CHAPTER 10.

PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC
DR. PHAM THANH TUNG
[email protected]
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CONTENT

4. Disjunction
5. Conditional Statements
DISJUNCTION
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DISJUNCTION (V)
Disjunction:
• A compound statement
• Statements are set apart by OR
• Symbol: p v q
Example of Disjunction:
• Frank is angry or Hank is tired
Frank is angry: p
Hank is tired: q
Frank is angry or Hank is tired: p v q
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DISJUNCTION (V)
• Truth value of disjunction: Disjunction is false if and
only if both of simpler statements are false
• Truth table of disjunction:
p q pvq
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
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DISJUNCTION (V)
Example 4.1: Check the validity of the argument
Frank is angry or Hank is tired.
So, Frank is angry
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DISJUNCTION (V)
Example 4.1: Check the validity of the argument
Step 1: Symbolize statements and argument
• Frank is angry or Hank is tired
Frank is angry: p
Hank is tired: q
Frank is angry or Hank is tired: p v q *
• So, Frank is angry
Symbolic form
So, Frank is angry: p (C) pvq
‫؞‬p
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DISJUNCTION (V)
Example 4.1: Check the validity of the argument
Argument: Symbolic form:
Frank is angry or Hank is tired. pvq
So, Frank is angry. ‫؞‬p

Step 2: Make a truth table

p q pvq* p (C)
T T
T F
F T
F F
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DISJUNCTION (V)
Example 4.1: Check the validity of the argument
Argument: Symbolic form:
Frank is angry or Hank is tired. pvq
So, Frank is angry. ‫؞‬p

Step 2: Make a truth table

p q pvq* p (C)
T T T T
T F T T
F T T F
F F F F
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DISJUNCTION (V)
Example 4.1: Check the validity of the argument
Step 3: Check validity of argument
p q pvq* p (C)
T T T T
T F T T
F T T F → Invalid
F F F F
How to check validity?
• Invalid: Any line with all true premises and false conclusion.
• Valid: No such line.
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DISJUNCTION (V)
Example 4.2: Check the validity of the argument
Frank is angry or Hank is tired.
It’s not the case that Hank is tired and Larry is lonely.
So, Hank is tired.
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DISJUNCTION (V)
Example 4.2: Check the validity of the argument
Step 1: Symbolize statements and argument
• Frank is angry or Hank is tired.
Frank is angry: p
Hank is tired: q
Frank is angry or Hank is tired: p v q *
• It’s not the case that Hank is tired and Larry is lonely.
Larry is lonely: r
Symbolic form
Hank is tired and Larry is lonely: q & r
It’s not the case …: ~(q & r) *
pvq
• So, Hank is tired. ~(q & r)
So, Hank is tired: q (C) ‫؞‬q
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DISJUNCTION (V)
Example 4.2: Check the validity of the argument
Step 2: Make a truth table
p q r q&r p v q * ~(q&r) * q (C)
T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
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DISJUNCTION (V)
Example 4.2: Check the validity of the argument
Step 2: Make a truth table
p q r q&r pvq* ~(q&r) * q (C)
T T T T T F T
T T F F T T T
T F T F T T F
T F F F T T F
F T T T T F T
F T F F T T T
F F T F F T F
F F F F F T F
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DISJUNCTION (V)
Example 4.2: Check the validity of the argument
Step 3: Check validity of argument
p q r q&r p v q * ~(q&r) * q (C)
T T T T T F T
T T F F T T T
T F T F T T F → Invalid
T F F F T T F
F T T T T F T
F T F F T T T
F F T F F T F
F F F F F T F
CONDITIONAL
STATEMENT
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CONDITIONAL STATEMENT (→)

Conditional statement:
• A compound statement
• If [antecedent] then [consequence]
• Symbol: p → q
Example of condition statement:
• If it rained, then the ground is wet
It rained: p
The ground is wet: q
If it rained, then the ground is wet: p → q
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CONDITIONAL STATEMENT (→)

• Truth value of conditional statement: Conditional
statement is false if and only if antecedent is true and
consequence is false.
• Truth table of conditional statement:
p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
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CONDITIONAL STATEMENT (→)

Example 5.1: Check the validity of the statement
If it rained, then the ground is wet.
The ground is not wet.
So, it did not rain.
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CONDITIONAL STATEMENT (→)

Example 5.1: Check the validity of the statement
Step 1: Symbolize statements and argument
• If it rained, then the ground is wet.
It rained: p
The ground is wet: q
If it rained, then the ground is wet: p→q * Symbolic form
• The ground is not wet.
p→q
The ground is not wet: ~q *
• So, it did not rain.
~q
So, it did not rain: ~p (C) ‫~ ؞‬p
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CONDITIONAL STATEMENT (→)

Example 5.1: Check the validity of the argument
Argument: Symbolic form
If it rained, then the ground is wet. p→q
The ground is not wet. ~q
So, it did not rain. ‫~ ؞‬p

Step 2: Make a truth table

p q p→q* ~q * ~p (C)
T T
T F
F T
F F
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CONDITIONAL STATEMENT (→)

Example 5.1: Check the validity of the argument
Argument: Symbolic form
If it rained, then the ground is wet. p→q
The ground is not wet. ~q
So, it did not rain. ‫~ ؞‬p

Step 2: Make a truth table

p q p→q* ~q * ~p (C)
T T T F F
T F F T F
F T T F T
F F T T T
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CONDITIONAL STATEMENT (→)

Example 5.1: Check the validity of the argument
Argument: Symbolic form
If it rained, then the ground is wet. p→q
The ground is not wet. ~q
So, it did not rain. ‫~ ؞‬p

Step 3: Check validity of argument

p q p→q* ~q * ~p (C)
T T T F F
T F F T F
F T T F T
F F T T T → Valid
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CONDITIONAL STATEMENT (→)

Example 5.2: Check the validity of the statement
It is not the case that if it rained, then the ground was wet.
The ground was wet or the ground was dry.
So, if the ground was wet, then it rained.
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CONDITIONAL STATEMENT (→)

Example 5.2: Check the validity of the statement
Step 1: Symbolize statements and argument
• It is not the case that if it rained, then the ground was wet.
It rained: p
The ground was wet: q
If it rained, then the ground was wet: p→q
It is not the case…: ~(p→q) *
• The ground was wet or the ground was dry. Symbolic form
The ground was dry: r ~(p→q)
The ground was wet or the ground was dry: q v r * qvr
• So, if the ground was wet, then it rained.
‫ ؞‬q→p
So, if the ground was wet, then it rained: q→p (C)
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CONDITIONAL STATEMENT (→)

Example 5.2: Check the validity of the statement
Step 2: Make a truth table
p q r p→q ~(p→q) * qvr* q→p (C)
T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
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CONDITIONAL STATEMENT (→)

Example 5.2: Check the validity of the statement
Step 2: Make a truth table
p q r p→q ~(p→q) * qvr* q→p (C)
T T T T F T T
T T F T F T T
T F T F T T T
T F F F T F T
F T T T F T F
F T F T F T F
F F T T F T T
F F F T F F T
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CONDITIONAL STATEMENT (→)

Example 5.2: Check the validity of the statement
Step 3: Check validity of statement
p q r p→q ~(p→q) * qvr* q→p (C)
T T T T F T T
T T F T F T T
T F T F T T T → Valid
T F F F T F T
F T T T F T F
F T F T F T F
F F T T F T T
F F F T F F T