(see Class 12 : Computer Science - Il Chapter 4 : Introduction to Microcontroller Marks Distribution 8 marks / 94 marks Chapter1: 21 / 21 2150 marks Chapter3: 4 / 4 41 MCQ=1 mark Chapter4: 8 / 8 1x3 marks = 3 marks 1x4 marks = 4 marks = , 30/50 marks Total / score =8Introduction to Microcontroller: What is microcontroller? “The microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system consisting of microprocessor and limited amounts of RAM, ROM and 1/0.” This system is built on a circuit. Building a complete microprocessor system on a single chip substantially reduces the cost of building simple products which use microprocessor's power to implement their functions. ingle integrated Microprocgasor Input / Output | mere Control unit Msaae Fig. Microcomputer system based on microprocessor Input / OutputIntroduction to Microcontroller “The microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system consisting of microprocessor and limited amounts of RAM, ROM and 1/0.” Microcontroller is in fact a microcomputer, but it is called so because they are used to perform control functions. The microcontroller designer identifies all the functions needed to make up a_ simple microprocessor system and puts as many as possible in a single IC, For example, the micro controller must include a full or nearly full implementation of a standard microprocessor, ROM, RAM, parallel I/O ports, timers and a clock. Also it is common to include serial port. Microcontroller IC is | more complex than microprocessor, because it also has many | / O components. Microprocessor Input / Output ALU Registers Controt unit Fig. Microcomputer system based on microprocessor MemoryIntroduction to Microcontroller “The microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system consisting of microprocessor and limited amounts of RAM, ROM and 1/0.” Microcontroller is in fact a microcomputer, but it is called so because they are used to perform control _ Microprocessor functions. Input / Output The microcontroller designer identifies all the | ALU — fegisters functions needed to make up a_ simple microprocessor system and puts as many as possible in a single IC. For example, the micro controller must include a full or nearly full implementation of a standard microprocessor, ROM, RAM, parallel 1/0 ports, timers and a clock. Also it is common to include serial port. Microcontroller IC is more complex than microprocessor, because it also has many | / O components. Microcontrollers gets developed only after development of microprocessors.Introduction to Microcontroller “The microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system consisting of microprocessor and limited amounts of RAM, ROM and I/O.” Microprocessor A 4 bit microcontroller was available in the mid laa Caen 1970s. ALU Registers Texas instruments introduced TMS - 1000 series of — 1 single chip 4 bit microcontrollers in mid 1970s. Controt unit Memory The major 8 - bit microcontrollers were available in Fp. wicrocomputor eystom ‘based on microprocessor 1977 and 1978. Motorola introduced single chip 6800 and intel introduced a series of products. r Both are in current use today. .Applications of Microcontroller Microcontroller is a single chip microcomputer. They are used as independent controllers in machines or as slaves in distributed processing. Some applications require simple timing and bit set / reset functions; others require high speed data processing capability. 1. 2. 3. 4 They are used as machine tools, chemical processes, medical instrumentation, and sophisticated guidance control. . Today, the microcontroller is very commonly used in wide variety of intelligent products. Many low cost products such as electronic toys, microwave ovens, VCRs are based on microcontrollers. . A home security system, a tape deck, and intelligent multimeter can also be build by using microcontroller. . The personal computer keyboards are implemented with a microcontroller. It replaces scanning, debounce, matrix decoding and serial transmission circuits.The 8051 Architecture The 8051 is a second generation 8-bit microcontroller. The first 8-bit microcontroller was 8048. Shortly after that INTEL doubles the amount of ROM and RAM with 8049. 8051 provides a_ significantly more powerful architecture, a more powerful instruction set and a full serial port. COMPUTE (QserierThe 8051 Architecture The 8051 is a second generation 8-bit microcontroller. The first 8-bit microcontroller was 8048. Shortly after that INTEL doubles the amount of ROM and RAM with 8049. 8051 provides a_ significantly more powerful architecture, a more powerful instruction set and a full serial port. In 8052"the size of ROM and RAM is expanded. (ose ia A iThe major features of 8051 1. 2 PrXEFae 9. 10. Upto 12 - MHz clock. 14. Two external interrupts. An 8 bit ALU. ~ 4k byte ROM (or EPROM). r 128 byte RAM }. Dual 16 bit timer event counter. 32 0 lines (Four 8-bit I/O ports) Addresses 64k bytes of Program memory. Addresses 64k bytes of Data memory. Powerful 111 - Instruction Instruction set. Full - featured serial port i ' all t qiThe memory map of 8051 (serous Addresses 64k bytes of Program memory. 4k byte ROM (or EPROM). Addresses 64k bytes of Data memory. 128 byte RAM ‘ FFFEH FRFEH ‘Upto 60 eens Kbytes of Upto external, romon ~~ eon Upto external 1000 4 64 Kbytes a = of ROM | wen external or 4 Wbytas of a Special function RAM EPROM ROMOR fad " om lil 128 bytes: 0000 H ‘0000 4 e000 = 0000 H 1 Program Memory saunasFFF FFP Qasr The 8051 uses one memory space for storing programs and other for storing variable data. The program memory space is a read only space. You can read program instructions from this space. but the processor cannot write data into or read data from these memory space. All instruction fetches are taken from program memory The data memory space is a read write memory space. The processor can read data from this memory space and can write data to this memory space. ft can not execute instructions from this memory space. The 8051 internal RAM is in this memory space.(serena The 128 bytes of internal RAM provide a general read - write data storage. Some part of this is often referred to as registers, The 8051 has 22 special function registers which are not part of 128 bytes of RAM. They occupy memory space from 80 H to F8 H. These registers are used for their intended purpose. The 4k byte program memory can be expanded by an additional 60k bytes, making 64k byte program memory. The data memory can also be extended to 64k bytes.The memory map of 8051 (sen The 8051 can also be operated with common memory. In this case, 8051 only has 64 k bytes of total external memory. In this configurations, 8051 can input a block of data through its serial communications port, load that data in memory, and then ‘execute that data as a program. This is called downloaded program. Itis a very common technique used to change the program operating in a remote microprocessor based controller.Overview of other microcontrollers in 80xx family ~— Now lets look at some other microcontrollers in the Intel 80xx family. For most of these the architecture is quite similar. 8052 is a simple expansion of 8051. 1. 2. 3. 8052 has 8K bytes of onboard ROM 8052 has 256 bytes of on board RAM. 8052 allows programmers to write larger programs and that can use more data. The cost of 8052 is more than that of 8051. |. The 8052 also has one extra 16-bit counter-timer. This counter timer gives more flexibility. 1. 8051 has 4K bytes of onboard ROM 2. 8051 has 128 bytes of on board RAM. 3. The cost of 8051 is less than that of 8052. 4. The 8051 has dual 16-bit counter- timer.Overview of other microcontrollers in 8Oxx family = — + 8054 and 8052 are commonly used in high volume applications. + For low volume and prototyping applications there are special versions called 8751 and 8752. These replace on board ROM with EPROM. Using EPROM the user can erase program memory with ultraviolet light and can reprogram memory with externally applied electrical signals. Two alternative versions of 8051 and 8052 are 8031 and 8032. These devices do not have any on board ROM. You may use external ROM for program memory. + These are excellent devices for prototyping and low-volume products. * The third form of 8052 is 8052 AH-BASIC. This special 8052 has BASIC programming language in ROM. Using BASIC instructions, a programmer can write instructions for this 8052, rather than assembly language.Overview of other microcontrollers in 80xx family The 8048, 8049 and 8050 all have identical architectures with the exception of memory size. In each case the memory doubles. 8048 supports 1k byte of internal memory(ROM), 8049 supports 2k bytes and 8050 supports 4k bytes. 8048 has 64 byte internal RAM, 8049 supports 128 bytes and 8050 supports 256 bytes.