1 , f(x) =
"function". If f is a function from a set A to set B, sin x
f
then we write f : A  B or A  B, which is read ax 2  bx  c
f(x) = , .........
as f is a function from A to B or f maps A to B. e2x sin –1 x
 Pre Image / f Image Representation of a function in above way is called
analytical representation. i.e. when function is
If an element a  A is associated to an element b 
denoted like y = f(x) or f(x, y) = 0, then it is called
B, then b is called 'the f-image of a' or 'image of a
Analytical Representation.
under f ' or 'the value of the function f at a'. Also, a is
called the pre-image of b under the function f. We  Graphical Representation
write it as : b = f(a). In 2D a set of points M(x, y) provided no two or more
 Example. 1 points lie in same straight line parallel to axis of y.
Let A = {2, 4, 6, 8} and B = {s, t, u, v, w} be two sets Then M(x, y) represents a function, where x's
and let f1, f2, f3 and f4 be rules associating elements denotes arguments and y denotes the value of
function.
of A to elements of B as shown in the following
figures. Y
f1 s
2
4 t
u
6
8 v O X
w


_____________________________________________________________________________________ Function | 3
 Mapping
A mapping f : X  Y is said to be function if each
element in the set X has it's image in set Y. This Range
may be possible that the set Y may contain same
such elements which may not be the images of any
element of set X.
Domain Co-domain
Each element in set X can not have more than one
image. But this is possible that more than one REMEMBER
element of X can have the same image. Dom (f + g + h....) = Dom f  Dom g  Dom h....
 Domain, Co-domain : Set X is called domain Dom (f – g) = Dom f  Dom g
of f i.e. Set of those elements from which Dom (f × g × h ...) = Dom f  Dom g  Dom h....
functions is to be define and set Y is called Co- Dom (f/g) = Dom f  Dom g – {x : g (x) = 0}
domain of f. i.e. Set of those elements into which
the function is to be define. Example Based on
 Range of f : Set of images of each element Domain of Definition
of X, is called range of f.  Example. 3
Find the domain of f(x) = log10 sin x
NOTE Range  Co domain
Solution.
For existence of f(x), sin x > 0 and from the graph of
y = sin x it is clear that sin x is +ve when 2n < x <
 Function as an ordered pair (2n + 1)
Let A and B be two non - empty sets. A relation from Hence Dom f(x) = (2n, (2n + 1)), where n I.
A to B, i.e., a sub -set of A × B, is called a function
(or a mapping or a map) from A to B if  Example. 4
 For each a  A there exists b  B such that (a,
1
b)  f, Find the domain of definition of f(x) =
x – |x |
 (a, b)  f and (a, c)  f  b = c.
Solution.
Thus, a non - empty subset f of A × B is a x – |x| > 0 
function from A to B if each element of A appear   x > |x|
in some ordered pair in f and no two ordered and already we know |x|  x.
pairs in f have the same first element. this contradiction 
If (a, b)  f, then b is called the image of a under   Dom f(x) = .
f.
 Example. 2
 Example. 5
Find the domain of f(x) = sin x + cos x + ex tan x.
Let A = {a, b, c }, B = {2, 3, 4} and f1 , f2 and f3 ........ Solution.
be subsets of A × B then Dom sin x = R
f1 = {(a, 2), (b, 3), (c, 4)} Dom cos x = R
f2 = {(a, 2), (a, 3), (b, 3), (c, 4)},  2n  1 
Dom tan x = R –  
f3 = {(a, 3), (a, 4)}  2 
f4 = {(a, 2), (c, 3), (b, 4)} Dom ex = R
.................................................  Dom f = Dom sin x  Dom cos x  Dom ex tan x
Then f1 and f4 is a function from A to B but  2n  1   2n  1 
= R  R  R –  = R –  
f2 and f3 are not functions from A to B.  2   2 
Reason :
The element in f2 has two images as 2 and 3 5. RANGE
also in f3 also is the same that is why f2 and f3 Set of values of f(x) which it attains at points in its
are not the functions. domain is called as range of f(x).
Example Based on
4. DOMAIN Range of Function
Set of those values of x for which f(x) is defined
called domain of y = f(x). For example y = logex is  Example. 6
defined for x > 0 therefore domain of y = logex is R+.
Find the range of function f(x) = sin x
y = sin x is defined  x therefore domain of sin x is R.

4 | Function ____________________________________________________________________________________
 Solution.
Range f = Co domain
– 1  sin x  1 0  sin x  1
Then f is called Onto.
 Range f = [0, 1] Onto function are also called surjective and if
function be both One-One and Onto then function is
 Example. 7 called Bijective.
–1 or, f : A  B is a surjection iff for each b  B,
Find the range of f(x) = 3sin x
 a  A such that f(a) = b.
Solution. e.g. Let f : R+  R is defined by y = log2x, then f(x) is
  Onto function.
–  sin–1x 
2 2 But when f : R  R is defined by f(x) = sin x, then
3–/2   3/2 f(x) is not Onto function.
  3–/2  f(x)  3/2
 Range f = [3–/2, 3/2]  Into Function
If there exist one or more than one element in the
6. KINDS OF FUNCTION Co-domain Y which is not an image of any element
The following are the kinds of functions : in the domain X. Then f is Into.
In other words f : A  B is an into function if it is
 One-One Function (Injective) not an onto function.
If each element in the domain of a function has a e.g. Let f : R  R is defined by y = x2 + 1, then f(x)
distinct image in the co-domain, the function is said is an Into function.
to be One-One. One-One function is also known as But when f : R  [0,) is defined by y = x2 , then f(x)
Injective Function. is not Into function. (Note it)
e.g. f : R  R+ given by y = ex y = 2–x,
REMEMBER
g : R  R given & g(x) = 3x – 7 are One-One
functions. dy
or, f : A  B is one-one (i) If  0,  x in domain then f is One One.
dx
 a  b f (a)  f (b) for all a, b  A
 f (a) = f (b)  a = b for all a, b  A
dy
(ii) If  0,  x in domain then f is One-One.
e.g. y = sin–1 x, y = cos–1x, dx
y = ex, y = loge x, ................... (iii) If a continuous function f(x) which has either
local minima or maxima or both then f(x) will be
 Many-One Function Many-One.
If two or more than two elements of domain have (iv) Every even function is Many-one.
the same image. Then f(x) is called Many-One. (v) Every periodic function is Many-one.
e.g. f : R  R+ ; f(x) = x2 + 4
g : R  R+ ; g(x) = x8 + x4 + x2 + 4 7. WHEN THE FUNCTION IS CALLED
Many one 'DEFINED' OR 'NOT DEFINED'
eg f(x) = x2
If
1 (i) f(x) gives some imaginary value at some point.
–1 1
(ii) f(x) gives set of imaginary values in an interval.
2 4 0 
–2 (iii) f(x) is indeterminate form like , , .......
0 
 Horizontal line Test : Then f(x) is said to be not defined or undefined.
If the graph of y = f(x) is given and the line If
parallel to x - axis cuts the curve at more than (i) f(x) is real and unique at some point (say
one point then function is many-one. x = a)
or, f : A  B is a many - one function if there (ii) f(x) is real and unique for corresponding values
exist x, y  A such that x  y but in an interval.
f(x) = f(y). Then f(x) is said to be defined.
e.g y = sin x, y = cos x, y = tan x, y = x2 , x2 – a2
Consider f(x) = , obviously f(x) is not defined
y = x4 , ................ x–a
 Onto Function (Surjective)
0
at x = a, because f(a) = .
Let, f : X  Y be a function. If each element in the 0
co-domain Y has at least one pre-image in the At other point is well defined because f(x) is real and
domain X. i.e. unique other than x = a i.e. for x  a.

_____________________________________________________________________________________ Function | 5
 1 Y y = x5
Again Let, f(x) = , At x = a, f(x) = . Therefore y = x3
x–a
f(x) is not defined at x = a and defined for x  a
1
because f(x) is real for x.
1
Let f(x) = x ,
X
Here f(x) gives imaginary values for x < 0. 1 O
Therefore f(x) is not defined for x < 0 and f(x) is
1
defined for x  0.
Let, f(x) = logex
For x < 0 ; f(x) is imaginary
For x = 0 ; f(x) = –  Domain : R
For x > 0 ; f (x) is real Range : R
Here f(x) is not defined for x  0 and defined for Nature : one one onto
x>0 Y
y = 1/x4 y = 1/x4
Example Based on
When the Function is Called 'Defined' or y= 1/x2 y = 1/x2
'Not Defined'
(–1, 1)
 Example. 8 y = 1/x2 (1, 1)
y = 1/x2
cos –1  log e 1– e2 x  y = 1/x4
Let f(x) = 3   where f(x) is not defined X
O y = 1/x4
Solution.
Domain : R – {0}
log e 1 – e 2x > 1, or log e 1 – e 2x < – 1 Range : R+
Also 1 – e2x > 0   x < 0, ...(i) Nature : Many one into
2x 2x Y y = 1/x
  1–e > e, or 1–e < e–1
y = 1/x33
 1 – e2x > e2, or 1 – e2x < e–2
  – e2x > e2 – 1, or – e2x < e–2 – 1
  e2x < 1 – e2, or e2x > 1 – e–2 y = 1/x
1/x33
yy == 1/x
  but e2x > 0,
1 X
x> (log 1 – e–2) ...(ii) O
O
yy == 1/x
1/x3
3

2
From (i) and (ii), f(x) is defined for
x  (1/2 loge (1 – e–2), 0) 3
yy == 1/x
1/x3
Domain : R – {0}
8. BASIC ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS Range : R – {0}
The basic elementary function are the following Nature : one - one, into
functions with analytic representation.
 General Exponential Function
 Power Function y = ax, a > 0, a  1
y = xn, n is Rational (Note) Y y = 4x
y = 4–x
Y y = 10–x y = 10x
y = x2 y = 2–x y = 2x
y = x4
a>1

1
0<a<1
1 1
X X
1 O 1 O
Domain : R Domain : R
Range : R+  {0} Range : R+
Nature : Many one into Nature : one one into

6 | Function ____________________________________________________________________________________
 Domain :R
NOTE For a < 0, The graph of function is not Range : [–1, 1]
defined. Nature : Many one into
Principle value of x : [0,]
Clearly cos x is an even function therefore it is
 Logarithmic Function symmetrical about axis of y.
y = logax, a > 0, a1
y = tan x
Y
y ==loglog Y
2x
2x
yy== loglog44xx
yy == log
log1010xx

–/2
-3/2 /2 3/2
X – X
X 0 
O 1

y ==log
log xx
1/10
1/10
yy=log
= log x x
1/4 1/4 Y
y ==log
log1/21/2xx
 2n  1 
Domain : R+ Domain :R–  
Range : R  2 
Nature : one one into Range : (–  , )
Nature : Many one onto
Principle value : (–/2, /2)
NOTE As the base increases curve is more
y = cot x
near to both the axis. Y

 Trigonometric Function or
Circular Function
y = sin x, y = cos x, y = tan x -3/2
-3/2 -/2
-/2 /2
/2 3/2
3/2
X
X´ -
-  X
y = sec x, y = cot x, y = cosec x -2
–2 0 
y = sin x
Y

1 Y
Y´
 X
O /2 Domain : R – n
Range : (– , )
Domain :R Nature : Many one onto
Range : [–1, 1] Principle value : (0, )
Nature : Many one into y = sec x
Principle value of x : [–/2, /2] Y

NOTE The graph of y = sin x is symmetric

about origin i.e. symmetric in
opposite quadrants. y=1
(/2, 0)
X X
(-/2,0) 0 (3/2,0)
Reason :
sin x is odd function and every odd function is
y = –1
symmetric about origin.
y = cos x
Y
Y
Domain : R – (2n+1)/2
Range : R – (–1, 1) or (– , –1]  [1, )
X
–/2 0 /2  Nature : Many one into
Principle value : same as y = cos x
y = cosec x
_____________________________________________________________________________________ Function | 7
 Y
NOTE All inverse function, f –1(x) are drawn
by taking reflection of f(x) in line y =
x.
y = cosec x
y=1
1 y = sin x y = sec –1x
– 0  2 X y
y = –1
–1

y = cos–1x
Domain : R – n /2
Range : R – (–1, 1) or (– , –1]  [1, )
Nature : Many one into
Principle value : same as y = sin x x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
 Inverse Circular Function or
Inverse Trigonometric Functions –/2
y= sin–1x, y= cos–1x, y= tan–1x
y = cosec –1x
y = cot–1x, y = sec–1x, y = cosec–1x
y
y = sin–1 x
y
/2
/2
x
–1 0 1
x x
y = sin–1 x
x = –1 O x=1 –/2
Function Domain Range
/2 sin–1 x [–1, 1] [–/2, /2]
y cos–1 x [–1, 1] [0, ]
y= cos–1x tan–1 x R (–/2, +/2)
cot –1 x R (0,)
Y
sec–1 x R – (–1, 1) [0, ] – {/2}
 cosec–1 x R – (–1, 1) [–/2, /2] – {0}

/2 9. SOME SPECIAL FUNCTION AND THEIR

GRAPHS
x x
x = –1 O x=1
 Linear Function
Y
f(x) = ax + b, a  0 and x  R
Where a and b are constant
y = tan–1x and cot–1x
Domain : R, Range : R
y Y
y = cot–1x


/2 (0, b)

x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

–/2 (–b/a, 0)
y = tan–1x X
y O

8 | Function ____________________________________________________________________________________
 Modulus Function  Example. 9
 x x0 [4.2] = 4, [3.6] = 3, [– 4.4] = –5, [–5.8] = –6
f(x) = |x| = 
 x x  0 f(x) = y = [x]
Domain : R 0  x < 1 y = 0
Range : [0, ) 1  x < 2 y = 1
It is an even, continuous and many-one function.
2  x < 3 y = 2
Graph is symmetrical with respect to y-axis.
y    
y = |x| and so on

NOTE Important Identities :

(i) x – 1 < [ x ]  x
x (ii) [x] + 1 > x
O
(iii) If f (x) = [x + n], where n  I and [ . ] denotes
the greatest integer function, then f(x) = n + [x]
(iv) x = [ x ] + { x } , [ . ] & { } denotes the integral
 Signum Function and fractional part of x respectively.
|x |
f(x) = , x0 (v) x – 1 < [ x ]  x
x [– x] = – [ x ] , if x  I
 1, x0 [–x] = – [x ] – 1, if x  I

or f(x) =  1, x00 x 0 [ x ] – [–x] = 2n, if x = n , n  I
 0, x 0 [ x ] – [–x] = 2n + 1, if x = n + { x }, n  I

Y [ x ]  n  x  n, n  I
[ x ]  n  x < n + 1, n  I
(0, 1) [ x ] > n  x  n + 1, n  I
[–1, 1]
[ x ] < n  x < n, n  I
X
O
(0, –1)  Rectangular Hyperbola
f(x) = 1/x.
Domain : R
Domain : R – {0}
Range : {–1, 0, 1}
It is a many one and discontinuous function. Range : R – {0}
Y
 Greatest Integer Function
A function is said to be greatest integer function if it
is of the form of f(x) = [x] where [x] = integer equal
or less than x.
The graph of this function is as follows X
Y O

4
3
2 It is a continuous in its domain and one-one into
1 function.

–4 –3 –2 –1 O X
1 2 3 4  Fractional Part of x:
–1 f(x) = x – [x], x  R.
i.e. f(x) = { x }
–2
x  1, x  [ 1, 0)
–3 
 x, x  [0, 1)
–4 f(x) = 
x  1, x  [1, 2)
 0, xZ

_____________________________________________________________________________________ Function | 9
 Y Y
1 x1 x1 2x1 4x1
y = f(2x)
y = f(x/2)
compressed (stretched
X (made half) double)
–2 –1 O 1 2 3 4
X
Domain : R
Range : [0, 1)  y = f (–x)
Nature : Many one into Y
This is a many one function with period 1. It is
discontinuous at every integer. y = f(–x)
y = f(x)
10.TRANSFORMATION
If graph of y = f(x) be known then to find the graph
of
 y = f(x – a) or y = f(x + a) X
O
To find y = f(x – a) (Let a = 2)
Y Reflection of y = f(x) w. r. t. axis of y is y = f(– x)

 To Find y = k f (x)
y = f(x+2) y = f(x) y = f(x–2)
Rule – Stretch the previous graph k times vertically
shifted e.g. see below y = 2 sin x, y = 3 sin x
y = f(x) 2 2
2 units O X
shifted y = f(x) 1 y = 3 sin x
towards left
horizontally 2 units
1 y = 2 sin x
distance rightwise Y
1 y = sin x
 y = f (x) + a : or y = f (x) – a
(Let a = 2)  X
O /2
Shifted vertically up
the pervious graph
Y
5 y = f(x) by 2 units
4 2
3 y = f(x) + 2
2 2 2
1 (i) y = – f(x) :
y = f(x)
0 2
2 X
–1
2 y = f(x) – 2
–2 y = f(x)
–3
Shifted vertically down
the pervious graph
y = f(x) by 2 units X
x
 y = f   or y = f(ax) : (Let a = 2, 1/2)
a
y = f(2x)
y = –f(x)
Y
y = f(x)
Reflection of y = f(x) w. r. t. axis of x is y = – f(x)
y = f(x/2)
 To Find y = f | x |
Y
X O X
Stretched the graph
2 times horizontally
compressed the graph
2 times horizontally

Y y = f(x)
See more examples about the same : X
10 | Function __________________________________________________________________________________
 Y  Example. 11
y = f|x| Draw the graph of | y | = cos x
Solution.
Y

X –/2 /2
X
–5/2 –3/2 O 3/2 5/2
RULE :
Neglect the graph lying in IInd and IIIrd quadrant
and,
Take the image of graph lying in I and IVth quadrant  Example. 12
w. r. t. axis of y. Draw y = e– x , y = e | x |, y = e– | x |.
The original graph including its image is called y = f Solution.
| x |. y = e–x Y y = ex
Here we took the image of the portion lying in first
quadrant about axis of y and left the portion which
was lying in second quadrant.

 To Find y = | f (x) | 1
Y
y = f(x) X
O

Y y = e|x|
X
O

Y 1
y = |f(x)|
X
O
Y
X
O
1
y = e–|x|
Rule : Take the image of the portion line below axis
O X
of x about axis of x. Remain as it is the portion
above the axis of x.  Example. 13
Example Based on Draw y = – loge x, y = | loge x |, y = loge | x |
Transformation Solution.
Y y = –log x
 Example. 10 e y = loge x
Draw the graph of | y | = sin x
Solution.
Y
1 X
O

X
–2 O

NOTE You can draw | y | = sin | x | just by y = |logex|

taking mirror image of portion lying
in I and IV quadrant w.r.t. axis of y. 1
O X

___________________________________________________________________________________ Function | 11
 Y When function is given in ordered pair form then its
inverse is defined as -
y = loge|x| f –1 = { (b, a) | (a, b) f }

NOTE
–1 1 (1) For the existence of inverse function, it
X should be one -one and onto.
O
(2) One one onto functions are also called
bijective. i.e. when the function is
surjective as well as injective then
function is said to be bijective.

11.ELEMENTARY FUNCTION  Properties

If arithmetical operations i.e. (operation of addition, (a) Inverse of a bijection is also a bijection function.
subtraction, multiplication, division) and the (b) Inverse of a bijection is unique.
operation of function of a function is used finite (c) (f –1) –1 = f
times over basic elementary function then resulting (d) If f and g are two bijections such that (gof)
function is called basic elementary function. exists then (gof) –1 = f –1og –1
For examples : (e) If f : A  B is a bijection then f –1 : B  A is an
inverse function of f .
x 2 log e x f –1 of = I and fof –1 = I.
f(x) =
sin x Here I, is an identity function (y = x is called an
x 2  ex  5 Identity function) i.e.,
(x) = f –1 of = fof –1 = x.
1 – cos –1 x
(x) = sin(sin sin loge x)
Example Based on
(x) = cos(sinex) Inverse Function

12.FURTHER REPRESENTATION OF A  Example. 14

If f : R  R, f (x) = 2x + 3, then find f –1(x)
FUNCTION Solution.
Since f is a bijection therefore its inverse mapping
 Explicit Function exists if
If y be clearly directly defined in terms of x only i.e. y = 2x + 3  x = (y – 3) /2
y = f(x). Then y is called explicit function of x. x–3 x–3
e.g. y = x2 , y = logex, y = tan x y=   f –1 (x) =
2 2
 Implicit Function  Example. 15
A function y = f(x) is said to be an implicit function
If f : R  R where f (x) = x2 + 3x + 7 then find
of x if y cannot be written in terms of x only.
f –1(7).
e.g. ax2 + by2 + 2hxy + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0,
Solution.
xy = sin (x + y).
Since y = f (x) is many one therefore inverse of
 Parametric Function f (x) will not exist i.e. f –1(7) = .
If x and y both becomes dependent and they are defined  Example. 16
by a new independent variable (say t) as
x = (t), y = (t), where t is parameter If f : R  R, f(x) = x3 + 2 then find f –1 (x).
such functions are called parametric function. Solution.
e. g. x = t2 , y = 2t f(x) = x3 + 2, x  R.
Since this is a one–one onto function therefore
inverse of this function (f –1) exists.
NOTE These are not kinds of functions.
Let f –1(x) = y
Simply ways of representing functions. x = f(y )  x = y3 + 2  y = (x – 2)1/3
f –1 (x) = (x – 2)1/3.
13.INVERSE FUNCTION
If f : A  B be a one-one onto (bijection) function, 14.COMPOSITE FUNCTION
then the mapping f –1 : B  A which associates each Let A, B and C be three non void sets and let
element b  B with element a  A, such that f : A  B, g : B  C be two functions. Since f is a
f(a) = b, is called the inverse function of the function function from A to B, therefore for each x  A there
f:AB exists a unique element g(f(x))  C.
f –1 : B  A, f –1(b) = a f(a) = b

12 | Function __________________________________________________________________________________
 Thus, for each x  A there exists a unique element LCM of T1 and T2, provided there should not
g(f(x))  C. exist a number 'r' such that
If follows from the above discussion that f and g f1(x + r) = f2(x) & f2(x + r) = f1(x) and r / LCM of
when considered together define a new function T1 and T2.
from A to C. This function is called the compositions
of f and g and is denoted by gof . We define it (In this case period = r) (Note it)
formally as follows - e.g. The period of |sin x| + |cos x| is /2.
Definition : LCM of two or more fractional number.
Let f : A  B and g : B  C be two functions. a c e LCM of (a, c, e)
LCM of , , =
Then a function gof : A  C defined by b d f HCF ( b, d, f )
gof(x) = g(f(x)) for all x  A is called the composition
7. Period of f (x) = T 
of f and g.
   Period of 1/f(x) = T
f g
Example Based on
Periodic Function
X f(x) g(f(x))
 Example. 17
gof
Find the period of f(x) = x + sin x – [x]
Solution.
NOTE It is evident from the definition that Given f(x) = sin x + {x}
fog is defined only if for each x  A, = g(x) + h(x)
f(x) is an element of g so that we can Period of g(x) = 2
take its g - image. Hence, for the Period of h(x) = 1
composition gof to exist, the range of f 2 is irrational and 1 is rational. Therefore LCM
must be a subset of the domain of g. will not exist. Note that if irrational quantities be
 
like , 2 or , , or 3 , 3 3 , 9 3 . LCM or
3 6
15.PERIODIC FUNCTION HCF is existing i.e. if there be multiple of a
A function on y = f(x) is said to be periodic. If there particular irrational quantities then LCM or HCF
exist a series of integral multiple of positive exist.
constant (say T) such that
f (x + T) = f (x + 2T) = f(x + 3T) = ....... f (x + nT) = f (x).
 Example. 18
Find the period of f(x) = x – [x – m], m  I., where [ ]
Then period of f(x) is T, 2T, 3T, 4T, ....... nT. But denotes the greatest integer function.
fundamental period is T. In numerical problems if Solution.
the word 'Period' comes sense goes to fundamental Given f(x) = x – [x – m]
period. = (x – m) – [x – m] + m
= {x – m} + m
  {x – m} is periodic
Points to Remember
 m + {x – m} will also be periodic and period will be 1.
The function whose period is 2  Period of { x } = Period of { x – a} = 1
1. (sin x)2n+1,(cos x)2n+1,(sec x)2n+1,(cosec x)2n+1
 Example. 19
The function whose period is 
Draw the graph of y = [sin x] and also find the
2. (sin x)2n, (cos x)2n, (sec x)2n , (cosec x)2n period, if possible.
3. (tan x)n, (cot x)n Solution.
4. |sin x|, |cos x|, |tan x|, |cot x|, |sec x|, 
[sin x] = 0, 0  x <
|cosec x| 2
5. If f(x) has the period T, then f( ± ax + b) will 
T = 1, x =
have the period 2
|a | 
= 0, <x<
6. If f1 (x) has the period T1 2
f2(x) has the period T2 3
= –1,   x  , .......................
Then period of af1(x) + bf2(x) will be 2

___________________________________________________________________________________ Function | 13
 Y e.g. f(x) = x2 + x3, f(x) = loge x, f (x) = ex
Neither odd nor even functions.
e.g. f(x) = cos x, f(x) = sec x, f (x) = x4, ...........
these are the examples of even functions.
1  2 e.g. f(x) = sin x, f(x) = cot x, f(x) = x3, .............
X these are the examples of odd functions.
O 5/2
–1 /2
NOTE Zero function f(x) = 0 is the only
Clearly f(x) is periodic and its period is 2.
function which is even and odd both.
 Example. 20
x Example Based on
Draw f(x) = sin   Is it periodic ? If periodic find
  Even and Odd Function
its period.  Example. 21
Solution.
x ax  1
0  x <  If f(x) = then is it an even or odd function -
    = 0 ax – 1
 
Solution.
x
  x < 2     = 1 a –x  1 ax  1
  f(–x) = =–
a–x – 1 ax – 1
x  f(–x) = – f(x)
2  x < 3    = 2
   f(x) is an odd function.
x 17.ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION
3  x < 4    = 3
 
 Rational Integral Function or Polynomial:
Clearly f(x) is not periodic. A function having the form
y = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 + .......... anxn, where a0, a1,
16.EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS a2 ....... an
 Definition are real constant called rational integral function or
If, f(–x) = f(x), then y = f(x) is said to be even polynomial of degree n.
function and if f (–x) = – f (x), then y = f(x) is called
 Fractional Rational Function :
an odd function.
The ratio of two polynomial is called Fraction
 Properties of Even and Odd Rational function or simply rational function.
Function x12  x 2 – 1
e.g. y =
(a) The product of two even functions is even
x 6  x4  1
function.
(b) The sum and difference of two even functions is  Irrational Function :
even function. Functions with operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division and raising to power with
(c) The sum and difference of two odd functions is
non-integral rational exponent are called irrational
odd function.
functions.
(d) The product of two odd functions is even
function. x 3  1 – x11
y= x , y=
(e) The product of an even and an odd function is x2  x 1
odd function.
(f) The sum of even and odd function is neither x17 / 3  x103 / 7 – x
y=
even nor odd function. 3
x17  x 5 – 3
(g) It is not essential that every function is even or
odd. It is possible to have some functions which x 2  5  x16.5  x1 / 3
are neither even nor odd function. y=
(h) Even functions are symmetric w.r.t. y-axis and x2 – 7 – x2 / 3 – 1
odd functions are symmetric w.r.t. origin.
Such type of function are called Irrational function.

14 | Function __________________________________________________________________________________
 Transcedental Function :  Even and Odd extension
The function which are not algebraic called Let f(x) be a function defined on A = [0, a] and
transcedental function. X = [–a, a] is a super set of A then an extension of
e.g. f(x) = sin x f(x) on X = [–a, a] will be even or odd extension if
y = cos–1x f(x) becomes an even or odd function on X.
Example Based on
–1
y = logex, y = log e x – sin x Extension of Function
log e x  tan x  Example. 22
y= etc.
–1 x Let f (x) = x2 + 5x – 2 defined on A = [0, 2]. Find even
sin x2
and odd extension of f(x) in [–2, 2]
18.BOUNDED FUNCTION Solution.
f(x) = x2 + 5x – 2, f(–x) = x2 – 5x – 2
The function f(x) is said to be bounded above if there
Let ge and go denote even and odd extension
exists M such that y = f(x) / M (i.e. not greater than
ge(x) =
M) for all x of the domain and M is called upper
bound. Similarly f(x) is said to be bounded below if  f(x) : x  [0, 2]

there exists m such that y = f(x) / m (i.e. never less f( x) : x  [ 2,0) [ f( x)  f(x)for even]
than m) for all x of the domain and m is called the
go(x) =
lower bound.
If however, there does not exist M and m as stated  f(x) : x  [0, 2]
above, the function is said to be unbounded. 
f( x) : x  [ 2,0) [ f( x)  f(x)for odd]
19.EXTENSION OF A FUNCTION x 2  5x – 2 : x  [0, 2]
ge(x) = 
Let f : A  B s. t. f(x) = y  x  A x 2 – 5x – 2 : x  [–2, 0[
If X  A i.e. X is a super set of A and Y  f(A) then
another function  x 2  5x – 2 : x  [0, 2]
g : X  Y s.t. g(x) = f(x)  x  A go(x) = 
is called an extension of f from A to X.  – x 2  5x  2 : x  [–2, 0 [





___________________________________________________________________________________ Function | 15
 SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 Find the domain and range of the function    
= log2  sin     3  = y (let)
f (x) = 2  x + 1  x 4
  
Sol. Domain of f (x) = {x| 2 – x  0 and 1 + x  0}
domain of f(x) = [–1, 2]  
 2y = sin   
+ 3
4
Again, {f(x)}2 =  2x  1x 2 


= 3 + 2 ( 2  x )(1  x )  2y – 3 = sin    
 4 
2
=3+2 2x x  
But –1  sin      1
2 4
9  1  
=3+2  x    –1  2y – 3  1
4  2
 2  2y  4
the greatest value of {f (x)}2
 21  2y  22
9 1 Hence y  [1, 2].
= 3 + 2. = 6, when x =
4 2 Hence Range of f (x) is [1, 2].
the least value of {f(x)}2 = 3 + 0 = 3,
Ex.4 Find the period of the following function
1 3
when x – = , i.e. x = 2 f (x) = ex – [x] + | cos x | + | cos 2x | + ....+ | cos nx |,
2 2
[.] is greatest integer function.
 the greatest value of f (x) = 6 Sol. f (x) = ex – [x] + | cos x | + | cos 2x | +...... + | cos nx |
and the least value of f (x) = 3 Period of x – [x] = 1
Period of | cos x |= 1
 range of f (x) = [ 3 , 6 ]
Period of | cos 2x |= 1/2
.......................................
Ex.2 Find the range of the following function
.......................................
3 Period of | cos nx |= 1/n
f (x) =
2  x2 So period of f (x) will be
3 L.C.M. of all periods = 1.
Sol. Let y = = f (x) ....(1)
2  x2
Ex.5 Let a function f : R  R be defined as
The function y is not defined for f(x) = x – [x], (where [x] is a greatest integer  x), for
x=± 2 all x  R, Is the function bijective ?
2 y 3 Sol. Let x1, x2  R
From (1), x2 = f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 – [x1] = x2 – [x2]
y
 x1  x2
since for real x, x2  0,
2y  3  The function is not bijective.
We have 0
y x 3  1, x  0
 y  3/2 or y < 0 (Note that y  0) Ex.6 If f (x) =  ,
2
Hence the range of the function is x  1, x  0
] – , 0 [  [3/2, ) ( x  1)1 / 3 , x  1
g(x) = 
1/ 2
Ex.3 Find the range of the following function:
( x  1) , x  1
Compute gof (x).
 sin x  cos x  3 2 
f (x) = log2   Sol. We have
 2  gof (x) = g (f (x))
 
 sin x  cos x  3 2  Ex.7 The value of n  I for which the function
Sol. f (x) = log2  
sin nx
 2  f (x) = has 4 as its period is -
 
sin( x / n)
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 4

16 | Function __________________________________________________________________________________
Sol. For n = 2, Thus we find that for all y  R (co-domain)
sin 2x 1/3
we have = 4(cosx/2) cosx.  y 5
there exists x =    R (domain) such
sin( x / 2)  3 
The period of cosx is 2, & that of cos(x/2) is 4. that
sin 2x 3
Hence the period of is 4.   y  5 1 / 3   y  5 1 / 3 
sin( x / 2) f (x) = f     = 3    +5
 3     3  
sin 3x sin 5x    
Also, the period of , and
sin( x / 3) sin( x / 5) =y–5+5=y
sin 4 x This shows that every element in the
cannot be 4. Ans.[A] co-domain has its pre-image in the domain. So, f
sin( x / 4 ) is a surjection. Hence, f is a bijection.

Ex.8 Prove that even functions do not have inverse. Ex.11 Let, f (x) = x + 1, x1
Sol. Even functions are many one function and for = 2x + 1, 1 < x  2
the existence of inverse function should be one-
g(x) = x2, –1  x < 2
one. Hence inverse of an even function will not
= x + 2, 2x3
exist.
Find fog and gof.
Sol. f {g(x)} = g (x) + 1, g (x)  1
Ex.9 Prove that periodic functions do not have
= 2g (x) + 1, 1 < g (x)  2
inverse.
 f {g(x)} = x2 + 1, –1  x  1
Sol. f (x) is periodic
f is many one = 2x2 + 1, 1<x 2
f –1 does not exist. g {f (x)} = {f (x) }2, –1  f (x) < 2
= f (x) + 2, 2  f (x)  3
 g ( x 3  1), x  0
=  gof (x) = (x + 1)2, –2  x < 1
2
 g ( x  1), x  0 = (x + 1)2 –2 x  1
 ( x 3  1  1)1 / 3 x0 Ex.12 Find the inverse of the following function :
= 
2 1/2
( x  1  1) , x  0  x, x 1
 2
x , x  0 f (x) =  x , 1  x  4
=  = x for all x. 8 x ,
x , x  0  x 4
Hence, gof (x) = x for all x.  x, x 1
 2
Sol. Let f (x) =  x , 1 x 4
Ex.10 Show that the function f : R  R defined by
8 x , x 4
f (x) = 3x3 + 5 for all x  R is a bijection. 
Sol. Injectivity : Let x, y be any two Let f (x) = y  x = f –1(y)
elements of R(domain).
 y, y 1
Then, 
f (x) = f (y)  3x3 + 5 = 3y3 + 5   x=  y, 1  y  16
  x3 = y3  x = y  y 2 / 64, y  16

Thus, f(x) = f(y)
 x = y for all x, y  R.
 y, y 1
–1 
so, f is an injective map.  f (y) =  y, 1  y  16
Surjectivity : Let y be an arbitrary element of  y 2 / 64, y  16

R(co-domain).
Then,  x, x 1

y5 –1
 f (x) =  x, 1  x  16
f (x) = y  3x3 + 5 = y  x3 = 
3 x 2 / 64, x  16

1/3
 y 5
 x=   Ex.13 Let f (x) = x2 + x be defined on the interval
 3 
[0, 2]. Find the odd and even extensions of
f (x) in the interval [–2, 2].

___________________________________________________________________________________ Function | 17
Sol. Odd extension. because x2  0 [ from definition of h(x).]
 f ( x ), 0x2 Now, f {g (x)} = x2 for all x
f (x) =  As x2  0, (fog)(x) cannot be negative.
 f ( x ),  2  x  0 So fog is not an onto function.
 x 2  x, 0x 2 Hence fog is not invertible.
=  Again, h(x) = x for x  0.
2
 x  x ,  2  x  0 But, by definition h (x)  x for x < 0.
Even extension Hence h is not the identity function.
 f ( x ), 0x 2
f (x) =    
 f (  x ),  2  x  0 Ex.16 Let f (x) = tan x, x    ,  and
 2 2
x 2  x , 0x 2
=  g (x) =1  x 2 . Determine fog and gof.
2
x  x ,  2  x  0
  
Sol. From the given domain of f   ,  we
Ex.14 Let f : R  R be given by  2 2
f (x) = (x + 1)2 – 1, x  –1. Show that f is conclude that its range ]–  ,  [ i.e. whole of R
invertible. Also, find the set Domain of g is 1 – x2  0 or x2 – 1  0
S = {x : f (x) = f –1(x)}. or (x + 1) (x – 1)  0 or – 1  x  1or [–1, 1]
Sol. In order to show that f (x) is invertible, it is
sufficient to show that f (x) is a bijection.
and for range of g, y = 1  x2
f is an injection : For any x, y  R satisfying since x2  1  y  [0, 1]
x  –1, y  –1, (fog) x = f (g(x)) = f { 1  x
2
}
We have f (x) = f (y)
 (x + 1)2 –1 = (y + 1)2 – 1 = f (t), where t = 1  x 2  [0, 1]
 x2 + 2x = y2 + 2y   
 x2 – y2 = –2 (x – y) range of g    ,  which is domain of f.
 2 2
 (x – y) (x + y) = – 2(x – y)
2
 (x – y)[x + y + 2] = 0 = tan t = tan 1  x
 x – y = 0 or x + y + 2 = 0 (gof) x = g( f (x)) = g(tan x) = g (t) where
 x = y or x = y = –1 t = tan x  range of f = R. But R is not a subset
Thus, f (x) = f(y)  x = y for all of domain of g = [–1, 1]
x  –1, y  –1. Hence gof is not defined.
So, f (x) is an injection.
f is a surjection : For all y  –1 there exists. x
Ex.17 Let f1(x) = + 10 for all x  R, and
x = –1 + y  1  –1 such that f (x) = y 3
So, f (x) is a surjection. fn(x) = f1(fn–1(x)) for n  2. Then find fn (x).
Hence, f is a bijection. Consequently, it is Sol. We have
invertible. fn (x) = f1(fn–1(x)), n  2
f(x) = f –1(x) f(x) = x 1
(x + 1)2 – 1 = x  x = 0, –1  f2(x) = f1(f1(x)) = f (x) + 10
3 1
Ex.15 If f, g, h are function from R to R such that 1 x 
=  10  + 10
f (x) = x2 – 1, g (x) = x  1 ,
2 3 3 
h (x) = 0, if x  0 x 10
= 2 + + 10
= x, if x  0 3 3
then find the composite function ho(fog) and f3 (x) = f1(f2(x))
determine whether the function fog is
invertible and the function h is the identity 1
= f (x) + 10
function. 3 2
Sol. Here f (x) = x2 – 1 for all x 1  x 10 
=    10  + 10
and g(x) = x 2  1 for all x 3  32 3 
 f {g(x)} = {g(x)}2 – 1 x 10 10
= x2 + 1 – 1 = x2 for all x = 3 + 2 + + 10
3 3 3
 h {f (g(x))} = h(x2) = x2

18 | Function __________________________________________________________________________________
 1
f4(x) = f1(f3(x)) =
f (x) + 10 Ex.19 Draw following graphs:
3 3
(i) |y| = cos x (ii) |y| = sin x
1  x 10 10  Sol. (i) |y| = cos x
=  3  2   10  + 10
33 3 3  Y
1
x 10 10 10
= 4  3  2  + 10 –2 –/2 /2 3/2 2
3 3 3 3 O X
Continuing in this manner, we obtain
–1
x 10 10 10
fn(x) = + n 1 + n  2 + .... + + 10 (ii) |y| = sin x
n
3 3 3 3 Y
1
 1 
1  n  –2 –  2
x 3 
= n + 10  O
3  1 
 1  –1
 3 
x  1  x  15
= n + 15 1  n  = + 15
3  3  3n
Ex.18 Knowing the graph of y = f (x) draw
f ( x ) | f ( x ) | f ( x ) | f ( x ) |
y= and y =
2 2
Sol. Let graph
y y
y=f(x)
y = |f(x)|

x x
O O
y
y
y = | f ( x ) |  f ( x)
2
O x

x y = f (x ) | f (x ) |
O 2

___________________________________________________________________________________ Function | 19
 EXERCISE (Level-1)
Question Q.8 The function
based on Domain
|x | 3 
f (x) = cos–1   + [loge (4 – x)]–1 is
 5x  x 2   2 
Q.1 Domain of y  log10  
 4  is defined for -
 
(A) (0, 5) (A) [–1, 0]  [1, 5]
(B) [1, 4] (B) [–5, –1]  [1, 4]
(C) (–, 0)  (5, ) (C) [–5, –1]  ( [1, 4) – {3})
(D) (–, 1)  (4, ) (D) [1, 4] – {3}

Q.2 The domain of definition of Q.9 The domain of function f(x) = log |log x| is-
(A) (0, ) (B) (1, )
 log 0.3 ( x  1) (C) (0, 1)  (1,) (D) (–, 1)
f (x) = is:
x 2  2x  8
Q.10 The domain of function
(A) (1, 4) (B) (–2, 4)
(C) (2, 4) (D) [2, )
1
f (x) = + x  2 is -
log10 (3  x )
Q.3 The function (A) [–2, 3) (B) [–2, 3) – {2}
f (x) = cot–1 ( x  3)x + cos–1
2
x  3x  1 is (C) [–3, 2] (D) [–2, 3] – {2}

defined on the set S, where S is equal to: Question

(A) {0, 3} (B) (0, 3) based on Range
(C) {–3, 0} (D) [–3, 0] 1
Q.11 The range of the function y = is :
2  sin 3x
 2| x |
Q.4 The domain of sec 1   is 1  1 
 4  (A)  , 1 (B)  , 1 
3  3 
(A) R (B) R – (–1, 1)
(C) R – (–3, 3) (D) R – (– 6, 6) 1 
(C)  , 1 (D) None of these
3 
Q.5 The domain of the function
f(x) = 24 – xC3x – 1 + 40 – 6xC8x – 10 is - Q.12 The value of the function
(A) {2, 3} (B) {1, 2, 3}
(C) {1, 2, 3, 4} (D) None of these x 2  5x  6
f (x) = lies in the interval -
x 2  4x  3
Q.6 Domain of the function
1 
 2x  1  3 tan 1 x
(A) (– , ) –  , 1 (B) (– , )
f(x) = (1 – 3x)1/3 + 3cos–1  + 3 is 2 
 3  (C) (– , ) – {1} (D) None of these
 1 1  1 
(A)   ,  (B)   , 1 Q.13 The range of the function,
 3 3  2 
y  log ( 2 (sin x  cos x )  5) is
 1 1 7
(C) [–1, 2] (D)  ,  (A) R (B) Z
 4 2
(C) [log7 4, log7 5] (D) [2 log7 3, 2]

sec 1 x Q.14 Which of the following function(s) has the range

Q.7 The function f(x) = , where [x] denotes
[–1, 1]
x  [x ]
(A) f(x) = cos (2 sin x)
the greatest integer less than or equal to x, is
 1 
defined for all x belonging to - (B) g(x) = cos 1  
(A) R  1  x2 
(B) R – {(–1, 1)  {n : n  Z}} (C) h(x) = sin (log2 x)
(C) R+ – (0, 1) (D) k(x) = tan (ex)
(D) R+ – {n : n  N}

20 | Function __________________________________________________________________________________
Q.15 The range of the function f (x) = cos(cos–1{x}) is Question
(where {·} denotes the fractional part function) based on Inverse function
(A) [0, 1) (B) [0, 1]
(C) (0, 1) (D) (0, 1] Q.24 If f (x) = x3 – 1 and domain of f = {0, 1, 2, 3}, then
domain of f –1 is -
(A) {0, 1, 2, 3} (B) {1, 0, –7, –26}
x  [x ]
Q.16 Let f (x) = , then range of f (x) is- (C) {–1, 0, 7, 26} (D) {0, –1, –2, –3}
1  [x ]  x
(where [ ] represent greatest integer function)
ex – e–x
 1 Q.25 The inverse of the function y = is
(A) [0, 1] (B) 0, ex  e – x
 2 
1 1x 1 2x
1   1 (A) log (B) log
(C)  , 1 (D) 0,  2 1 x 2 2x
2   2 1 1x
(C) log (D) 2 log (1 + x)
2 1x
Q.17 The range of the function y = log3 (5 + 4x – x2) is-
Question
(A) (0, 2] (B) (– , 2] based on Composite function
(C) (0, 9] (D) None of these
Q.26 The function f (x) is defined in [0, 1] then the
Question
Classification of functions domain of definition of the function
based on
f [n (1 – x2)] is given by :
Q.18 Let f : R  R be a function defined by
(A) x  {0}
x 2  2x  5
f(x) = 2 is : (B) x [– 1  e –1]  [1 + 1 e ]
x  x 1 (C) x  (– , )
(A) one-one and into (D) None of these
(B) one-one and onto
(C) many-one and onto Q.27 If f : R  R, f (x) = x3 + 3, and g : R R,
(D) many-one and into g(x) = 2x + 1, then f–1og–1(23) equals-
(A) 2 (B) 3
Q.19 The function f : [2, )  Y defined by (C) (14)1/3 (D) (15)1/3
f (x) = x2 – 4x + 5 is both one–one & onto if:
(A) Y = R (B) Y = [1, ) Q.28 If f (x) = e3x and g(x) = n x, x > 0, then (fog) (x)
(C) Y = [4, ) (D) Y = [5, )
is equal to-
Q.20 Let f : R  R be a function defined by (A) 3x (B) x3
f(x) = x3 + x2 + 3x + sin x. Then f is : (C) log 3x (D) 3 log x
(A) one – one & onto (B) one – one & into
(C) many one & onto (D) many one & into
Q.29 If f (x) = x3 – x and g(x) = sin 2x, then-
Q.21 Which of the following function from     3
(A) g [f(1)] = 1 (B) f  g    = –
A = {x : –1  x  1} to itself are bijections-   12   8
x  x  (C) g {f(2)} = sin 2 (D) None of these
(A) f (x) = (B) g(x) = sin  
2  2  Question
(C) h(x) = |x| (D) k(x) = x2 base don Periodic function
Q.30 If f : R  R is a function satisfying the property
  1 3 1 
Q.22 If f :   ,    [–1, 1] is defined by f f(x +1) + f(x + 3) = 2  x R then the period
4 2 4 2 (may not be fundamental period) of f (x) is
(x) = sin (2x + 1), then f is (A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 7 (D) 6
(A) one one into (B) many one onto
(C) one one onto (D) many one into Q.31 The fundamental period of the function:
f(x) = x + a – [x + b] + sin x + cos 2x
Q.23 The number of bijective functions from set A to + sin 3x + cos 4x + …. + sin (2i – 1) x
itself when A contains 106 elements is + cos 2nx for every a, b R is:
(A) 106 (B) 106! (where [.] denotes the greatest integer function)
(C) 106106 (D) 106106 – 106!
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 1 (D) 0

___________________________________________________________________________________ Function | 21
 Question
Q.32 Let f(x) = sin [a ] x (where [ ] denotes the greatest based on Miscellaneous points
integers function). If f is periodic with fundamental
period , then a belongs to - Q.38 The set of points for which
(A) [2, 3) (B) {4, 5} f(x) = cos (sin x) > 0 contains -
(C) [4, 5] (D) [4, 5) (A) (–, 0] (B) [–1, 1]
(C) (–, ) (D) All are correct
5x
Q.33 The function f(x) = cos   is periodic with Q.39 If [x] stands for the greatest integer function, then the
2 value of
fundamental period
1 1  1 2   1 999 
(A)  (B) 2  2  1000  +  2  1000  +.....+  2  1000 
      
(C) (D) 4 (A) 498 (B) 499
2
(C) 500 (D) 501
Q.34 The fundamental period of
f(x) = cos (sin x) + cos (cos x) is Q.40 Let the function f(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 8 log(1 + |x|) be
defined on the interval [0, 1]. The even
 
(A) (B) extension of f(x) to the interval [–1, 0] is -
3 6 (A) 3x2 + 4x + 8 log(1 + |x|)
 (B) 3x2 – 4x + 8 log(1 + |x|)
(C)  (D) (C) 3x2 + 4x – 8 log(1 + |x|)
2
(D) 3x2 – 4x – 8 log (1 + |x|)
Q.35 Fundamental period of the function Q.41 Let f : N  N where f (x) = x + (–1)x –1 then
f(x) = |sin x| + e3(x – [x]) (where [ ] represent f is-
greatest integer function) is- (A) Inverse of itself (B) Even function
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) Periodic (D) Identity
1
(C) (D) None of these
3
Question
based on Even and odd function
Q.36 Which of the following is an even function?
ax 1
(A) x (B) tan x
ax 1
a x  a x ax 1
(C) (D)
2 ax 1
Q.37 Which of the following function is an odd
function
(A) f(x) = 1  x  x2 – 1  x  x2
 ax 1 
(B) f(x) = x  
 ax 1 
 
 1x 
(C) f(x) = log  2 
1  x 
(D) f(x) = k (constant)

22 | Function __________________________________________________________________________________
 EXERCISE (Level-2)
Single correct answer type questions Q.8 Let f : R  R be a function defined by
2
cos (sin nx ) f(x) = x + x , then f is-
Q.1 If fundamental period of (n  N) is
tan( x / n) (A) Injective (B) Surjective
6 then n is equal to (C) Bijective (D) None of these
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 6 (D) 1 Q.9 Which of the following functions are equal?
2
x x (A) f(x) = x, g(x) = x
Q.2 Let f (x) = sin2   + cos2   and
 2  2 (B) f(x) = log x2 , g(x) = 2 log x
g(x) = sec2 x – tan2 x. The two functions are (C) f(x) = 1, g(x) = sin2x + cos2 x
equal over the set - x
(D) f(x) = , g(x) = 1
(A)  x
  
(B) R – x : x  ( 2n  1) ,n  Z  Q.10 Let f : (4, 6)  (6, 8) be a function defined by
 2  x 
(C) R f (x) = x +   , where [ ] represent greatest
(D) None of these 2
integer function then f –1(i) is equal to -
  4  x2  x 
Q.3 Domain and range of sin log 
   is (A) x – 2 (B) x –  
  1x   2
   (C) – x – 2 (D) None of these
(A) [–2, 1), (–1, 1) (B) (–2, 1), [–1, 1]
(C) (–2, 1), R (D) None of these Q.11 The interval for which

 2 1  2 1 sin–1 x + cos–1 x = holds-
2
sin–1 x  2  + cos x  2 
Q.4 The range of –1

    (A) [0, ) (B) [0, 3]

where [ ] represent greatest integer function (C) [0, 1] (D) [0, 2]
 
(A)  ,  (B) {} Q.12 The function f (x) = log10 cos(2x ) exists -
2 
(A) for any rational x
 (B) only when x is a positive integer
(C)   (D) None of these
2  (C) only when x is fractional
(D) for any integer value of x including zero
9x
Q.5 Let f (x) = and f(x) + f (1 – x) = 1 then find Q.13 The domain of the function sec–1[x2 – x + 1], is
9x  3 given by (where [·] is greatest integer function)-
 1   2   1995  (A) [0, 1] (B) (–, 0]  [1, )
value of f   +  + …+ f   is-
 1996   1996   1996  1 – 5 1  5 
(C)  ,  (D) None of these
(A) 998 (B) 997  2 2 
(C) 997.5 (D) 998.5
Q.14 The domain of definition of the function
Q.6 If f (x) be a polynomial satisfying
cot –1 x
1 1 f (x) = , where [x] denotes the
f (x). f   = f (x) + f   and f(4) = 65 then { x 2 – [ x 2 ]}
x x
greatest integer less than or equal to x is -
f(6) = ?
(A) R
(A) 176 (B) 217
(C) 289 (D) None of these (B) R – {± n : n  I+  {0}}
(C) R – {0}
sin([ x ]) (D) R – {n : n  }
Q.7 Let f : R R defined by f(x) = ,
x 2  2x  4
Q.15 The domain of the definition of
where [ ] represent greatest integer function,
f (x) = log{(log x)2 – 5 log x + 6} is equal to-
then which one is not true -
(A) (0, 102) (B) (103, )
(A) f is periodic (B) f is even 2 3
(C) (10 , 10 ) (D) (0, 102)  (103, )
(C) f is many-one (D) f is onto
___________________________________________________________________________________ Function | 23
    Q.23 If f(x) = cos (ax) + sin (bx) is periodic, then which
Q.16 If A = x :  x   and of the followings is false -
 6 3 (A) a and b both are rational
f(x) = cos x – x (1 + x) then f(A) is equal to- (B) non-periodic if a is rational but b is
  irrational
(A)  ,  (C) non-periodic if a is irrational but b is
6 3  rational
   (D) None of these
(B)  , 
 3 6 Q.24 If f : [–20, 20]  R is defined by
1   3     x2 
(C)   1   ,  1    f (x) =   sin x + cos x, is an even function,
 2 3 3 2 6 6  a 
then the set of values of a is (Where [.] denotes
1    3    greatest integer function)-
(D)   1   ,  1   (A) (–, 100) (B) (400, )
 2 3  3 2 6 6 
(C) (– 400, 400) (D) None of these
Q.17 If A be the set of all triangles and B that of Q.25 Let f be a function satisfying f (x + y) = f (x). f (y) for
positive real numbers, then the mapping n
f : A  B given by f() = area of , (  A) is
(A) one-one into mapping
all x, y  R. If f (1) = 3 then  f (r ) is equal to-
r 1
(B) one-one onto mapping
3 n 3
(C) many-one into mapping (A) (3 – 1) (B) n (n + 1)
(D) many-one onto mapping 2 2
(C) 3n+1 – 3 (D) None of these
 
Q.18 Let f : R  A =  y |0  y   be a function Q.26 If f (x) = [x2] – [x]2 where [·] denotes the
 2  greatest integer function and x  [0, 2], the set
such that f (x) = tan–1 (x2 + x + k), where k is a of values of f (x) is -
constant. The value of k for which f is an onto (A) {–1, 0} (B) {–1, 0, 1} (C) {0} (D) {0, 1, 2}
function, is -
Q.27 Domain of definition of the function
1
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) (D) None 3
4 f(x) = + log10 (x3 – x), is-
4  x2
Q.19 Which of the following functions are not (A) (–1, 0)  (1, 2)  (2, ) (B) (1, 2)
injective mapping- (C) (–1, 0) (1, 2) (D) (1, 2)  (2, )
(A) f(x) = |x + 1|, x  [–1, )
Q.28 If f : R  R satisfies f (x + y) = f(x) + f(y), for all
1 n
(B) g(x) = x + ; x  (0, )
x
(C) h(x) = x2 + 4x – 5 ; x  (0, )
x, y  R and f (1) = 7, then  f (r ) is-
r 1
(D) k(x) = e–x ; x  [0, ) 7n ( n  1) 7n
(A) (B)
Q.20 Let f be an injective map. with domain
2 2
{x, y, z} and range {1, 2, 3}, such that exactly one 7( n  1)
(C) (D) 7n (n +1)
of the following statements is correct and the 2
remaining are false : f(x) = 1, f(y)  1, f (z)  2. The
value of f –1 (1) is - Q.29 Which of the following functions is inverse of
(A) x (B) y (C) z (D) None itself -
1 x
Q.21 Let f : R  R and g : R  R be two one-one onto (A) f (x) = (B) g (x) = 5log x
functions such that they are mirror image of 1x
each other about the line y = 0, then h(x) = f(x) + (C) h (x) = 2x (x–1) (D) None of these
g(x) is- Q.30 If f () =
(A) One-one and onto
(2 cos  – 1)(2 cos 2 – 1)(2 cos 4 – 1) ..... (2 cos 2 n –1  – 1)
(B) One-one but not onto
(C) Not one-one but onto 2 cos 2 n   1
(D) Neither one-one nor onto 2  
for n  N and  2m ± , m  I, then f   =
Q.22 Fundamental period of f(x) = ecos{x} + sin [x] is 3  4
(where [.] and { } denote the greatest integer (A) 1 – 2 (B) 2–1
function and fractional part of function respectively).
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C)  (D) 2 (C) 2+1 (D) None of the

24 | Function __________________________________________________________________________________
 EXERCISE (Level-3)
Old Examination Questions [JEE Main]
(A) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true;
Q.1 Let f : (–1, 1)  B, be a function defined by
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
2x Statement -1
f(x) = tan–1 , then f is both one-one and
1  x2 (B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true;
onto when B is the interval [AIEEE-2005] Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for
Statement -1.
   
(A)  0,  (B) 0,  (C) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
 2  2 (D) Statement -1 is false, Statement-2 is true
      Q.7 The domain of the function
(C)   ,  (D)   , 
 2 2  2 2 1
f (x )  is : [AIEEE 2011]
Q.2 A real valued function f(x) satisfies the functional |x |  x
equation (A) ( , ) (B) (0, )
f(x – y) = f(x) f(y) – f (a – x) f(a + y) where a is a (C) (, 0) (D) (, )  {0}
given constant and f(0) = 1, then f(2a – x) is equal
to - [AIEEE-2005] Q.8 Let A and B be nonempty set in R and
(A) –f(x) (B) f(x) f : A  B be a bijective function.
(C) f(a) + f(a – x) (D) f(–x) Statement-1: f is an onto function
Statement-2 %There exists a function
 
Q.3 The largest interval lying in  ,  for which g : B A such that fog = IB.
 2 2 [AIEEE Online- 2012]
the function (A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and
x 2 x  Statement-2 is the correct explanation of
f(x) = 4  cos 1   1  + log(cos x) defined, is- Statement-1
2  (B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and
[AIEEE 2007] Statement-2 is not the correct explanation
  of statement-1
(A) [0, ] (B)  ,  (C) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
 2 2
(D) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
    
(C)  ,  (D) 0,  x
 4 2  2 Q.9 The range of the function f(x)  , x  R is %
1 | x |
[AIEEE Online- 2012]
Q.4 Let f : N  Y be a function defined as
(A) [–1, 1] (B) R (C) R – {0} (D) (–1, 1)
f(x) = 4x + 3 where Y = |y  N : y = 4x + 3 for some
x  N|. Inverse of f is - [AIEEE 2008] Q.10 If P(S) denotes the set of al subsets of a given
y3 y3 set S, then the number of one to one functions
(A) g(y) = 4 + (B) g(y) = from the set S = {1, 2, 3} to the set P(S) is %
4 4
[AIEEE Online- 2012]
y3 3y  4
(C) g(y) = (D) g(y) = (A) 24 (B) 8 (C) 336 (D) 320
4 3
Q.11 Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and R : A  A be the relation
Q.5 For real x, let f(x) = x3 + 5x + 1, then - defined by R = {(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 2)}. The correct
[AIEEE 2009] statements is : [JEE Main Online -2013]
(A) f is one - one but not onto on R (A) R does not have an inverse
(B) f is onto on R but not one - one (B) R is not a one to one function
(C) f is one - one and onto on R (C) R is an onto function
(D) f is neither one - one nor onto on R (D) R is not a function

Q.6 Let f(x) = (x + 1)2 –1, x > –1 Q.12 If a  R and the equation
Statement - 1 : –3(x –[x])2 + 2(x – [x]) + a2 = 0 (where [x] denotes
The set {x : f(x) = f–1(x)} = {0, –1}. the greatest integer  x) has no integral
Statement - 2 : solution, then all possible values of a lie in the
f is a bijection. [AIEEE 2009] interval : [JEE Main -2014]
(A) (– , –2)  (2, ) (B) (–1, 0)  (0, 1)
(C) (1, 2) (D) (–2, –1)
___________________________________________________________________________________ Function | 25
 x x
3 4  1 1
Q.13 If f (x) =      – 1, x R, then the Q.20 The function f : R    ,  defined as
5 5  2 2
equation f(x) = 0 has : x
[JEE Main Online -2014] f(x) = , is [JEE Main - 2017]
(A) no solution 1  x2
(B) one solution (A) injective but not surjective
(C) two solution (B) surjective but not injective
(D) more than two solutions (C) neither injective nor surjective
Q.14 Let f be an odd function defined on the set of (D) invertible
real numbers such that for x  0,
11 Q.21 Let f(x) = 210x + 1 and g(x) = 310x – 1. If (fog)(x) = x,
f(x) = 3 sin x + 4 cos x. Then f(x) at x =  is then x is equal to- [JEE Main Online -2017]
6
equal to : [JEE Main Online -2014] 210 – 1 1 – 2 –10
(A) (B)
(A)
3
2 3 (B) 
3
2 3 210 – 3 –10 310 – 2 –10
2 2 310 – 1 1 – 3 –10
3 3 (C) (D)
(C) 2 3 (D)   2 3 310 – 2 –10 210 – 3 –10
2 2
Q.22 The function f : N  N defined by
| x | 1
Q.15 Let f : R  R be defined by f(x) = then f x 
| x | 1 f(x) = x – 5   , where N is the set of natural
is [JEE Main Online -2014] 5
(A) Both one – one and onto numbers and [x] denotes the greatest integer
(B) One – one but not onto less than or equal to x, is -
(C) Onto but not one – one
(D) Neither one – one nor onto [JEE Main Online -2017]
(A) one-one but not onto
(B) one-one and onto
1 3n 
Q.16 Let f(n) =    n, where [n] denotes the (C) neither one-one nor onto
 3 100  (D) onto but not one-one
greatest integer less than or equal to n. Then
56
Q.23 Let f : A  B be a function defined as
 f (n) is equal to: [JEE Main Online -2014] x 1
n 1 f(x) = , where A = R – {2} and
(A) 56 (B) 689 (C) 1287 (D) 1399 x 2
B = R – {1}. Then f is -
Q.17 The function f (x) = |sin 4x| + |cos 2x|, is a [JEE-Main Online-2018]
periodic function with period. 2y  1
[JEE Main Online -2014] (A) invertible and f–1 (y) =
  y 1
(A) 2 (B)  (C) (D) 3y 1
2 4 (B) invertible and f–1 (y) =
1 y 1
Q.18 If f(x) + 2f   = 3x, x  0, and S = {x  R : f(x) = (C) no invertible
x
f(–x)}; then S : [JEE Main - 2016]
2y  1
(D) invertible and f–1 (y) =
(A) is an empty set y 1
(B) contains exactly one element
(C) contains exactly two elements 1
(D) contains more than two elements Q.24 For x  R – {0, 1}, let f1(x) = , f2(x) = 1 – x and
x
1 1
Q.19 For x  R, x  0, x  1, let f0 (x) = and f3(x) = be three given functions. If a
1– x 1–x
fn+1 (x) = f0(fn(x)), n = 0, 1, 2, .... Then the value function, J(x) satisfies (f2 J f1)(x) = f3 (x) then
2 3 J(x) is equal to : [JEE Main - 2019]
of f100(3) + f1   + f2   is equal to - 1
3 2 (A) f3 ( x ) (B) f2(x)
[JEE Main Online -2016] x
8 5 4 1 (C) f3(x) (D) f1(x)
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3

26 | Function __________________________________________________________________________________
Q.25 Let A = {x  R : x is not a positive integer}. 10

Define a function f : A  R as f(x) =

2x
, then
Q.32 Let  f (a  k )
k 1
= 16(210 – 1), where the
x –1
function f satisfies f(x + y) = f(x)f(y) for all
f is : [JEE Main - 2019]
natural numbers x, y and f(1) = 2. Then the
(A) not injective
natural number ‘a’ is : [JEE Main - 2019]
(B) surjective but not injective
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 16 (D) 4
(C) injective but not surjective
(D) neither injective nor surjective
Q.33 If the function f : R – {1, – 1}  A defined by
Q.26 Let N be the set of natural numbers and two x2
f(x) = , is surjective, then A is equal to :
functions f and g be defined as 1– x2
f, g : N  N such that [JEE Main - 2019] [JEE Main - 2019]
n 1 (A) R – {– 1} (B) R – [– 1, 0)
; if n is odd
f(n) =  2 ; and (C) R – (– 1, 0) (D) [0, )
 n
 ; if n is even
 2 Q.34 The domain of the definition of the function
g(n) = n – (–1)n . Then fog is  1
f(x) = + log10 (x3 – x) is :
(A) neither one-one nor onto 4  x2
(B) onto but not one-one [JEE Main - 2019]
(C) both one-one and onto (A) (1, 2)  (2, )
(D) one-one but not onto
(B) (–2, –1)  (–1, 0)  (2, )
x (C) (–1, 0)  (1, 2)  (2, )
Q.27 Let f : R  R be defined by f(x) = , x  R.
1  x2 (D) (–1, 0)  (1, 2)  (3, )
Then the range of f is [JEE Main - 2019]
Q.35 Let f(x) = x2, x  R. For any A  R, define
 1 1  1 1
(A)   ,  (B) R –   ,  g(A) = { x  R : f(x)  A}. If S = [0, 4], then which
 2 2  2 2 one of the following statements is not true?
(C) (–1, 1) – {0} (D) R – [–1, 1] [JEE Main - 2019]
(A) g(f(S))  S (B) f(g(S))  S
1 (C) f(g(S))  f(S) (D) g(f(S)) = g(S)
Q.28 Let fk(x) = (sink x + coskx) for k = 1, 2, 3, ....
k
Then for all x  R, the value of f4(x) – f6(x) is Q.36 For x  (0, 3/2), let f(x) = x , g( x ) = tan x and
equal to [JEE Main - 2019]
1 5 1 1 1  x2 
h(x) = If  (x) = ((hof)og)(x), then   
(A) (B) (C) (D) 2
4 12 12 12 1x 3
is equal to : [JEE Main - 2019]
Q.29 Let a function f : (0, )  (0, ) be defined by 7 11
(A) tan (B) tan
1 12 12
f(x) = 1  . Then f is : [JEE Main - 2019]
x  5
(C) tan (D) tan
(A) not injective but it is surjective 12 12
(B) neiter injective nor surjective
(C) injective only Q.37 If g(x) = x2 + x –1 and (gof) (x) = 4x2 – 10x + 5, then
(D) both injective as well as surjective
 5
f   is equal to: [JEE Main - 2020]
1 x   2x  4
Q.30 If ƒ(x) = loge   , |x| < 1, then ƒ  2  3 1 3 1
 1  x  1 x  (A)  (B)  (C) (D)
is equal to - [JEE Main - 2019] 2 2 2 2
(A) 2ƒ(x) (B) 2ƒ(x2)
(C) (ƒ(x))2 (D) – 2ƒ(x) Q.38 Let f : R  R be a function which satisfies
f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)x, yR. If f(1) = 2 and
( n 1)
Q.31 Let f(x) = ax (a > 0) be written as
f(x) = f1 (x) + f2 (x), where f1(x) is an even g(n )   f (k), n  N then the value of n, for
function and f2(x) is an odd function. Then k 1
f1(x + y) + f1(x – y) equals [JEE Main - 2019] which g(n) = 20, is : [JEE Main - 2020]
(A) 2f1 (x + y) f2(x– y) (B) 2f1 (x + y) f1(x – y) (A) 5 (B) 9 (C) 20 (D) 4
(C) 2f1 (x) f2(y) (D) 2f1(x) f1(y)

___________________________________________________________________________________ Function | 27
Q.39 Let ƒ : R  R be defined as ƒ(x) = 2x – 1 and Q.45 Let a function ƒ : N  N be defined by
1 
x
2 . Then  2 n, n  2, 4, 6, 8....
g : R – {1}  R be defined as g(x) = 
x 1 f ( n )  n  1, n  3, 7,11,15....

the composition function ƒ(g(x)) is :  n  1 n  1, 5, 9,13....
[JEE Main - 2021]  2
(1) onto but not one-one then, ƒ is [JEE Main-2022]
(2) both one-one and onto (A) One-one but not onto
(3) one-one but not onto (B) Onto but not one-one
(4) neither one-one nor onto
(C) Neither one-one nor onto
(D) One-one and onto
Q.40 Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5, .... , 30} and '~' be an
equivalence relation on A × A, defined by Q.46 Let f : R → R be a continuous function such
(a, b) ~ (c, d), if and only if ad = bc. Then the that f(3x) – f(x) = x. If f(8) = 7, then f(14) is
number of ordered pairs which satisfy this equal to [JEE Main-2022]
equivalence relation with ordered pair (4, 3) is (A) 4 (B) 10 (C) 11 (D) 16
equal to : [JEE Main - 2021]
(1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 8 (4) 7 Q.47 Let f(x) and g(x) be two real polynomials of
degree 2 and 1 respectively. If f(g(x)) = 8x2 – 2x
Q.41 Let f : R – {3}  R – {1} be defined by and g(f(x)) = 4x2 + 6x + 1, then the value of
x2 f(B) + g(B) is___________. [JEE Main-2022]
f ( x)  . Let g : R  R be given as
x 3 Q.48 The number of functions f, from the set
g(x) = 2x – 3. Then, the sum of all the values of A = {x  N : x2 – 10x + 9  0} to the set
13 B = {n2 : n  N} such that f(x)  (x – 3)2 + 1, for
x for which f–1(x) + g–1(x)  is equal to
2 every x  A, is ____ . [JEE Main-2022]
[JEE Main - 2021]
(1) 7 (2) 2 (3) 5 (4) 3 2 2x
Q.49 If f (x)  , xR , then
Q.42 Let ƒ : N → R be a function such that 22x  2
ƒ(x + y) = 2ƒ(x) ƒ(y) for natural numbers  1   2   2022 
f  f   .......  f   is equal
x and y. If ƒ(A) = 2, then the value of  for  2023   2023   2023 
10
512 20 to [JEE Main-2023]
which  ƒ(  k) =
k 1 3
( 2  1) holds, is :
(A) 1010 (B) 2011 (C) 1011 (D) 2010
[JEE Main-2022]
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 6 Q.50 Let f(x) be a function such that f(x + y) = f(x)f(y)
n

Q.43 Let f(x) =

x 1
, x  R – {0, – 1, 1}.
for all x, y . If f(1) = 3 and  f (k) = 3279,
k 1
x 1 then the value of n is [JEE Main-2023]
If f n+1(x) = f(f n(x)) for all n  N, then (A) 8 (B) 9 (C) 6 (D) 7
f 6(6) = f 7(7) is equal to [JEE Main-2022]
7 3 7 11 Q.51 Let f, g and h be the real valued functions
(A) (B)  (C) (D)  defined of R as
6 2 12 12
 x  sin( x  1)
 , x0  , x  1
Q.44 Let : f : R  R be defined as f(x) = x – 1 f ( x ) | x | , g( x )  ( x  1)
and g : R – {1, – 1} → R be defined as  1, x 0  1, x  1
x2 and h(x) = 2[x] – f(x), where [x] is the greatest
g(x) =
x2 –1 integer  x.
Then the function fog is: [JEE Main-2022] Then the value of lim g(h(x – 1)) is
x 1
(A) One-one but not onto
(B) Onto but not one-one [JEE Main-2023]
(C) Both one-one and onto (A) 1 (B) –1 (C) sin(1) (D) 0
(D) Neither one-one nor onto

28 | Function __________________________________________________________________________________
Q.52 Let f : (0, 1) → R be a function defined by Q.57 Let the sum of the maximum and the minimum
1 2 x 2  3x  8
f(x) = , and g(x) = (f(–x) – f(x)). Consider values of the function f(x) = be
1  e–x 2x 2  3x  8
two statements m
where gcd(m, n) = 1. Then m + n is equal
(I) g is an increasing function in (0, 1) n
(II) g is one-one in (0, 1) to : [JEE Main-2024]
Then, [JEE Main-2023] (A) 182 (B) 217 (C) 195 (D) 201
(A) Only (I) is true
(B) Both (I) and (II) are true Q.58 Let f(x) = 3 x  2  4  x be a real valued
(C) Only (II) is true function. If  and  are respectively the
(D) Neither (I) nor (II) is true minimum and the maximum values of f, then
2 + 22 is equal to [JEE Main-2024]
Q.53 Let f : R - {0, 1} → be a function such that (A) 44 (B) 42 (C) 24 (D) 38
 1 
f(x) + f   = 1 + x. then f(2) is equal to :
1 x 
[JEE Main-2023]
9 9 7 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 4 3 4

Q.54 The function f : N – {1} → N; defined by

f(n) = the highest prime factor of n, is:
[JEE Main-2024]
(A) Both one-one and onto
(B) Neither one-one nor onto
(C) One-one only
(D) Onto only

 1  5
Q.55 Let f : R –    R and g : R –    R be
2  2 
2x  3 x 1
defined as f(x) = and g(x) = . Then,
2x  1 2x  5
the domain of the function fog is:
[JEE Main-2024]
 5
(A) R (B) R –  
 2 
 7  5 7
(C) R –   (D) R –  , 
 4   2 4

2  2 x , – 1  x  0

Q.56 If f(x) =  x ;
1 – 3 , 0  x  3

 x , – 3  x  0
g(x) =  ,
x , 0  x  1
then range of (fog)(x) is- [JEE Main-2024]
(A) [0, 1] (B) (0, 1] (C) [0, 1) (D) [0, 3)

___________________________________________________________________________________ Function | 29
 EXERCISE (Level-4)
Part-A : Multiple correct answer type questions Q.8 Which of the following function is periodic ?
(A) sgn (e–x)
(B) sin x + |sin x|
1 (C) min(sin x, |x|)
Q.1 If f (x) = x 2 | x | , g(x) = then Df+g
9  x2  1  1
(D)  x  + x   + 2[–x]
contains  2   2
(A) (–3, –1) (B) [1, 3) Where [x] denotes greatest integer function.
(C) [–3, 3] (D) {0}  [1, 3)
 2x  3 x  1
3x  1 Q.9 If f(x) =  2 then values of 'a' for
Q.2 If f (x) = and S = {x| f(x) > 0}
3x  2x 2  x
3 a x  1 x  1
then S contains which f(x) is injective is
(A) –3 (B) 3 (C) 0 (D) 1
1 
(A) (–, –2) (B)  ,5  Q.10 Consider the function y = f(x) satisfying the
3 
 1 1
1  condition f x   = x2 + 2 (x  0), then
(C) (–, –1) (D) (0, ) –    x x
3  (A) domain of f (x) is R
Q.3 If D is the domain of the function (B) domain of f (x) is R – (–2, 2)
(C) range of f (x) is [–2, )
 3x  1 
f (x) = 1  2x + 3 sin–1   then D (D) range of f (x) is [2, )
 2 
Q.11 Consider the real-valued function satisfying
contains-
2f (sin x) + f (cos x) = x. Then
 1 1  1  (A) domain of f (x) is R
(A)   ,  (B)   , 0 
 3 2  3  (B) domain of f (x) is [–1, 1]

 1  1   2  
(C)   , 1 (D)  , 1 (C) range of f (x) is  – , 
 3  2   3 3
(D) range of f (x) is R
Q.4 Let A = R – {2} and B = R – {1}.
Q.12 Let f(x) = x2 – 2ax + a(a + 1), f : [a, )  [a, ). If
x 3
Let ƒ : A  B be defined by f (x) = then– one of the solutions of the equation f(x) = f–1(x) is
x 2 5049, then the other may be
(A) f is one-one (B) f is onto (A) 5051 (B) 5048 (C) 5052 (D) 5050
(C) f is bijective (D) None of these
Q.13 If f : R+  R+ is a polynomial function satisfying
sin [ x ] the functional equation
Q.5 If F(x) = , then F(x) is: f (f(x)) = 6x – f (x), then f (17) is equal to -
{x }
(A) 17 (B) –51 (C) 34 (D) –34
(A) Periodic with fundamental period 1
(B) Even Q.14 f : R  [–1, ) and f(x) = n([|sin 2x|+|cos2x| ])
(C) Range is singleton (where [.] is the greatest integer function)
 { x }  (A) f (x) has range Z
(D) Identical to sgn  sgn  1 , where {x} (B) f(x) is periodic with fundamental period /4
 { x } 
  
(C) f(x) is invertible in 0,
denotes fractional part function and [.] denotes
 4 
greatest integer function and sgn (x) is a
signum function. (D) f(x) is into function

Q.6 Let f : [–1, 1]  [0, 2] be a linear function which  

Q.15 Let f(x) = sgn(cot–1x) + tan  [ x ]  , where [x] is
is onto then f (x) is/are 2 
(A) 1 – x (B) 1 + x (C) x – 1 (D) x + 2
the greatest integer function less than or equal x.
Q.7 In the following functions defined from [–1, 1] to Then which of the following alternatives is/are
[–1, 1] the functions which are not bijective are: true ?
2 (A) f(x) is many one but not even function
(A) sin (sin–1x) (B) sin 1 (sin x ) (B) f(x) is periodic function

(C) f(x) is bounded function
(C) (sgn x) n ex (D) x3 sgn x (D) Graph of f(x) remains above the x-axis

30 | Function __________________________________________________________________________________
Q.16 Let f : R  R be defined by Q.21 Assertion: Let f: [0, 3]  [1, 13] is defined by
f(x) = max(1 + |x|, 2 – |x|) then which of the f(x) = x2 + x + 1 then inverse is
following holds(s) good ?
 1  4x  3
(A) f is periodic function f –1(x) =
(B) f is neither injective nor surjective 2
(C) f is even function Reason: Many-one function is not invertible
3 
(D) Range of f =  ,   Q.22 Assertion: Fundamental period of cos x + cot x
2  is 2.
Reason: If the period of f(x) is T1 and the period
Q.17 Which of the following pair(s) of function have of g(x) is T2, then the fundamental period of f(x)
same graphs ? + g(x) is the L.C.M. of T1 and T2.
sec x tan x cos x sin x
(A)f(x)= – , g(x) = +
cos x cot x sec x cos ec x Part-C : Column Matching type Questions
(B) f(x) = sgn(x2 – 4x + 5),
 2 2   Match the entry in Column 1 with the
g(x) = sgn  cos x  sin  x    where
3  entry in Column 2.
 
Q.23 Match the following :
sgn denotes signum function
2
Column 1 Column 2
(C) f(x) = e n(x  3x 3 )
, g(x) = x2 + 3x + 3
(A) Range of [sin 2x ]  [cos 2x ] (P) {1, 2, 3}
sin x cos x 2 cos2 x 2
(D) f(x) = + , g(x) = x 4 x
sec x cosec x cot x (B) Domain of C 2x 2 3 (Q) {1}
Q.18 Let f be a constant function with domain R and (C) Range of log(cos(sin x )) (R) {0, 1}
g be a certain function with domain R. Two
ordered pairs in f are (4, a2 – 5) and (D) Range of [|sinx| + |cos x|] (S) {0}
(2, 4a – 9) for some real number a. Also domain (Where [.] denotes greatest integer function)
f Q.24 Match the following :
of is R – {7}. Then Column 1 Column 2
g
(A) a = 2 (B) (f(10))100 =1 1 |sin x | |cos x |
(A) Period of    (P) 2
1 2  cos x sin x 
(C) (100)g(7) = 1 (D)
 f ( x ) dx = 1
0 (B) Range of cos
1
log [ x ]
|x |
(Q) 2
x
(C) Total number of solution of (R) 1
Part-B : Assertion Reason type Questions x2 – 4 – [x] = 0 is
The following questions 19 to 22 consists of 
two statements each, printed as Assertion (D) Fundamental period of (S)
2
and Reason. While answering these 4
x  x [ x ]  cos2 x
questions you are to choose any one of the e cos
following four responses. (Where [.] denotes greatest integer function)
(A) If both Assertion and Reason are true
and the Reason is correct explanation Q.25 Match the following :
of the Assertion. Column 1 Column 2
(B) If both Assertion and Reason are true (A) Domain of (P) [0, 1]
but Reason is not correct explanation x x
f(x) = 2  3 + log3log1/2x is
of the Assertion.
(B) Solution set of equation (Q) [0, )
(C) If Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
(D) If Assertion is false but Reason is true x 1
2cos2 sin2x = x2 + 2 is
2 x
Q.19 Assertion : Function f(x) = sin x + {x} is periodic 1
 
with period 2. (C) If A = ( x , y ); y  , x  R0  (R) [1, )
Reason : sin x and {x} are both periodic  x 
functions with period 2 and 1 respectively. & B = {(x, y); y = –x, x R}
then A  B is
Q.20 Assertion: If f(x) & g(x) both are one-one, then (D) The functions f(x) = x x  1 (S) 
f (g (x)) is also one-one.
Reason : If, f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 then f(x) is & (x) = x 2  x are identical in
one-one
___________________________________________________________________________________ Function | 31
Q.26 Match the following : Q.31 f (f(x)) is-
Column 1 Column 2 (A) a constant function
(A) The fundamental period of the 1 (B) an even function
function (P) (C) an odd function
2
    (D) many one function
y = sin  2t   + 2 sin  3t  
 3  4  Q.32 Domain of g(x) = ln (sgn f(x)) is-
+ 3 sin 5t is (A) R
(B) y = {sin (x)} is a many one function (Q) 8 (B) set of all rational numbers
for x (0, a) where { } denotes (C) set of all irrational number
(D) R+
fractional part of x and a may be
(C) The Fundamental period of the function (R) 2
Passage # 3 (Q.33 to 35)
1 | sin(  / 4 )x | sin(  / 4 )x  Consider the function
y    
2  cos(  / 4 )x | cos(  / 4 )x |
 1
(D) If f : [0, 2] [0, 2] is bijective function (S) 0 x  [ x ]  ; if x 
f (x) =  2
defined by f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b,  0 ; if x 
c are non - zero real numbers, then
f(2) is equal to where [.] denotes greatest integer function.
If g(x) = max.{x2, f(x), |x|} ; –2  x  2, then

Part-D : Passage based objective questions Q.33 Range of f(x) is-

Passage # 1 (Q.27 to 29)  1 1
(A) [0, 1) (B)   , 
Let f(x) = x2 – 3x + 2, g(x) = f(|x|)  2 2
h(x) = |g(x)| and I(x) = |g(x)| – [x]
 1 1  1 1
are four function, where [x] is the integral part (C)  ,  (D)   , 
of real x.  2 2  2 2
Q.27 Find the value of 'a' such that equation Q.34 f(x) is-
g(x) – a = 0 has exactly 3 real roots- (A) non periodic
(A) 2 (B) 1 (B) periodic with fundamental period 1
(C) 0 (D) None of these (C) periodic with fundamental period 2
1
Q.28 Find the set of values of 'b' such that (D) periodic with fundamental period
2
equation h(x) – b = 0 has exactly 8 real solution
 1  1 Q.35 The set of values of a, if g(x) = a has three real
(A) b  0, (B) b  0,  and distinct solutions, is -
 4   4
 1  1
 1 (A)  0, (B)  0, 
(C) b   0,  (D) None of these  2  4
 4
1 1
(C)  ,  (D) (0, 1)
Q.29 Which statement is true for I(x) = 0 - 4 2
(A) Two values of x is satisfied for I(x) = 0
(B) One value of x is satisfied for I(x) = 0 and Passage # 4 (Q.36 to 38)
that x lie between 1 and 2
Consider the function
(C) One value of x is satisfied for I(x) = 0 and
that x lie between 3 and 4 x 2  1,  1  x  1
f (x) = 
(D) None of these
 nx , 1x e
Passage # 2 (Q.30 to 32) Let f1(x) = f (|x|)
If f(x) = 0 ; if x  Q f2(x) = |f(|x|)|
= 1 ; if x  Q. f3(x) = f(–x)
then answer the following questions- Q.36 Number of positive solutions of the equation
2f2 (x) – 1 = 0 is-
Q.30 f(x) is - (A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
(A) an even function
(B) an odd function Q.37 Number of integral solution of the equation
(C) Neither even nor odd function f1(x) = f2(x) is
(D) one-one function (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

32 | Function __________________________________________________________________________________
Q.38 If f4(x) = log27 (f3(x) + 2), then range of f4(x) is cos x  (1 / 2)
1   1 (xi) f(x) =
(A) [1, 9] (B)  ,   (C) 0,  (D) [1, 27] 6  35 x  6x 2
 3   3
2
(xii) f(x) = log1 / 3 (log 4 ([ x ]  5))
Part-E : Numeric Response Type Questions
[x ]
(xiii) f(x) =
 1  2x  [ x ]
Q.39 Let f(x) =   where [y] and {y} denote
 cos{ x }  (xiv) f(x) = logx sin x
greatest integer and fractional part function (xv) f(x) = log  1  |x2 – x – 6| +
x  x 
respectively and g(x) = 2x2 – 3x(k + 1) + k(3k + 1). If  
g(f(x)) < 0  x  R then find the number of 16–xC2x–1 + 20–3xP2x–5
integral values of k.
Q.45 Find the domain and range of the following
 2f ( x )  functions. (Read the symbols [*] & {*} as greatest
Q.40 If x = log4   , then find (f(2010) + f(–2009)).
 1 – f (x)  integers & fractional part functions respectively)
(i) y = log 5
( 2 (sin x  cos x )  3)
Q.41 If M and m are maximum and minimum value of
  5  2x
f() = 5 sin2  – 8 sin  + 4,   , (ii) y =
, 1  x2
3 6 
respectively then find the value of (2Mm). x 2  3x  2
(iii) f(x) =
Q.42 Let f be a function such that x2  x  6
4 f(x–1 + 1) + 8 f(x + 1) = log12 x, then find the x
value of 4 (f(10) + f(13) + f(17)). (iv) f(x) =
1 | x |
Q.43 Let f be a real valued invertible function such
(v) y = 2  x + 1  x
 2x – 3  (vi) f(x) = log(cosec x –1) (2 – [sin x] – [sin x]2)
that f   = 5x – 2, x  2. Find f–1(13).
 x–2  x 4 3
(vii) f(x) =
x 5
Part-F : Subjective Type Questions (viii) cot–1 (2x – x2).
Q.44 Find the domains of definitions of the following (ix) f (x) = log2 ( x – 4  6 – x )
functions:
(Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest integers Q.46 (a) Draw graphs of the following function,
and fractional part functions respectively) where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
(i) f(x) = x + [x]
2
(i) f (x) = cos 2x + 16  x (ii) y = (x)[x] where x = [x] + (x)
(ii) f (x) = log7log5log3log2 (2x3 + 5x2 – 14x) & x > 0 and x  3
(iii) y = sgn [x]
(iii) f(x) = n  x  5x  24  x  2 
2
(iv) sgn (x – |x|)
 
(b) Identify the pair(s) of functions which are
x identical? (where [x] denotes greatest
15
(iv) f(x) = integer and {x} denotes fractional part
7x  7 function)
(v) y = log10 sin (x – 3) + 16  x 2 (i) f(x) = sgn (x2 – 3x + 4) and g(x) = e[{x}]
1  cos 2x
 2 log10 x  1  (ii) f(x) = and g(x) = tan x
(vi) f(x) = log100x   1  cos 2x
 x 
(iii) f(x) = n(1 + x) + n(1 – x) and
1
(vii) f(x) = + n x(x2 – 1) g(x) = n(1 – x2)
4x 2  1
cos x 1  sin x
x (iv) f(x) = & g(x) =
(viii) f(x) = log1 / 2 2 1  sin x cos x
x 1
Q.47 Let f be a function satisfying
2 1
(ix) f(x) = x | x |+ 2f(xy) = {f(x)}y + {f(y)}x and f(1) = k  1.
9  x2 n

(x) f(x) = log x (cos 2x )

Prove that (k –1)  F (n ) = k
n 1
n+1 –k

___________________________________________________________________________________ Function | 33
Q.48 Determine all functions f satisfying the Q.58 If f(x) = –1 + |x – 2|, 0  x  4
functional relation g(x) = 2 – |x|, –1  x  3
 1  2(1 – 2x ) Then find fog (x), gof (x) fof (x) & gog (x). Draw
f(x) + f  = rough sketch of the graphs of fog (x) & gof (x).
 1 – x  x (1 – x )
where x is a real number, x  0, x  1. Q.59 If f(x) = n (x2 – x + 2) ; R+  R and
g(x) = {x} +1 ; [1, 2]  [1, 2],
Q.49 Let {x} and [x] denotes the fractional and where {x} denotes fractional part of x find the
integral part of a real number x respectively. domain and range of f(g(x)) when defined.
Solve 4{x} = x + [x].
Q.60 Examine whether the following functions are
Q.50 Let f(x) = x2 + kx; k is a real number. The set of even or odd or none.
values of k for which the equation f(x) = 0 and (1  2 x ) 7
f(f(x)) = 0 have same real solution set. (i) f ( x ) 
2x
Q.51 Let f(x) be defined on [–2, 2] and is given by sec x  x 2  9
(ii) f ( x ) 
 1  2  x  0 x sin x
f(x) =  and
x  1 0  x  2 x x
(iii) f(x) = x  1
g(x) = f(|x|) + |f(x)|.Then find g(x). e 1 2
Q.52 Solve the equation:  x|x| x  1

|2x – 1| = 3 [x] + 2{x} where [·] and {·} denotes (iv) f ( x )  [1  x ]  [1  x ]  1  x  1
greatest integer function and fractional part  x|x| x 1
function respectively. 
2x (sin x  tan x )
(v) f(x) =
 x 1 8  x  2 
 3 
3
for 0  x  2 2 3
Q.53 Let f (x) =    
7  log 2 ( x  2) for 2  x  4 .
 x 2  9x  21 for 4  x  6 where [.] denotes greatest integer function.

 Q.61 Find the period of the following functions.
A set 'B' is formed by elements which are sin 2 x cos2 x
'f ' images of the elements of set A. If (i) f ( x )  1  
B = {1, 3, 5, 7}, find A. Hence or otherwise state
1  cot x 1  tan x
reasons whether it is possible to have a 
(ii) f ( x )  tan [ x ] where [.] denotes greatest
function, f –1 : B  A or not ? 2
integer function.
Q.54 If f (x)  [1, 2] when x  R and for a fixed (iii) f(x) = og (2 + cos 3x)
positive real number p,
(iv) f(x) = e ln sin x + tan 3x – cosec (3x – 5)
f(x + p) = 1 + 2f ( x )  {f ( x )}2 for all x  R x x x
(v) f ( x )  sin x  tan  sin  tan 2
then prove that f(x) is a periodic function. 2 2 2
x x x x
Q.55 If f (a – x) = f (a + x) and f (b – x) = f (b + x) for  sin 2  tan 3 ....  sin n1  tan n
all real x where a, b (a > b) are constants then 2 2 2 2
prove that f (x) is a periodic function. sin x  sin 3x
(vi) f(x) =
Q.56 Let f : R  R be a function given by cos x  cos 3x
f(x + y) + f(x – y) = 2 f(x)f(y) for all x, y  R and Q.62 A function f, defined for all x, y  R is such that
f(0)  0. Prove that f(x) is an even function. f(1) = 2; f(2) = 8 and f(x + y) – kxy = f(x) + 2y2,
where k is some constant. Find f(x) & show that
Q.57 Let f : [–2, 2]  R be a function if, for x  [0, 2]
  1 
 f(x + y).f   = k for x + y  0.
x tan x , 0  x  2 x  y
f (x) = 
 
 [ x ], x2 Q.63 Suppose p(x) is a polynomial with integer
 2 2 coefficients. The remainder when p(x) is divided
define f for x  [– 2, 0] when by x – 1 is 1 and the remainder when p(x) is
(i) f is odd function divided by x – 4 is 10. If r(x) is the remainder
(ii) f is an even function when p(x) is divided by (x – 1) (x – 4), find the
(where [·] is the greatest integer function) value of r(2006).
34 | Function __________________________________________________________________________________
 EXERCISE (Level-5)
Old Examination Questions [JEE Advanced]
x , x  Q 0 x  Q Q.7 Let f : (–1, 1)  IR be such that
Q.1 f (x )   ; g (x )  
0, x  Q x x  Q 2     
f(cos 4) = 2
for   0,    , .
then (f – g) is [IIT Scr. 2005] 2  sec   4 4 2
(A) one-one, onto
1 
(B) neither one-one, nor onto Then the value(s) of f   is (are)
(C) one-one but not onto 3
(D) onto but not one-one MCQ [IIT 2012]
Q.2 If X and Y are two non-empty sets where
f : X  Y is function is defined such that
3 3
(A) 1– (B) 1+
f(C) = {f(x): x  C} for C  X 2 2
and f–1(D) = {x : f(x)  D} for D  Y
for any A  X and B  Y then- [IIT 2005]
2 2
(C) 1– (D) 1+
(A) f–1(f(A)) = A 3 3
(B) f–1(f(A)) = A only if f(X) = Y
(C) f(f–1(B)) = B only if B  f(x)   
(D) f(f–1(B)) = B Q.8 Let f :  – ,   R be given by
 2 2
Q.3 Find the range of values of t for which
f(x) = (log(sec x + tan x))3. Then
1  2x  5x 2   
2 sin t = ; t   ,  MCQ [IIT-Advance 2014]
2
3x  2x  1  2 2 (A) f(x) is an odd function
[IIT 2005]
(B) f(x) is a one-one function
2 (C) f(x) is an onto function
x  6x  5
Q.4 Let f(x) = [IIT 2007]. (D) f(x) is an even function
x 2  5x  6
Column-I Column-II   
(A) If –1 < x < 1, then f(x) (P) 0 < f(x) < 1 Q.9 Let f ( x )  sin  sin sin x   for all x  R
satisfies 6 2 
(B) If 1 < x < 2, then f(x) (Q) f(x) < 0 
satisfies and g ( x )  sin x for all x  R. Let (f o g)(x)
2
(C) If 3 < x < 5, then f(x) (R) f(x) > 0
satisfies denote f(g(x)) and (g o f)(x) denote g(f(x)). Then
(D) If x > 5, then f(x) (S) f(x) < 1 which of the following is (are) true ?
satisfies MCQ [IIT-Advance 2015]
 1 1
Q.5 Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = sin x for all x R. Then (A) Range of f is   , 
the set of all x satisfying (f o g o g o f) (x) =  2 2
(g og o f) (x), where (f o g) (x) = f(g(x)), is
 1 1
[IIT 2011] (B) Range of f o g is   , 
 2 2
(A)  n , n  {0, 1, 2...}
f (x ) 
(B)  n , n  {1, 2...} (C) lim 
x 0 g(x ) 6
 (D) There is an x  R such that (g o f)(x) = 1
(C)  2n, n  {....,  2,  1, 0, 1, 2, .... }
2
(D) 2n, n{…., –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, ….} Q.10 Let X be a set with exactly 5 elements and Y be a
Q.6 The function f : [0, 3]  [1, 29], defined by set with exactly 7 elements. If  is the number of
f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1, is [IIT 2012] one-one functions from X to Y and  is the number
(A) one-one and onto. of onto functions from Y to X, then the value of
(B) onto but not one-one. 1
(C) one-one but not onto. ( – ) is ____ . [JEE - Advance 2018]
5!
(D) neither one-one nor onto.
___________________________________________________________________________________ Function 35 |
  x  Q.14 Let the function ƒ : [0, 1]  R be defined by
Q.11 Let E1 = x  R : x  1 and  0 and
 x 1  4x
ƒ(x) = . Then the value of
x
4 2
   
E2 = x  E1 : sin 1  log e  x   is a real number   1   2   3 
  x  1   ƒ  + ƒ   + ƒ   + .......
  
40
  40
   40 
 Here, the inverse trigonometric function 
   39   1 
 –1     + ƒ  –ƒ   is ______
 sin x assumes values in  – , .   40   2 
  2 2 
[JEE - Advance 2020]
Let ƒ : E1  R be the function defined by
 x  Q.15 Let f : R  R be defined by
ƒ(x) = loge   and g : E2  R be the
 x 1  x 2  3x  6
f(x) =
  x 
x 2  2x  4
function defined by g(x) = sin–1  log e    Then which of the following statements is (are)
  x 1   TRUE ? [JEE -Advance 2021]
[JEE - Advance 2018] (A) f is decreasing in the interval (–2, –1)
List-I (B) f is increasing in the interval (1, 2)
(P) The range of ƒ is (C) f is onto
(Q) The range of g contains  3 
(R) The domain of ƒ contains (D) Range of f is   , 2
(S) The domain of g is  2 
List-II
Q.16 Let ƒ :[0,1] [0,1] be the function defined by
 1   e 
(1)   ,   ,  x3 5 17
 1  e   e  1  ƒ(x) =  x2  x  . Consider the square
3 9 36
(2) (0, 1)
region S = [0,1] × [0,1]. Let G ={(x, y) S : y >
 1 1 ƒ(x)} be called the green region and R ={(x, y) S
(3)  , 
 2 2 : y < ƒ(x)} be called the red region. Let Lh = {(x, h)
(4) (– , 0)  (0, )  S : x  [0,1]} be the horizontal line drawn at a
height h [0, 1]. Then which of the following
 e  statements is(are) true?
(5)   ,
 e  1  [JEE - Advance 2023]
1 e  1 2
(6) (– , 0)   , (A) There exists an h   ,  such that the
 4 3
 2 e 1
The correct option is : area of the green region above the line Lh
(A) P  4 ; Q  2 ; R  1 ; S  1 equals the area of the green region below
(B) P  3 ; Q  3 ; R  6 ; S  5 the line Lh
(C) P  4 ; Q  2 ; R  1 ; S  6 1 2
(B) There exists an h   ,  such that the
(D) P  4 ; Q  3 ; R  6 ; S  5
4 3
Q.12 If the function f : R  R is defined by area of the red region above the line Lh
f(x) = |x| (x – sin x), then which of the following equals the area of the red region below the
statements is TRUE ? [JEE - Advance 2020] line Lh
(A) f is one-one, but NOT onto 1 2
(B) f is onto, but NOT one-one (C) There exists an h   ,  such that the
(C) f is BOTH one-one and onto 4 3
(D) f is NEITHER one-one NOR onto area of the green region above the line Lh
equals the area of the red region below the
Q.13 Let f : [0, 2]  R be the function defined by line Lh
    1 2
f(x) = (3 – sin2x)) sin  x   – sin  3x   . (D) There exists an h   ,  such that the
 4  4 4 3
If ,   [0, 2] are such that {x  [0, 2] : f(x)  0} area of the red region above the line Lh
= [, ], then the value of  –  is ______ equals the area of the green region below
 [JEE - Advance 2020] the line Lh

36 | Function __________________________________________________________________________________
Q.17 Let ƒ : (0,1)  R be the function defined as Q.21 Let f : R  R and g : R  R be functions defined
 1 1 by
ƒ(x) = n if x   ,  where n  N. Let 
n 1 n  1
x | x | sin  , x  0,
x f(x) =  x and
1 t 0,
g : (0,1) R be a function such that
x2
 t  x  0,
 1
dt < g(x) < 2 x for all x (0,1). Then 1  2 x, 0  x  ,
g(x) =  2
lim ƒ(x)g(x) [JEE - Advance 2023] 0, otherwise ,
x 0
(A) does NOT exist (B) is equal to 1 Let a, b, c, d  R. Define the function h : R  R
(C) is equal to 2 (D) is equal to 3 by
Q.18 Let n  2 be a natural number and ƒ :[0, 1] R  1 
h(x) = af(x) + b  g( x )  g  x   + c(x – g(x)) +
be the function defined by  2 
 1 d g(x), x  R,
 n (1  2nx ) if 0  x 
2n Match each entry in List-I to the correct entry
 in List-II.
 1 3
 2n ( 2nx  1) if x
List-I List-II
 2n 4n
ƒ(x) =  (P) If a = 0, b = 1, c = 0, (1) h is one-one
 4n (1  nx ) 3 1 and d = 0, then
if x
 4n n (Q) If a = 1, b = 0, c = 0, (2) h is onto
 and d = 0, then
 n 1
 n  1 ( nx  1) if  x  1
n
(R) If a = 0, b = 0, c = 1, (3) h is differentiable on R
and d = 0, then
If n is such that the area of the region bounded (S) If a = 0, b = 0, c = 0, (4) the range of h is [0, 1]
by the curves x = 0, x = 1, y = 0 and y = ƒ(x) is 4, and d = 1, then
then the maximum value of the function ƒ is (5) the range of h is {0, 1}
[JEE - Advance 2023] The correct option is [JEE - Advanced 2024]
Q.19 Let f : [1, )  R be a differentiable function such (A) (P)  (4), (Q)  (3), (R)  (1), (S)  (2)
(B) (P)  (5), (Q)  (2), (R)  (4), (S)  (3)
1 x x3 (C) (P)  (5), (Q)  (3), (R)  (2), (S)  (4)
that f(1) =
3 1
and 3 f ( t )dt  xf ( x )  , x  [1, ).
3 (D) (P)  (4), (Q)  (2), (R)  (1), (S)  (3)
Let e denote the base of the natural logarithm. Then
the value of f(e) is [JEE - Advance 2023] Q.22 Let f : R  R be a function defined by
e2  4 log e 4  e  2   
(A) (B)  x sin  2  , if x  0,
3 3 f(x) =  x 
4e 2 e2  4  0, if x  0
(C) (D) 
3 3 Then which of the following statement is TRUE ?
[JEE - Advanced 2024]
Q.20 Let f: (0,1)  R be the function defined as (A) f(x) = 0 has infinitely many solutions in the
2
 1  1  1 
f(x) = [4x]  x    x  , where [x] denotes interval  ,  .
 4  2 10
10

the greatest integer less than or equal to x. (B) f(x) = 0 has no solutions in the interval
Then which of the following statements is (are)
1 
true ? [JEE - Advance 2023]  ,  .
(A) The function f is discontinuous exactly at  
one point in (0, 1) (C) The set of solutions of f(x) = 0 in the
(B) There is exactly one point in (0, 1) at which  1 
the function f is continuous but NOT interval  0,  is finite.
differentiable  1010 
(C) The function f is NOT differentiable at (D) f(x) = 0 has more than 25 solutions in the
more than three points in (0, 1)  1 1
(D) The minimum value of the function f is interval  2
, .
 
1

512
___________________________________________________________________________________ Function | 37
Q.23 Let f : R  R be a function such that
f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x, y  R, and
g : R  (0, ) be a function such that
g(x + y) = g(x) g(y) for all x, y  R. If
 3   1 
f   = 12 and g   = 2, then the value of
 5   3 
 1 
 f    g(–2) – 8  g(0) is ________ .
  4 
[JEE - Advanced 2024]

Q.24 Let the function f : [1, )  R be defined by

f(t)=
 ( 1) n 1 2, if t  2n  1, n  N,

 (2n  1  t) (t  (2n  1))
 f (2n – 1)  f (2n  1), if 2n  1  t  2n  1, n  N.
 2 2
x
Define g(x) =  f (t)dt, x  (1, ). Let denote
1
the number of solutions of the equation g(x) = 0
g( x )
in the interval (1, 8] and  = lim . Then

x 1 x 1
the value of  +  is equal to ______ .
[JEE - Advanced 2024]

38 | Function __________________________________________________________________________________
 EXERCISE (Level-6)
Review Exercise
Q.1 Find the natural number 'a' for which  b b
interval  a,  where a, b, c  N and is in
n  c c
n
 f (a  k)  16 (2
k1
 1) , where the function 'f' its lowest form. Find the value of
a + b + c + abc.
satisfies the relation f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all
natural numbers x, y and further f(1) = 2.
Q.8 Let f : R  R – {3} be a function with the
[IIT-1992]
property that there exist T > 0 such that

Q.2 A function f : R  R, where R, is the set of real f (x )  5

f(x + T) = for every x  R. Prove that
f (x )  3
x 2  6 x  8
numbers, is defined by f(x) = f(x) is periodic.
  6x  8 x 2
Find the interval of values of  for which f(x) is
Q.9 In a function
onto. Is the functions one-to-one for
 = 3? Justify your answer. [IIT 1996] 1    1  
2f(x) + x f   –2f  2 sin    x    
x    4  
 
  
Q.3 Let f(x) = [x] sin   , where [.] denotes the x 
 [x  1]  = 4 cos2 + x cos . Prove that
2 x
greatest integer function. Then find the domain
1
of f. [IIT 1996] (i) f (2) + f   =1
2
Q.4 If f is an even function defined on the interval (ii) f (2) + f (1) = 0
(–5, 5), then four real values of x satisfying the
 x 1  x 2  8x  18
equation f(x) = f   are .......,......... and. Q.10 Verify if f (x) = is an one-one
x 2 x 2  4 x  30
............ [IIT-1996] function.

Q.5 If the function f : [1, )  [1, ) is defined by Q.11 Find the domain of the function,
f (x) = 2x(x–1) , then find the value of f –1 (x) . 1
f(x) =
[IIT 99] [| x  1|]  [|7  x |]  6
Where[·] is greatest integer function.
Q.6 Let [x] = the greatest integer less than or equal
to x. If all the values of x such that the product Q.12 Let n be a positive integer and define
 1  1 f (n) = 1! + 2! + 3! + ...... + n!,
x  2   x  2  is prime, belongs to the set
    where n! = n(n – 1)(n – 2) .... 3.2.1.
[x1, x2)  [x3, x4), find the value of x12 + x22 + x32 + x42. Find the polynomial P(x) and Q(x) such that
f (n + 2) = P(n) f (n + 1) + Q(n) f (n), for all n  1.
Q.7 The set of real values of 'x' satisfying the
Q.13 Find the domain of
3 4
equality   +   = 5 (where [ ] denotes the
x  x   2x  1 
y   log x  4  log 2 
greatest integer function) belongs to the 2 
3x 

___________________________________________________________________________________ Function | 39
Passage (Q.14 & 15) Q.15 Let f (x) = x + (x) ; x < 0
3x – 2(x) ; x  0
If notation [x] denotes least integer greater than
Range of sgn f (x) is -
or equal to x and (.) denotes greatest integer
(A) {–1, 0, 1} (B) {–1, 1}
less than or equal to x, then
(C) {1, 0} (D) {–1, 0}

Q.14 The solution set of the equation

Q.16 Let A be a set of n distinct elements. Then the
(x)2 + [x]2 = [x – 1]2 + (x + 1)2 is -
total number of distinct functions from A to A is
(A) {x; x  R} (B) {x; x  R – Z}
.......... & out of these ....... are onto functions.
(C) {x; x  Z} (D) {x; x  }
[IIT-1985]

40 | Function __________________________________________________________________________________
 ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE (Level-1)
1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (D) 5. (A) 6. (C) 7. (B)
8. (C) 9. (C) 10. (B) 11. (C) 12. (A) 13. (D) 14. (C)
15. (A) 16. (D) 17. (B) 18. (D) 19. (B) 20. (A) 21. (B)
22. (C) 23. (B) 24. (C) 25. (A) 26. (A) 27. (A) 28. (B)
29. (B) 30. (B) 31. (A) 32. (D) 33. (B) 34. (D) 35. (A)
36. (A) 37. (A) 38. (D) 39. (C) 40. (A) 41. (A)

EXERCISE (Level-2)
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (B) 7. (D)
8. (D) 9. (C) 10. (A) 11. (C) 12. (D) 13. (B) 14. (B)
15. (D) 16. (C) 17. (D) 18. (C) 19. (B) 20. (B) 21. (D)
22. (A) 23. (D) 24. (B) 25. (A) 26. (D) 27. (A) 28. (A)
29. (A) 30. (B)

EXERCISE (Level-3)
1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. (C) 5. (C) 6. (B) 7. (C)
8. (A) 9. (D) 10. (C) 11. (C) 12. (B) 13. (B) 14. (C)
15. (D) 16. (D) 17. (C) 18. (C) 19. (B) 20. (B) 21. (B)
22. (C) 23. (D) 24. (C) 25. (C) 26. (B) 27. (A) 28. (D)
29. (Bonus) 30. (A) 31. (D) 32. (B) 33. (B) 34. (C) 35. (D)
36. (B) 37. (B) 38. (A) 39. (C) 40. (D) 41. (C) 42. (C)
43. (B) 44. (D) 45. (D) 46. (B) 47. 18.00 48. 1440 49. (C)
50. (D) 51. (A) 52. (B) 53. (B) 54. (B) 55. (B) 56. (A)
57. (D) 58. (B)

EXERCISE (Level-4)
Part-A
1. (A,B,D) 2. (A,B,C,D) 3. (A,B) 4. (A,B,C) 5. (A,B,C,D) 6. (A,B) 7. (B,C,D)
8. (A,B,C,D) 9. (A,B) 10. (B,D) 11. (B,C) 12. (B,D) 13. (C) 14. (B,D)
15. (A,B,C,D) 16. (B,C,D) 17. (A,B,C,D) 18. (A,B,C)

Part-B
19. (D) 20. (A) 21. (B) 22. (C)

Part-C
23. A  R, B  P, C  S, D  Q 24. A  Q, B  S, C  P, D  R
25. A  S, B  S, C  S, D  R 26. A  R, B  Q,R, C  Q, D  S

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 Part-D
27. (A) 28. (C) 29. (C) 30. (A) 31. (A,B,C,D) 32. (C) 33. (C)
34. (B) 35. (C) 36. (C) 37. (D) 38. (C)

Part-E
39. 1 40. 1 41. 2 42. 3 43. 3

Part-F
 5  3       3 5   1
44. (i)   ,    ,    ,  (ii)   4,   (2, ) (iii) (–, –3] (iii) (–, –3]
 4 4   4 4  4 4   2
(iv) (–, –1)  [0, ) (v) (3 –2 < x < 3 – )  (3 < x 4)

 1   1 1  1  5  1  5 
(vi)  0,   ,  (vii) (–1 < x < –1/2)  (x > 1) (vii)  , 0   , 
 
 100   100 10   2   2 
 1 3   1   5 
(ix) (–3, –1]  {0} [1, 3) (x)  0,    , 1   {x : x  N, x  2} ,    ,6 
(xi)  
 4 4   6 3 3 
 1 
(xii) [–3, –2)  [3, 4) (xiii) R –  , 0
 2 
(xiv) 2n < x < (2n +1) but x  1 where n is non-negative integer. (xv) x  {4, 5}
45. (i) D : x  R R : [0, 2] (ii) D = R ; range [–1, 1]
(iii) D : {x | x R; x –3 ; x  2} R : {f (x) | f(x)  R, f(x)  1/5 ; f(x) 1}

(iv) D : R ; R : (–1, 1) (v) D : –1  x 2; R : [ 3 , 6 ]

  5
(vi) D : x  (2n, (2n +1)) – {2n + , 2n + , 2n + , n  I} and Range is (–) – {0}
6 2 6
 1  1 1   1 
(vii) D : [–4, ) – {5}; R :  0,   , (viii)  ,   (ix)  , 1
 6   6 3  4  2 
x 1  5
46. (b) (i), (iii) are identical. 48. f(x) = 49.  0,  50. [0, 4)
x 1  3
 x ;2 x 0
 1 
51.  0 ; 0  x  1 52.  
2( x  1) ; 1  x  2 4 

 129 33 9 
53. A = 0, log 3 7, , , , 3, 5, 6 and since f (x) is not bijective therefore f –1 : B  A is not possible.
 64 16 4 
   
 x tan x ,  2  x  0 x tan x ,  2  x  0
57. fo (x)  ; fe (x) = 
  
  [ x ],  2  x    [ x ],  2  x  
 2 2 2 2

42 | Function __________________________________________________________________________________
 x  1 , 0  x 1
 (1  x ), 1  x  0   x , 0  x  1
3x , 1x 2
58. fog ( x )   ; gof ( x )  
 ; fof ( x )   ;
 x  1, 0x2 x  1 , 2x 3 4  x , 3  x  4
5  x , 3x 4
  x , 1  x  0

gog( x )   x , 0  x  2
4  x , 2  x  3

59. Domain : [1, 2]; Range : [n 2, n 4)

60. (i) neither even nor odd (ii) even (iii) even (iv) even (v) odd
2
61. (i)  (ii) 2 (iii) (iv) 2 (v) 2n  (vi)   62. f(x) = 2x2 63. 6016
3

EXERCISE (Level-5)
     3  
1. (A) 2. (C) 3.   ,    ,  4. A  P,R,S; B  Q,S; C  Q,S; D  P,R,S
 2 10  10 2 
5. (A) 6. (B) 7. (This question was awarded as bonus) 8. (A,B,C) 9. (A,B,C)
10. 119.00 11. (A) 12. (C) 13. 1.00 14. 19.00 15. (A,B)
16. (B,C,D) 17. (C) 18. 8 19. (C) 20. (A, B) 21.(C) 22.(D)
23. [51.00] 24. [5.00]

EXERCISE (Level-6)
3 5 1
1. a = 3 2.     3. {x R | x  [–1, 0)}  
2
5.
2

1  1  4 log 2 x 
6. 11 7. 20 10. No 11. R – (0, 1)  {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}  (7, 8)
12. P(x) = x + 3, Q(x) = – (x + 2) 13. (–4, –3)  (4, ) 14. (B) 15.(A)
16. nn, n!

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 NOTES

44 | Function __________________________________________________________________________________