Systems and Control

DYNAMIC SYSTEM PROPERTIES AND CONTROL SYSTEMS OVERVIEW

2024
Introduction to Systems and Control
Cont…,

Overview of dynamic systems and their importance in control engineering

• Dynamic systems evolve over time in response to inputs, initial conditions, and
external factors. They are characterized by variables that change continuously
or in discrete steps over time, such as temperature, position, velocity, or
voltage.
• Importance of dynamic systems in control engineering: they provides
foundation for designing systems that respond predictably to inputs, adjust to
changes, and meet specific performance criteria.
• Applications of control systems(e.g., robotics, industrial automation).
Eg. cruise control, ABS braking systems), aerospace (e.g., flight control
systems), electronics (e.g., power converters), and even medical devices (e.g.,
infusion pumps, ventilators).
Classification of Dynamic Systems
Cont…,
Modeling of Dynamic Systems
Types of Dynamic Systems Modeling
White model: Electrical systems
White model: Mechanical systems
 Properties of Dynamic System

Dynamic Systems in the Time Domain:

• time-domain analysis: It is a method used in control engineering and
signal processing to study how a dynamic system responds to inputs over
time. This approach focuses on evaluating the time-dependent behavior
of systems.

• Examples of time-domain responses (e.g., step response, impulse

response).
Cont…,

 The properties of dynamic systems in the time domain:

1. Linearity
• A system is linear if it satisfies the principles of superposition and scaling. In
a linear system, the output for a combination of inputs is equal to the sum
of the individual outputs for each input.
• Mathematically, a⋅x1+b⋅x2 = a⋅y1+b⋅y2 , x1=y1, x2=y2
Input Output
2. Time Invariance
• A system is time-invariant if its behavior and characteristics do not change over time.
• Its essential when we need a system its response will remain consistent over time, making it
easier to predict and control.
 Cont…,
3. Stability
• Stability is a fundamental property that indicates whether the system’s output will remain bounded
(finite) for any bounded input.
• Stability is crucial in control engineering because unstable systems can lead to unbounded outputs,
which can be unsafe or cause the system to fail.
4. Transient and Steady-State Response
• Transient Response: The portion of the response that decays over time as the system approaches its
steady state. Key measures of transient response include:
• Rise Time: Time taken for the output to rise from a lower percentage (e.g., 10%) to a higher percentage (e.g., 90%)
of its final value.
• Peak Time: Time at which the output reaches its maximum value.
• Overshoot: The amount by which the output exceeds the steady-state value.
• Settling Time: Time required for the output to remain within a certain tolerance (e.g., 2% or 5%) of its final value.
 Steady-State Response: The behavior of the system after transients have decayed, where the output
settles to a constant or periodic value
 Cont…

Dynamic Systems in the Frequency Domain

• frequency-domain analysis: is a method used to study how dynamic systems respond
to inputs of different frequencies.
• The transfer function H(s) or H(jω) is a mathematical model that represents the
relationship between the input and output of a system in the frequency domain.

• Relevance of frequency domain in understanding system stability and behavior over

varying frequencies(Explain Bode plots, Nyquist plots, and frequency response).
 Eg. signal processing(making it particularly useful for understanding resonance, filtering,
and stability).
Aspect Time Domain Analysis Frequency Domain Analysis

Examines system response across different

Purpose Examines system response over time
frequencies
Primary Focus Transient and steady-state response Stability, resonance, and frequency response
Typical Tracking time-based behaviors (e.g., overshoot, settling
Assessing system behavior under sinusoidal inputs
Applications time)
Gain, phase shift, bandwidth, resonance, stability
Key Parameters Rise time, overshoot, settling time, steady-state error
margins

Analysis Tools Step response, impulse response, time-domain simulations Bode plot, Nyquist plot, frequency response curve

Stability
Pole location in the complex plane Gain and phase margins, Nyquist stability criterion
Assessment

Use Cases - Evaluating transient behavior - Designing controllers for specific frequency ranges

- Tuning for fast response and minimal overshoot - Assessing robustness and handling resonance

Examples - Robot arm positioning - Vibration analysis, filter design

- Step or impulse response in control systems - Stability assessment in feedback control systems
When to Use Each dynamic system domains?

• Use Time-Domain Analysis when you need to:

• Evaluate the transient response of a system (e.g., rise time, peak time, overshoot, settling time).
• Determine steady-state error or performance when tracking step or impulse inputs.
• Tune controllers for time-specific performance criteria, such as achieving a fast response or
reducing overshoot.
• Use Frequency-Domain Analysis when you need to:
• Assess system stability, especially in closed-loop control systems.
• Analyze resonance and determine the system’s response to periodic inputs.
• Design controllers with frequency-specific criteria (like gain and phase margins) for robustness
and filtering.
• Evaluate how the system behaves across a spectrum of frequencies, identifying which
frequencies are amplified or attenuated.
Control Systems

Overview of Control Systems

• Control Systems is a collection of components that work together to
manage, command, direct, or regulate the behavior of other devices or
systems to achieve a desired output

Two types of Control Systems(based on feedback s/m)

1) Open-loop Control Systems
2) Closed-loop Control Systems (Automatic)
Open-Loop Control Systems

• System which doesn’t automatically correct for variations in its

output
• No information is feedback to the system to adjust itself and
maintain a constant output
• An input is chosen on the basis of experience of such a system to
give the value of the required output.

• Advantages: simplicity, low cost.

• Limitations: lack of adaptability to disturbances and inaccuracies.
Closed-Loop Control Systems (Feedback Control)

• closed-loop systems: is a system that uses feedback to regulate its output

and automatically correct deviations from the desired output.

• Advantages: increased accuracy, adaptability to disturbances.

• Common examples (e.g., thermostat, cruise control).
Digital Control Systems

• Digital control systems: is a type of control system that uses digital (discrete) signals for processing and
control, typically involving a microcontroller, digital signal processor (DSP), or computer to make control
decisions.
• Key components:
1. Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC), Eg. (temperature, speed)
2. Sample and Hold Circuit: Samples the input signal at discrete intervals and holds each sampled value
3. Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC):
4. Actuators and Plant: Actuators e.g., motors, valves

• Benefits of digital control: precision, ease of integration with computers.

Open-Loop vs. Closed-Loop Systems
 Q&A

• Open the floor for questions.

Thankyou