Course: Mobile Computing

Programme: BTI Semester XII

About the Course:
Lecture Hours/Week: 3
Practical Hours/Week: 2
Credits: 4
Course Objective: To provide fundamental knowledge
about various aspects of Mobile Computing

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Unit 1
Contents:
Introduction:
• Introduction to mobile computing,
• Application examples
• Mobile computing architecture
• Mobile devices.

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Unit 2 – 6 hrs
Contents:
Medium Access Control:
• Motivation for special MAC : Hidden and
Exposed Terminal, Near and Far Terminal
• SDMA, FDMA, TDMA, CDMA
• Aloha , Reservation Schemes
• Collision Avoidance, MACA
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Unit3 – 6hrs
Contents:
Logical Mobility:
• Process migration, Steps in process
migration, Advantages and application of
process migration
• Mobile Agents, Mobile Agent Platform

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Unit 4 – 8 hrs
Contents:
Physical Mobility:
• Mobile IP
• Optimised TCP – Different Types

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Unit 5 – 2 hrs
Contents:
Mobile Databases
• Design Issues,
• Problems in mobile databases
• CODA File System

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Unit 6 – 04 hrs
Contents:
Wireless Communication
• Components of Wireless Communication
Systems
• Bluetooth: Application, Protocol Stack,
Services, Frame Structure
• Architecture of Mobile Communication
Systems, Wireless Networking Standards,
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WLAN
Unit 7 – 04 hrs
Contents:
Mobile Internet and Wireless web
• WAP programming model,
• WAP protocol stack,
• WAP 2.0, XHTML- MP

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Unit 8 – 08 hrs
Contents:
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks
• MANET characteristics,
• Classification of MANETs,
• Routing in MANETs,
• DSDV, DSR, AODV, Zone routing protocol
• Hierarchical State routing protocol,
• Power aware routing metrics Slide #1-9
Unit 9 – 03 hrs
Contents:
Mobile OS
• Case study of Android OS and Symbian OS

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 Textbooks and Reference Books
Text books
1. Kum Kum Garg, ”Mobile Computing Theory and
Practice”, Pearson Education, 2010
Reference Books
1. Jochen Schiller, “Mobile Communications”, 2nd Edition,
Pearson Education
2. Raj Kamal, “Mobile Computing” , Oxford University Press,
2007

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 Mobile Computing
• A technology that allows transmission of
data, voice and video via a computer or any
other wireless enabled device without
having to be connected to a fixed physical
link.

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 Evolution of Mobile Computing
• The mobile wireless Generation (G)
generally refers to a change in the nature of
the system, speed, technology, frequency,
data capacity, latency.
• First Generation: 1 G

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 Evolution of Mobile Computing
First Generation: 1 G
• Introduced in 1980 and continued till 1990
• Used for voice communication based on a
technology called AMPS( Advanced Mobile
Phone System)
• AMPS system uses FDMA
• Speed 2.4 kbps
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Evolution of Mobile Computing

First Generation: 1 G
• Allows voice calls in 1 country
• Use analog signal.
• Poor voice quality
• Poor battery life
• Limited capacity and poor handoff reliability

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Evolution of Mobile Computing
Second Generation: 2 G
• It uses digital signals for voice transmission
• Provides services to deliver text and picture message
at low speed (in kbps).
• It implemented both GSM and CDMA
• Uses both packet switched and circuit switched to
provide data rate upto 144 Kbps
• Eg. GPRS,CDMA and EDGE

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Evolution of Mobile Computing
Second Generation: 2 G
• SMS, internal roaming , conference calls, call hold and
billing based on services e.g. charges based on long distance
calls and real time billing.
• The max speed of 2G with General Packet Radio Service (
GPRS ) is 50 Kbps or 1 Mbps with Enhanced Data Rates for
GSM Evolution ( EDGE ).
• Before making the major leap from 2G to 3G wireless
networks, the lesser-known 2.5G and 2.75G was an interim
standard that bridged the gap.

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Cellular Architecture

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 Communication Flow
1. Call Request:
• A mobile device initiates a call.
• The Base Station sends the request to the
BSC, which forwards it to the MSC.
• The MSC validates the request, authenticates
the user, and establishes the call.

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 Communication Flow
2. Handover:
• A user moves to a new cell.
• The BSC detects signal strength changes and
requests the MSC to coordinate the handover
if it involves another BSC.
• The MSC informs the new BSC to allocate
resources, ensuring seamless service.

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Evolution of Mobile Computing

Second Generation: 2.5 G

• Provides phone calls
• Send/receive e-mail messages
• Web browsing
• Speed : 64-144 kbps
• Camera phones

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Evolution of Mobile Computing

Third Generation: 3 G
• Web browsing, email, video downloading, picture sharing and
other Smartphone technology were introduced in the third
generation
• 3G is based on GSM and was launched in 2000.
• Speed 2 Mbps
• Increased bandwidth and data transfer rates to accommodate
web-based applications and audio and video files

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Evolution of Mobile Computing

Fourth Generation: 4 G
• 4G offers a downloading speed of 100Mbps.
• Capable of provide 10Mbps-1Gbps speed
• High quality streaming video
• Combination of Wi-Fi and Wi-Max
• High security
• LTE, LTE Advanced and WiMax
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 Evolution of Mobile Computing
• Higher Data Rates: 5G is designed to provide
significantly faster data rates compared to 4G. It aims to
achieve peak data rates of up to 20 Gbps, enabling faster
download and upload speeds.

• Low Latency: 5G networks aim to reduce latency, the time

it takes for data to travel from the source to the destination.
Low latency is crucial for applications like real-time
gaming, augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR).

11-12-2023 Slide #1-24

 Evolution of Mobile Computing
• Increased Network Capacity: 5G networks are designed
to handle a much larger number of connected devices
simultaneously. This is essential for the growing number of
IoT (Internet of Things) devices and the increasing demand
for connectivity.

• Improved Reliability: 5G is expected to offer improved

network reliability and stability. This is achieved through
technologies like network slicing, which allows for the
creation of virtualized, dedicated networks for specific use
cases
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 Technologies that offer
foundation to 5G
1. Milli-meter Wave Frequencies
• Utilizes higher frequency bands (24 GHz to
100 GHz) for data transmission.
• Enables faster data rates and reduced latency
due to the higher bandwidth available.
• Susceptibility to obstacles like buildings and
foliage.

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 Technologies that offer
foundation to 5G
2. Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
(Massive MIMO)
• Extends traditional MIMO technology by using a
large number of antennas (tens or hundreds) at the
base station.
• Improves spectral efficiency, increases network
capacity, and enhances signal reliability.

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 Technologies that offer
foundation to 5G
3. Beamforming
• Directs signals towards specific users rather than
broadcasting them omnidirectionally.
• Enhances signal strength and quality, reduces
interference, and supports mmWave usage.
4. Small Cells
• Deploys low-powered, short-range base stations to
enhance coverage in high-density areas.

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Applications I

• Vehicles
– transmission of news, road condition, weather, music
via DAB personal communication using GSM
– position via GPS
– local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to
prevent accidents, guidance system, redundancy
– vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains)
can be transmitted in advance for maintenance

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Applications II

• Emergencies
– early transmission of patient data to the hospital,
current status, first diagnosis
– replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of
earthquakes, hurricanes, fire, crisis, war etc.

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Applications III

• Travelling Business People

– direct access to customer files stored in a central
location
– consistent databases for all agents
– mobile office
• Replacement of fixed networks
– remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities
– flexibility for trade shows
– LANs in historic buildings
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Location dependent services

• Location aware services

– what services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc.
exist in the local environment
• Follow-on services
– automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual
workspace to the current location
• Information services
– Push “: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket
– Pull“: e.g., where can I get my favorite pastry?
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Location dependent services

• Support services
caches, intermediate results, state information etc.
follow the mobile device through the fixed network
• Privacy
who should gain knowledge about the location

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Mobile Computing Architecture

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 Mobile Computing Architecture

• Three tier architecture

– User interface\Presentation tier
– Application Tier
– Data Tier
 Mobile Computing Architecture

• User Interface Presentation Tier –

– Deals with user facing, device handling and
rendering
– Includes interface where user services (such as
session, text input, dialog and display
management resides).
 Presentation (Tier-1)

• This is the user facing system in the first tier.

• Layer of agent applications and systems.

• Applications run on the client device and offer all the user
interfaces.

• Tier – responsible for presenting information to the end

user.
 Presentation (Tier-1)

Access
applications
through http API Applications

Agent software
in client : Web
browsers
 Mobile Computing Architecture

• Application Tier - Second tier

– Layer is for application programs or Process
management

– Business logic resides

– Controls transaction, queuing – to support

multiple users at a time.
 Application (Tier-2)

• Performs the business logic of processing user input,

obtaining data and making decisions.

• May include technologies like:

– CGI, JAVA, JSP, .NET services, PHP

• Application tier is presentation and database

independent.
 Application (Tier-2)

• Functions performed:
– Network management
– Security
– Database access
• Most of this functions are implemented using
middleware software's.
• Middleware software's – are between
operating system and user interface.
 Application (Tier-2)

• Middleware between – client agent and

business logic
• Middleware may include:
– Distributed objects and components
– Message Oriented communication
– Database connectors
– Mobile application support
– Transaction drivers
 Application (Tier-2)- Message
oriented middleware

• Connects different applications through

exchange of messages.

• Works on networked environment – without

having to know what platform or process or
the other application is.

• MOM system provides message queue

between any two interoperating applications
 Application (Tier-2)- Message
oriented middleware

• Works in publish-subscribe manner

– One or many objects subscribe to an event.
– When event occurs, MOM will notify subscribers
about the event.

• Suitable for event driven applications – when

an event occurs, publisher application will
inform MOM middleware to publish event to
subscribers.
 Application (Tier-2)- Transaction
Processing middleware

• Able to input data into the system at the point

of information source and the output of the
system is delivered at the point of information
sink.
 Application (Tier-2)- Transaction
Processing middleware

• TP is used in
– Data management
– Network access
– Security systems
– Delivery order processing
– Airline reservations
– Customer service
 Application (Tier-2)- Transaction
Processing middleware
Client
Client
Processing
routines
Client

Client Transaction
Processing Application
Client Middleware Server

Client
Client
 Application (Tier-2)-
Communication middleware

• Used to connect one application to another

application.
• Like connecting one application to another
through telnet.
• Used in telecommunication network.
• Two devices for example PC, tab –
communicates with each other irrespective of
its size or platform – through communication
middleware
 Application (Tier-2)- Transcoding
middleware
• is used to transcode one format of data to another
format to suit the need of the client.

– For example : If we want to access a web site through a

mobile phone supporting WAP, we need to transcode the
HTML page to WML page.

– Accessing a map from a PDA – same map which can be

shown in a computer – needs to be reduced in size to for
the device.
– Some frames in a video clip need to be dropped for a low
bandwidth network.
 Data Tier

• For database access and management.

• Used to store data required by application
• To store temporarily or permanently
• Data can be stored in a form of
– Relational database
– XML format – for interoperability with other
system and data sources.
– Document
Mobile Devices

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