# 1.a.

Compound Interest

principal = float(input("Enter principal amount: "))[cite: 1]

rate = float(input("Enter annual interest rate (as a decimal): "))[cite: 1]

periods = float(input("Enter number of compounding periods: "))[cite: 1]

amount = principal * (1 + rate) ** periods [cite: 1]

compound_interest = amount - principal [cite: 1]

print("Compound Interest:", compound_interest)

# 1.b. is_sorted

list_input_str = input("Enter elements of the list separated by commas: ")

my_list_b = [int(x.strip()) for x in list_input_str.split(',')]

is_sorted_flag = True

for i in range(len(my_list_b) - 1):

if my_list_b[i] > my_list_b[i+1]:

is_sorted_flag = False

break

print(is_sorted_flag)

# 1.c. has_duplicates

list_input_str_c = input("Enter elements of the list separated by commas: ")

my_list_c = [x.strip() for x in list_input_str_c.split(',')]

has_duplicates_flag = False

seen_elements = set()

for item in my_list_c:

if item in seen_elements:

has_duplicates_flag = True

break

seen_elements.add(item)

print(has_duplicates_flag)
# 1.d. Character Type Checker

char_input = input("Enter a character: ")

if '0' <= char_input <= '9': [cite: 4]

print("Digit") [cite: 4]

elif 'a' <= char_input <= 'z': [cite: 4]

print("Lowercase character") [cite: 4]

elif 'A' <= char_input <= 'Z': [cite: 4]

print("Uppercase character") [cite: 4]

else: [cite: 4]

print("Special character") [cite: 4]

# 1.e. Distance between two points

import math

x1 = float(input("Enter x1: "))[cite: 5]

y1 = float(input("Enter y1: "))[cite: 5]

x2 = float(input("Enter x2: "))[cite: 5]

y2 = float(input("Enter y2: "))[cite: 5]

distance = math.sqrt((x2 - x1)**2 + (y2 - y1)**2) [cite: 5]

print("Distance:", distance)

# 1.f. GCD

a_gcd = int(input("Enter first number for GCD: "))[cite: 6]

b_gcd = int(input("Enter second number for GCD: "))[cite: 6]

while b_gcd: [cite: 6]

a_gcd, b_gcd = b_gcd, a_gcd % b_gcd [cite: 6]

print("GCD:", a_gcd)

# 1.g. Convert list and tuple to arrays (using numpy)

list_input_g = input("Enter elements of the list separated by commas: ") [cite: 7]

my_list_g = [int(x.strip()) for x in list_input_g.split(',')] [cite: 7]

tuple_input_g = input("Enter elements of the tuple separated by commas: ") [cite: 7]

my_tuple_g = tuple(int(x.strip()) for x in tuple_input_g.split(',')) [cite: 7]

list_array = np.array(my_list_g) [cite: 7]

tuple_array = np.array(my_tuple_g) [cite: 7]

print("List as array:", list_array) [cite: 7]

print("Tuple as array:", tuple_array) [cite: 7]

# 1.h. remove_duplicates

list_input_str_h = input("Enter elements of the list separated by commas: ")

my_list_h = [x.strip() for x in list_input_str_h.split(',')]

unique_list = []

seen_h = set()

for item in my_list_h:

if item not in seen_h:

unique_list.append(item)

seen_h.add(item)

print(unique_list)

# 1.i. Read and print person details

name = input("Enter name: ")[cite: 9]

address = input("Enter address: ")[cite: 9]

email = input("Enter email: ")[cite: 9]

phone = input("Enter phone number: ")[cite: 9]

print("Name:", name) [cite: 9]

print("Address:", address) [cite: 9]

print("Email:", email) [cite: 9]

print("Phone Number:", phone) [cite: 9]

# 1.j. Capitalize first letter of each word

sentence_input_j = input("Enter a sentence: ") [cite: 10]

words_j = sentence_input_j.split() [cite: 10]

capitalized_words_j = [word.capitalize() for word in words_j] [cite: 10]

result_sentence_j = ' '.join(capitalized_words_j) [cite: 10]

print(result_sentence_j)

# 1.k. Find common values between two arrays (using numpy)

import numpy as np [cite: 11]

arr1_input_k = input("Enter elements of the first array separated by commas: ") [cite: 11]

arr1_k = np.array([int(x.strip()) for x in arr1_input_k.split(',')]) [cite: 11]

arr2_input_k = input("Enter elements of the second array separated by commas: ") [cite: 11]

arr2_k = np.array([int(x.strip()) for x in arr2_input_k.split(',')]) [cite: 11]

common_values_k = np.intersect1d(arr1_k, arr2_k) [cite: 11]

print("Common values:", common_values_k) [cite: 11]

# 1.l. Palindrome

string_input_l = input("Enter a string: ") [cite: 12]

if string_input_l == string_input_l[::-1]: [cite: 12]

print(True) [cite: 12]

print(False) [cite: 12]

# 2.a. Print triangle

rows_a = 5 [cite: 13]

for i_a in range(rows_a, 0, -1): [cite: 13]

print((str(i_a) + ' ') * (rows_a - i_a + 1)) [cite: 13]

# 2.b. Digital Logic Gates

a_logic = bool(int(input("Enter value for A (0 or 1): ")))[cite: 14]

b_logic = bool(int(input("Enter value for B (0 or 1): ")))[cite: 14]

print("AND:", a_logic and b_logic)[cite: 14]

print("OR:", a_logic or b_logic)[cite: 14]

print("NOT A:", not a_logic)[cite: 14]

print("NOT B:", not b_logic)[cite: 14]

print("EX-OR:", a_logic ^ b_logic)[cite: 14]

# 2.c. Word with most occurrences in a text file

file_name_c = input("Enter the filename for word count: ") [cite: 15]

try:

with open(file_name_c, 'r') as file_c: [cite: 15]

text_c = file_c.read().lower() [cite: 15]

words_c = text_c.split() [cite: 15]

word_counts_c = {} [cite: 15]

for word_c in words_c: [cite: 15]

word_c = word_c.strip('.,!?;:"\'') [cite: 15]

word_counts_c[word_c] = word_counts_c.get(word_c, 0) + 1 [cite: 15]

most_common_word_c = max(word_counts_c, key=word_counts_c.get) [cite: 15]

print("Word with most occurrences:", most_common_word_c) [cite: 15]

else: [cite: 15]

print("File is empty or contains no words.")

except FileNotFoundError:

print("File not found.")

# 2.d. Invert dictionary content

user_input_d = input("Enter dictionary items as key:value pairs, separated by commas (e.g., 'a:1,b:2'): ")
[cite: 16]

input_list_d = [item.strip().split(':') for item in user_input_d.split(',')] [cite: 16]

original_dict_d = {k.strip(): v.strip() for k, v in input_list_d} [cite: 16]

inverted_dict_d = {v: k for k, v in original_dict_d.items()} [cite: 16]

print("Inverted dictionary:", inverted_dict_d) [cite: 16]

# 2.e. Define and print a matrix

rows_e = int(input("Enter the number of rows for the matrix: "))

cols_e = int(input("Enter the number of columns for the matrix: "))

matrix_e = []

print("Enter matrix elements row by row:")

for i_e in range(rows_e):

row_input_e = input(f"Enter elements for row {i_e+1} separated by spaces: ")

row_e = [int(x) for x in row_input_e.split()]

matrix_e.append(row_e)

print("\nMatrix:")

for row_print_e in matrix_e:

print(row_print_e)
# 3.a. Merge two file contents into a third file

file1_name_a = input("Enter the name of the first file to merge: ")

file2_name_a = input("Enter the name of the second file to merge: ")

output_file_name_a = input("Enter the name of the output file: ")

file1_content = ""

with open(file1_name_a, 'r') as file1_a: [cite: 18]

file1_content = file1_a.read() # [cite: 18]

file2_content = ""

with open(file2_name_a, 'r') as file2_a: # [cite: 18]

file2_content = file2_a.read() # [cite: 18]

with open(output_file_name_a, 'w') as outfile_a: # [cite: 18]

outfile_a.write(file1_content) # [cite: 18]

outfile_a.write(file2_content) # [cite: 18]

print(f"Contents of '{file1_name_a}' and '{file2_name_a}' merged into '{output_file_name_a}'.")

[cite: 18]

except FileNotFoundError:

print("One or both input files not found.")

# 3.b. Half Adder and Full Adder

A_adder = int(input("Enter A (0 or 1): ")) [cite: 19]

B_adder = int(input("Enter B (0 or 1): ")) [cite: 19]

# Half Adder

HA_Sum = A_adder ^ B_adder [cite: 19]

HA_Carry = A_adder & B_adder [cite: 19]

print("\nHalf Adder Output:") [cite: 19]

print("Sum:", HA_Sum) [cite: 19]

print("Carry:", HA_Carry) [cite: 19]

Cin_adder = int(input("Enter Cin (0 or 1) for Full Adder: ")) [cite: 19]

FA_Sum1 = HA_Sum ^ Cin_adder

FA_Carry1 = HA_Sum & Cin_adder

FA_Sum = FA_Sum1

FA_Carry = HA_Carry | FA_Carry1

print("\nFull Adder Output:") [cite: 19]

print("Sum:", FA_Sum) [cite: 19]

print("Carry:", FA_Carry) [cite: 19]

# 3.c. Check for words in a file

file_name_c_check = input("Enter the filename to open: ") #

words_to_check_input_c = input("Enter words to check (comma-separated): ") #

words_to_check_c = [word.strip().lower() for word in words_to_check_input_c.split(',')] #

file_c_check_object = open(file_name_c_check, 'r') #

content_c_check = file_c_check_object.read().lower() #

file_c_check_object.close() #

found_words_c = [] #

for word_c_check in words_to_check_c: #

if word_c_check in content_c_check: #

found_words_c.append(word_c_check) #

if found_words_c: #

print("Found words:", ", ".join(found_words_c)) #

else: #

print("None of the specified words were found.") #

class A_mro:

def method(self):

print("Method from A")

class B_mro(A_mro):

def method(self):

print("Method from B")

class C_mro(A_mro):

def method(self):

print("Method from C")

class D_mro(B_mro, C_mro):

pass

d_instance_mro = D_mro()

d_instance_mro.method() [cite: 21]

print("MRO of D:", D_mro.__mro__) [cite: 21]

# 3.e. Exception Handling

try:

num1_e = int(input("Enter numerator: ")) [cite: 22]

num2_e = int(input("Enter denominator: ")) [cite: 22]

result_e = num1_e / num2_e [cite: 22]

print("Division result:", result_e) [cite: 22]

except ZeroDivisionError: [cite: 22]

print("Error: Cannot divide by zero.") [cite: 22]

except ValueError: [cite: 22]

print("Error: Invalid input. Please enter integers.") [cite: 22]

except IndexError: [cite: 22]

print("Error: Index out of bounds.") [cite: 22]

print("Error: File not found.") [cite: 22]

except TypeError: [cite: 22]

print("Error: Type mismatch.") [cite: 22]

except Exception as e: [cite: 22]

print("An unexpected error occurred:", e) [cite: 22]

# 4.a. Module concept (basic example, typically this would be separate files)

def circle_area(radius):

return 3.14159 * radius * radius

def rectangle_area(length, width):

return length * width

shape_type_a = input("Enter shape (circle/rectangle): ").lower() [cite: 23]

if shape_type_a == "circle": [cite: 23]

r_a = float(input("Enter radius: ")) [cite: 23]

print("Area of circle:", circle_area(r_a)) [cite: 23]

elif shape_type_a == "rectangle": [cite: 23]

l_a = float(input("Enter length: ")) [cite: 23]

w_a = float(input("Enter width: ")) [cite: 23]

print("Area of rectangle:", rectangle_area(l_a, w_a)) [cite: 23]

else: [cite: 23]

print("Unknown shape.")

# 4.b. Analyze file content

file_name_b_analyze = input("Enter the filename to analyze: ") [cite: 24]

file_b_analyze_object = open(file_name_b_analyze, 'r') #

content_b_analyze = file_b_analyze_object.read() #
file_b_analyze_object.close() #

num_words_b = len(content_b_analyze.split()) [cite: 24]

num_vowels_b = 0 [cite: 24]

for char_b in content_b_analyze.lower(): [cite: 24]

if char_b in 'aeiou': [cite: 24]

num_vowels_b += 1 [cite: 24]

num_blank_spaces_b = content_b_analyze.count(' ') [cite: 24]

num_lower_b = 0 [cite: 24]

for char_b in content_b_analyze: [cite: 24]

if 'a' <= char_b <= 'z': [cite: 24]

num_lower_b += 1 [cite: 24]

num_upper_b = 0 [cite: 24]

for char_b in content_b_analyze: [cite: 24]

if 'A' <= char_b <= 'Z': [cite: 24]

num_upper_b += 1 [cite: 24]

print("Number of words:", num_words_b) [cite: 24]

print("Number of vowels:", num_vowels_b) [cite: 24]

print("Number of blank spaces:", num_blank_spaces_b) [cite: 24]

print("Number of lowercase letters:", num_lower_b) [cite: 24]

print("Number of uppercase letters:", num_upper_b) [cite: 24]

# 4.c. Generate all binary strings of n-bit length (recursive helper function still used internally)

def generate_binary_strings_recursive(n, current_string=""): [cite: 25]

if n == 0: [cite: 25]

print(current_string) [cite: 25]

return [cite: 25]

generate_binary_strings_recursive(n - 1, current_string + "0") [cite: 25]

generate_binary_strings_recursive(n - 1, current_string + "1") [cite: 25]

generate_binary_strings_recursive(n_bits_c)

# 4.d. Validate phone number and email-id

import re [cite: 26]

phone_number_d = input("Enter phone number: ") [cite: 26]

email_id_d = input("Enter email ID: ") [cite: 26]

phone_regex_d = r"^\+?(\d{1,3})?[-.\s]?\(?\d{3}\)?[-.\s]?\d{3}[-.\s]?\d{4}$" [cite: 26]

email_regex_d = r"^[a-zA-Z0-9._%+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}$" [cite: 26]

if re.fullmatch(phone_regex_d, phone_number_d): [cite: 26]

print("Phone number: Valid") [cite: 26]

else: [cite: 26]

print("Phone number: Invalid") [cite: 26]

if re.fullmatch(email_regex_d, email_id_d): [cite: 26]

print("Email ID: Valid") [cite: 26]

else: [cite: 26]

print("Email ID: Invalid") [cite: 26]

# 5. Pyplot plots (Requires matplotlib library: pip install matplotlib)

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt [cite: 27]

print("Choose plot type:") [cite: 27]

print("a. Line graph") [cite: 27]

print("b. Line graph with markers") [cite: 27]

print("c. Scatter plot") [cite: 28]

print("e. Histogram") [cite: 28]

print("f. Pie chart") [cite: 28]

choice_plot = input("Enter your choice (a-f): ").lower() [cite: 27]

if choice_plot in ['a', 'b', 'c']: [cite: 27, 28]

x_values_str_plot = input("Enter x values (comma-separated): ") [cite: 27]

y_values_str_plot = input("Enter y values (comma-separated): ") [cite: 27]

x_plot = [float(val.strip()) for val in x_values_str_plot.split(',')] [cite: 27]

y_plot = [float(val.strip()) for val in y_values_str_plot.split(',')] [cite: 27]

plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6)) [cite: 27]

if choice_plot == 'a': [cite: 27]

plt.plot(x_plot, y_plot) [cite: 27]

plt.title('Line Graph') [cite: 27]

plt.xlabel('X-axis') [cite: 27]

plt.ylabel('Y-axis') [cite: 27]

elif choice_plot == 'b': [cite: 27]

plt.plot(x_plot, y_plot, marker='o') [cite: 27]

plt.title('Line Graph with Markers') [cite: 27]

plt.xlabel('X-axis') [cite: 27]

plt.ylabel('Y-axis') [cite: 27]

elif choice_plot == 'c': [cite: 28]

plt.scatter(x_plot, y_plot) [cite: 28]

plt.title('Scatter Plot') [cite: 28]

plt.xlabel('X-axis') [cite: 28]

plt.ylabel('Y-axis') [cite: 28]

plt.grid(True) [cite: 27]

elif choice_plot == 'd': [cite: 28]

categories_str_plot = input("Enter categories (comma-separated): ") [cite: 28]

values_str_plot = input("Enter values (comma-separated): ") [cite: 28]

categories_plot = [val.strip() for val in categories_str_plot.split(',')] [cite: 28]

values_plot = [float(val.strip()) for val in values_str_plot.split(',')] [cite: 28]

plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6)) [cite: 28]

plt.bar(categories_plot, values_plot) [cite: 28]

plt.title('Bar Chart') [cite: 28]

plt.xlabel('Categories') [cite: 28]

plt.ylabel('Values') [cite: 28]

plt.show() [cite: 28]

elif choice_plot == 'e': [cite: 28]

data_str_plot = input("Enter data for histogram (comma-separated): ") [cite: 28]

data_plot = [float(val.strip()) for val in data_str_plot.split(',')] [cite: 28]

plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6)) [cite: 28]

plt.hist(data_plot, bins=5, edgecolor='black') [cite: 28]

plt.title('Histogram') [cite: 28]

plt.xlabel('Value') [cite: 28]

plt.ylabel('Frequency') [cite: 28]

plt.show() [cite: 28]

elif choice_plot == 'f': [cite: 28]

sizes_str_plot = input("Enter sizes for pie chart (comma-separated): ") [cite: 28]

labels_str_plot = input("Enter labels for pie chart (comma-separated): ") [cite: 28]
 sizes_plot = [float(val.strip()) for val in sizes_str_plot.split(',')] [cite: 28]

labels_plot = [val.strip() for val in labels_str_plot.split(',')] [cite: 28]

plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8)) [cite: 28]

plt.pie(sizes_plot, labels=labels_plot, autopct='%1.1f%%', startangle=90) [cite: 28]

plt.title('Pie Chart') [cite: 28]

plt.axis('equal') [cite: 28]

plt.show() [cite: 28]

else: [cite: 27]

print("Invalid choice.") [cite: 27]