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Chapter 2: Database Design Fundamentals

Solutions

Answers to Review Questions

1. An entity is a person, place, thing, or event.

2. An attribute is a property of an entity.
3. A relationship is an association between tables (entities). A one-to-many
relationship between two tables is a relationship in which each row in the first table
can be associated with many rows in the second table, but each row in the second
table is associated with only one row in the first table.
4. A repeating group is multiple entries in a single location in a table.
5. A relation is a two-dimensional table in which the entries in the table are single-valued
(each location in the table contains a single entry), each column has a distinct name
(or attribute name), all values in a column are values of the same attribute, the order of
the rows and columns is immaterial, and each row contains unique values.
6. A relational database is a collection of relations.
7. For each table, you write the name of the table and then within parentheses list all of
the columns in the table. Underline the primary keys.
CUSTOMER (CUSTOMER_NUM, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME, ADDRESS, CITY,
STATE, POSTAL_CODE, PHONE)
TRIP (TRIP_ID, TRIP_NAME, START_LOCATION, STATE, DISTANCE,
MAX_GRP_SIZE, TYPE, SEASON)
GUIDE (GUIDE_NUM, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME, ADDRESS, CITY,
STATE, POSTAL_CODE, PHONE_NUM, HIRE_DATE)
RESERVATION (RESERVATION_ID, TRIP_ID, TRIP_DATE, NUM_PERSONS,
TRIP_PRICE, OTHER_FEES, CUSTOMER_NUM)
TRIP_GUIDES (TRIP_ID, GUIDE_NUM)

8. To qualify the name of a field, indicate the table in which the field appears. You do
this by preceding the name of the field with the name of the table and a period.
9. A column (attribute), B, is functionally dependent on another column, A (or possibly
a collection of columns), if at any point in time a value for A determines a single
value for B.
10. Column A (or a collection of columns) is the primary key for a table if (1) All columns in
the table are functionally dependent on A and (2) No subcollection of the columns in A
(assuming A is a collection of columns and not just a single column) also has property 1.
The primary key of the CUSTOMER table is the CUSTOMER_NUM column. The
primary key of the TRIP table is the TRIP_ID column. The primary key of the GUIDE
table is the GUIDE_NUM column. The primary key of the
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Solutions 2-2

RESERVATION table is the RESERVATION_ID column. The primary key of the

TRIP_GUIDES table is the combination of the TRIP_ID and GUIDE_NUM columns.
11. Functional dependencies:
DEPARTMENT_NUM → DEPARTMENT_NAME
ADVISOR_NUM → ADVISOR_LAST_NAME, ADVISOR_FIRST_NAME, DEPARTMENT_NUM
COURSE_CODE → DESCRIPTION
STUDENT_NUM → STUDENT_LAST_NAME, STUDENT_FIRST_NAME, ADVISOR_NUM
STUDENT_NUM, COURSE_CODE → GRADE

Relations:
DEPARTMENT (DEPARTMENT_NUM, DEPARTMENT_NAME)
ADVISOR (ADVISOR_NUM, ADVISOR_LAST_NAME,
ADVISOR_FIRST_NAME, DEPARTMENT_NUM)
COURSE (COURSE_CODE, DESCRIPTION)
STUDENT (STUDENT_NUM, STUDENT_LAST_NAME,
STUDENT_FIRST_NAME, ADVISOR_NUM
STUDENT_COURSE (STUDENT_NUM, COURSE_CODE, GRADE)
Entity-Relationship diagram: (NOTE: Your rectangles may be in different
positions as long as they are connected by the same arrows.)

DEPARTMENT

ADVISOR

STUDENT STUDENT_COURSE COURSE

12. A table (relation) is in first normal form (1NF) if it does not contain repeating groups.
13. A table (relation) is in second normal form if it is in first normal form and no
nonkey column is dependent on only a portion of the primary key. If a table is not in
second normal form, the table contains redundancy, which leads to a variety of
update anomalies. A change in a value can require not just one change, but several.
There is the possibility of inconsistent data. Adding additional data to the database
may not be possible without creating artificial values for part of the key. Finally,
deletions of certain items can result in inadvertently deleting crucial information
from the database.
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Solutions 2-3

14. A table is in third normal form if it is in second normal form and if the only
determinants it contains are candidate keys. A change in a value can require not just
one change, but several. There is the possibility of inconsistent data. Adding certain
additional data to the database may not be possible without creating artificial rows in
the table. Finally, deletions of certain items can result in inadvertently deleting
crucial information from the database.
15.
STUDENT (STUDENT_NUM, STUDENT_LAST_NAME,
STUDENT_FIRST_NAME, ADVISOR_NUM)
ADVISOR (ADVISOR_NUM, ADVISOR_LAST_NAME, ADVISOR_FIRST_NAME)
COURSE (COURSE_CODE, DESCRIPTION)
STUDENT_COURSE (STUDENT_NUM, COURSE_CODE, GRADE)

16. [Critical Thinking] If a student can have more than one advisor, there is a many-to-
many relatioship between students and advisors. Remove ADVISOR_NUM from the
STUDENT relation and add a relation STUDENT_ADVISOR)
STUDENT (STUDENT_NUM, STUDENT_LAST_NAME, STUDENT_FIRST_NAME)
ADVISOR (ADVISOR_NUM, ADVISOR_LAST_NAME, ADVISOR_FIRST_NAME)
STUDENT_ADVISOR (ADVISOR_NUM, STUDENT_NUM)
COURSE (COURSE_CODE, DESCRIPTION)
STUDENT_COURSE (STUDENT_NUM, COURSE_CODE, GRADE)

17. [Critical Thinking] If students can repeat a course, then the STUDENT_NUM,
COURSE_CODE, YEAR, and SEMESTER determine the grade.
STUDENT (STUDENT_NUM, STUDENT_LAST_NAME,
STUDENT_FIRST_NAME, ADVISOR_NUM)
ADVISOR (ADVISOR_NUM, ADVISOR_LAST_NAME, ADVISOR_FIRST_NAME)
COURSE (COURSE_CODE, DESCRIPTION)
STUDENT_COURSE (STUDENT_NUM, COURSE_CODE, YEAR, SEMESTER, GRADE)

Answers to TAL Distributors Exercises

1. NOTES: The CUSTOMER_REP table in the following lists implements the

relationship between customers and reps. If customer 126, for example, is represented
by both rep 15 and rep 30, there would be a row in the table in which the customer
number is 126 and the rep number is 15 as well as a row in which the customer
number is 126 and the rep number is 30. A row would only be allowed in the
ORDERS table if the combination of the customer number and the rep number match
a row in the CUSTOMER_REP table.
REP (REP_NUM, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME, STREET,
CITY, STATE, POSTAL_CODE, COMMISSION, RATE)
CUSTOMER (CUSTOMER_NUM, CUSTOMER_NAME, STREET,
CITY, STATE, POSTAL_CODE, BALANCE, CREDIT_LIMIT)
CUSTOMER_REP (CUSTOMER_NUM, REP_NUM)
ORDERS (ORDER_NUM, ORDER_DATE, CUSTOMER_NUM, REP_NUM)
ORDER_LINE (ORDER_NUM, ITEM_NUM, NUM_ORDERED,
QUOTED_PRICE)
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Solutions 2-4

ITEM (ITEM_NUM, DESCRIPTION, ON_HAND, CATEGORY,

STOREHOUSE, PRICE)

Relationships: There are one-to-many relationships from REP to

CUSTOMER_REP, CUSTOMER to CUSTOMER_REP, CUSTOMER_REP
to ORDERS, ORDERS to ORDER_LINE, and ITEM to ORDER_LINE.
Entity-Relationship diagram: (NOTE: Your rectangles may be in different
positions as long as they are connected by the same arrows.)

2. NOTES: There is no relationship between customers and reps, so there is no

REP_NUM column in the CUSTOMER table nor is there an additional table like the
CUSTOMER_REP table in Exercise 1. A row can only exist in the ORDERS table if
the customer number matches a row in the CUSTOMER table and the rep number
matches a row in the REP table.
REP (REP_NUM, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME, STREET, CITY, STATE, POSTAL_CODE,
COMMISSION, RATE)
CUSTOMER (CUSTOMER_NUM, CUSTOMER_NAME, STREET, CITY,
STATE, POSTAL_CODE, BALANCE, CREDIT_LIMIT)
ORDERS (ORDER_NUM, ORDER_DATE, CUSTOMER_NUM, REP_NUM)
ORDER_LINE (ORDER_NUM, ITEM_NUM, NUM_ORDERED, QUOTED_PRICE)
ITEM (ITEM_NUM, DESCRIPTION, ON_HAND, CATEGORY, STOREHOUSE, PRICE)

Relationships: There are one-to-many relationships from REP to ORDERS,

CUSTOMER to ORDERS, ORDERS to ORDER_LINE, and ITEM to ORDER_LINE.

Entity-Relationship diagram: (NOTE: Your rectangles may be in different

positions as long as they are connected by the same arrows.)
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Solutions 2-5

3. NOTES: The STOREHOUSE_NUM and ON_HAND columns do not appear in the

ITEM table. There is a STOREHOUSE table, whose key is STOREHOUSE_NUM and
which contains the STOREHOUSE description. Information about units on hand is
stored in a new table, the ITEM_STOREHOUSE table, whose key is the combination of
the ITEM number and STOREHOUSE number. If there are 10 units of ITEM BR23 on
hand in STOREHOUSE 2, for example, there would be a row in ITEM_STOREHOUSE
on which the ITEM number is BR23, the STOREHOUSE number is 2, and the number of
units on hand is 10.
REP (REP_NUM, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME, STREET, CITY, STATE, POSTAL_CODE,
COMMISSION, RATE)
CUSTOMER (CUSTOMER_NUM, CUSTOMER_NAME, STREET, CITY,
STATE, POSTAL_CODE, BALANCE, CREDIT_LIMIT, REP_NUM)
ORDERS (ORDER_NUM, ORDER_DATE, CUSTOMER_NUM)
ORDER_LINE (ORDER_NUM, ITEM_NUM, NUM_ORDERED, QUOTED_PRICE)
ITEM (ITEM_NUM, DESCRIPTION, CATEGORY, PRICE)
STOREHOUSE (STOREHOUSE_NUM, STOREHOUSE_DESCRIPTION)
ITEM_STOREHOUSE (ITEM_NUM, STOREHOUSE_NUM, ON_HAND)

Relationships: There are one-to-many relationships from REP to CUSTOMER,

CUSTOMER to ORDERS, ORDERS to ORDER_LINE, ITEM to ORDER_LINE,
ITEM to ITEM_STOREHOUSE, and STOREHOUSE to ITEM_STOREHOUSE.
Entity-Relationship diagram: (NOTE: Your rectangles may be in different
positions as long as they are connected by the same arrows.)
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Solutions 2-6

REP

CUSTOMER

ORDERS ORDER_LINE ITEM STOREHOUSE

ITEM_STOREHOUSE

4. Functional Dependencies:
ITEM_NUM → DESCRIPTION, ON_HAND, CATEGORY, STOREHOUSE, PRICE
ORDER_NUM → ORDER_DATE, CUSTOMER_NUM CUSTOMER_NUM →
CUSTOMER_NAME
ITEM_NUM, ORDER_NUM → NUM_ORDERED, QUOTED_PRICE

Relations:
ITEM (ITEM_NUM, DESCRIPTION, ON_HAND, CATEGORY, STOREHOUSE, PRICE)
ORDERS (ORDER_NUM, ORDER_DATE, CUSTOMER_NUM)
CUSTOMER (CUSTOMER_NUM, CUSTOMER_NAME)
ORDER_LINE (ITEM_NUM, ORDER_NUM, NUM_ORDERED, QUOTED_PRICE)
NOTE: The keys for ORDER_LINE could also have been listed
as ORDER_NUM, ITEM_NUM.

5. [Critical Thinking] One way to address this change is to add two tables to the
database: STOREHOUSE and MANAGER.
STOREHOUSE (STOREHOUSE, MANAGER_NUM)
MANAGER (MANAGER_NUM, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME)

Answers to Colonial Adventure Tours Exercises

1. Many answers are possible. Here is one possible

solution: 1NF but not 2NF:
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Solutions 2-7

TripGuides (TripID, GuideNum, TripName,)

Conversion to 2NF:
Trip (TripID, TripName)
TripGuides (TripID, GuideNum)
2NF but not 3NF:
Reservation (ReservationID, TripID, OwnerNum,
LastName, FirstName)
Conversion to 3NF:
Owner (OwnerNum, LastName, FirstName)
Reservation (ReservationID, TripID, OwnerNum)

2. Functional Dependencies:
TRIP_ID → TRIP_NAME, STATE_ABBREVIATION, STATE_NAME
GUIDE_NUM → GUIDE_LAST, GUIDE_FIRST
STATE_ABBREVIATION → STATE_NAME
Tables (Relations):
TRIP (TRIP_ID, TRIP_NAME, STATE_ABBREVIATION)
STATE (STATE_ABBREVIATION, STATE_NAME)
GUIDE (GUIDE_NUM, GUIDE_LAST, GUIDE_FIRST)
TRIP_GUIDE (TRIP_ID, GUIDE_NUM)
NOTE: The TRIP_GUIDE relation is necessary to relate trips and guides. (You
could have assigned it any name you like.)

3. [Critical Thinking] 3NF:

Participant (ParticipantNum, LastName, FirstName, Address, City,
State, PostalCode, Phone, BirthDate)
Class (ClassNum, Description, MaxPersons, ClassFee)
ClassParticipant (ClassNum, ParticipantNum, ClassDate, ActualNum)
FK ClassNum → Class
FK ParticipantNum → Participant

Diagram: The student’s diagram should have the following boxes (rectangles):
Guide, Trip, Reservation, Customer, TripGuides, Participants, Class The
diagram should have the following connections (arrows):
Guide to TripGuides, Trip to TripGuides, Customer to Reservation,. Participant to
ClassParticipant, Class to ClassParticipant

Answers to Solmaris Condominium Group Exercises

1. Functional Dependencies
LOCATION_NUM LOCATION_NAME

LOCATION_NUM, UNIT_NUM SQR_FT, BDRMS, BATHS, CONDO_FEE

A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Solutions 2-8

3NF
LOCATION (LOCATION_NUM, LOCATION_NAME)

CONDO_UNIT (LOCATION_NUM, UNIT_NUM, SQR_FT, BDRMS, BATHS,

CONDO_FEE)

2. Functional Dependencies:

CONDO_ID → LOCATION_NUM, UNIT_NUM, SQR_FT, BDRMS, BATHS,

CONDO_FEE, OWNER_NUM, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME
OWNER_NUM → LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME

Tables (Relations):

CONDO_UNIT (CONDO_ID, LOCATION_NUM, UNIT_NUM, SQR_FT,

BDRMS, BATHS, CONDO_FEE, OWNER_NUM)
OWNER (OWNER_NUM, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME)

3. [Critical Thinking] Functional Dependencies

NOTE: The design assumes that the weekly rate can very with the rental agreement. If
students assume that the weekly rate is always the same then the rate would be stored
only in the CONDO_UNIT table. The design also assumes that both LOCATION_NUM
and CONDO_UNIT_NUM uniquely identify a given condo. This is different than the
way Solmaris database is designed for this text. As an alternative you can use the same
design for the CONDO_UNIT table as that shown in the text.
RENTER_NUM → FIRST_NAME, MID_INITIAL, LAST_NAME, ADDRESS,
CITY, STATE, POSTAL_CODE, PHONE_NUM, EMAIL

LOCATION_NUM → LOCATION_NAME, ADDRESS, CITY, STATE, POSTAL_CODE

LOCATION_NUM, CONDO_UNIT_NUM → SQR_FT, BEDRMS, BATHS,

MAX_PERSONS, WEEKLY_RATE

RENTER_NUM, LOCATION_NUM, CONDO_UNIT_NUM → START_DATE, END_DATE,

RENTAL_RATE

3 NF
RENTER (RENTER_NUM, FIRST_NAME, MID_INITIAL, LAST_NAME,
ADDRESS, CITY, STATE, POSTAL_CODE, PHONE_NUM, EMAIL)

LOCATION (LOCATION_NUM, LOCATION_NAME, ADDRESS, CITY,

STATE, POSTAL_CODE)

CONDO_UNIT (CONDO_UNIT_NUM, LOCATION_NUM, SQR_FT, BEDRMS,

BATHS, MAX_PERSONS, WEEKLY_RATE)

RENTAL_AGREEMENT (RENTER_NUM, LOCATION_NUM, CONDO_UNIT_NUM,

START_DATE, END_DATE, RENTAL_RATE)
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Solutions 2-9

Diagram: The student’s diagram should have the following boxes (rectangles):
Renter, Location, Condo_Unit, Rental_Agreement
The diagram should have the following connections (arrows):
Renter to Rental_Agreement, Location to Condo_Unit, Location
to Rental_Agreement, Condo_Unit to Rental Agreement
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Page 2-1

Chapter 2
Database Design Fundamentals

At a Glance

Instructor’s Manual Table of Contents

• Overview

• Objectives

• Teaching Tips

• Quick Quizzes

• Class Discussion Topics

• Additional Projects

• Additional Resources

• Key Terms

©201 6 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in
part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a
password-protected website for classroom use.
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Page 2-2

Lecture Notes

Overview
In this chapter, students learn about database design. Students examine the important
concepts related to databases. They learn how to identify tables and columns and how to
identify the relationships between the tables. Students learn how to produce an
appropriate database design for a given set of requirements. They examine the process of
normalization, a process that identifies and fixes potential problems in a database design.
Finally, students learn how to visually represent a database design.

Chapter Objectives
In this chapter, students learn about:
• What the terms entity, attribute, and relationship mean
• What the terms relation and relational database mean
• What functional dependencies are and how to identify when one column is functionally
dependent of another
• What the term primary key means and how to identify primary keys in tables
• How to design a database to satisfy a set of requirements
• How to convert an unnormalized relation to first normal form
• How to convert tables from first normal form to second normal form
• How to convert tables from second normal form to third normal form
• How to create an entity-relationship diagram to represent the design of a database

Teaching Tips
Introduction
1. Define database design. Database design is the process of determining the
particular tables and columns that will comprise a database.

©201 6 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in
part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a
password-protected website for classroom use.
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Page 2-3

This chapter does not need to be covered in sequence. It can be covered later
in the course. If you are using a textbook such as Pratt and Last’s Concepts of
Database Management, Eighth Edition, you may want to skip this chapter
entirely.
Be prepared to spend considerable class time on this chapter. The material is
Teaching complex, and it is important that students understand all of the concepts presented.
Tip The best way for students to learn the material is to work through lots
of examples. Use the embedded questions that are included throughout
the chapter to test students’ understanding.
Encourage students to bring their texts with them to class so that they can
review the examples.

Database Concepts
1. An understanding of fundamental database concepts is essential to good
database design.

Relational Databases
1. Define relational database. A relational database is a collection of tables.
Formally, tables are called relations.
2. Use Figure 2-1 to emphasize that the TAL Distributors database is a collection of tables.
3. Review the Note on page 23.

Entities, Attributes, and Relationships

1. Define entity. An entity is a person, place, object, event, or idea for which you want
to store and process data. The entities of interest to TAL Distributors are customers,
orders, items, and sales reps.
2. Define attribute. An attribute is a characteristic or property of an entity. The
terms column and field are used as synonyms in many database systems. For TAL
Distributors, the attributes of interest for the entity “customer” are such things as
customer name, street, city, and so on.
3. Define relationship and one-to-many relationship. A relationship is an association
between entities. There is a one-to-many relationship between sales reps and
customers in the TAL Distributors database. One sales rep represents many customers,
but each customer is associated with only one sales rep.
4. In a relational database, each entity has its own tables, and the attributes of the entity
are columns in the table. A one-to-many relationship is handled by using common
columns in the two tables.
5. Use Figure 2-1 to illustrate the one-to-many relationship between sales reps
and customers.

©201 6 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in
part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a
password-protected website for classroom use.
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Page 2-4

6. Use Figure 2-2 to illustrate repeating groups (multiple entries in an individual

location in a table).
7. Define relation. A relation is a two-dimensional table with specific properties.
These properties include:
• Entries in the table are single-valued.
• Each column has a distinct name.
• All values in a column are values of the same attribute.
• The order of the columns is immaterial.
• Each row is distinct.
• The order of the rows is immaterial.
8. Use Figure 2-3 to discuss the six properties of a relation.
9. See the Note on page 26. Mention that the formal term for a table is relation, and the
formal term for a row is tuple. A row also is called a record. Columns in a table are
also called fields or attributes.
10. DBDL (Database Definition Language) is a commonly accepted shorthand notation
for showing the structure of a table. After the name of the table, all of the columns in
the table are listed within a set of parentheses. While each column in a table has a
distinct name, the same column name can be used in more than one table within the
same database.
11. When two or more tables in a database use the same column name, qualify the
column name; that is, combine the table name and the column name

Reinforce the material in this section by using either the Colonial Adventure
Tours database or the Solmaris Condominium Group database and asking
Teaching students to identify the entities, attributes, and relationships.
Tip
Use review question 11 on page 55 as an in-class exercise to test
students’ understanding of entities attributes and relationships.

Quick Quiz 1
1. A(n) is a person, place, object, event, or idea for which you want to store
and process data.
Answer: entity
2. A(n) is a characteristic or property of an
entity. Answer: attribute
3. A(n) is the association between
entities. Answer: relationship

©201 6 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in
part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a
password-protected website for classroom use.
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Page 2-5

Functional Dependence
1. Functional dependence is a formal name for what is basically a simple idea. In a
relational database, column B is functionally dependent on another column A (or
possibly a collection of columns) if a value for A determines a single value for B at
any one time. Another way of defining functional dependence is to say that A
functionally determines B.
2. Use Figure 2-4 to explain functional dependence. Make sure that students understand
what functional dependence is before proceeding or they will be lost for the remainder
of the chapter.
3. Review the embedded Questions and Answers on pages 28 and 29.
4. Use Figures 2-5 and 2-6 to point out that you cannot determine functional
dependencies by looking at sample data. You must understand the users’ policies

Teaching Use review question 11 as an in-class exercise to test students’ understanding of

Tip functional dependencies.

Primary Keys
1. To make each row distinct, one or more columns must uniquely identify a given row
in a table. This column or collection of columns is called the primary key.
2. A more precise definition for a primary key is the following:
Column (attribute) A (or a collection of columns) is the primary key for a
table (relation), R, if:
Property 1: All columns in R are functionally dependent on A.
Property 2: No subcollection of the columns in A (assuming that A is a collection
of columns and not just a single column) also has Property 1.
3. Review the embedded Questions and Answers on pages 30 and 31 to make sure that
students understand the concept of a primary key.
4. Explain that, when using the shorthand representation of a database, the primary key
is underlined.
5. Discuss the three Notes on pages 31 and 32.
6. Point out that a candidate key is a column or collection of columns on which all
columns in the table are functionally dependent. The definition for a primary key
really defines a candidate key as well. If two or more columns in a table are identified
as candidate keys, choose one to be the primary key. The decision is usually based on
the specific application for which the database will be used.

Teaching Use Review Question 11 as an in-class exercise to test students’ understanding of

Tip primary keys.

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A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Page 2-6

Quick Quiz 2
1. The is the unique identifier for a
table. Answer: primary key
2. If a table includes one or more columns that can be used as a primary key, both
columns are referred to as .
Answer: candidate keys
3. To indicate a table’s primary key with a shorthand representation of a database,
the column or collection of columns that comprise the primary
key. Answer: underline

Database Design
1. Point out that the determination of the database requirements is part of the
process known as systems analysis.

Design Method
1. Review the design steps given in this section.
2. To design a database for a set of requirements:
(1) Read the requirements, identify the entities (objects) involved, and name
the entities.
(2) Identify the unique identifiers for the entities identified in step 1.
(3) Identify the attributes for all of the entities.
(4) Identify the functional dependencies that exist among the attributes.
(5) Use the functional dependencies to identify the tables by placing each
attribute with the attribute or minimum combination of attributes on which it
is functionally dependent.
(6) Identify any relationships between tables.

Teaching Use Figure 2-1 as a visual aid as you explain each of the steps above and ask the
Tip students to identify the items listed in the steps.

Database Design Requirements

1. Review the requirements that the database for TAL Distributors must support. The
database must store specific data about sales reps, customers, items, orders, and
order lines.
2. Mention that there are certain constraints, such as, “there is only one customer
per order” that the database must enforce.

Teaching Use Figure 2-1 to illustrate the requirements.

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A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Page 2-7

Tip Use Figure 1-1, which shows a sample order for TAL Distributors.

Database Design Process Example

1. Discuss the six steps to create a database design for TAL Distributors given a set of
requirements. It is in this step that students often have trouble
2. Be sure to point out the functional dependencies discussed in step 4.
Functional dependency is a difficult concept for some students to grasp.
3. Review the embedded Questions and Answers on pages 38 and 39.

Normalization
1. Stress that database design is an iterative process. Once you create an initial
database design, you must analyze it for potential problems.
2. Define Normalization. Normalization is a process in which you identify the existence
of potential problems, such as data duplication and redundancy, and implement ways
to correct these problems. The goal of normalization is to convert unnormalized
relations into various types of normal forms.
3. Define an unnormalized relation. An unnormalized relation is a relation (table) that
contains a repeating group. A table in a particular normal form possesses a certain
desirable collections of properties.
4. Point out that normalization is a process in which a table that is in first normal form is
better than a table that is not in first normal form, a table in second normal form is
better than a table in first normal form, and so on. The goal of normalization is to take
an initial collection of tables and produce a new collection of tables that represents
the same information but is free of problems.

First Normal Form

1. An unnormalized relation is a relation (table) that contains a repeating group. A table
(relation) is in first normal form (1NF) if it does not contain repeating groups.
2. Use Figures 2-7 and 2-8 to explain converting an unnormalized table to 1NF. In
general, when converting a non-first normal form table to first normal form, the primary
key usually will include the original primary key concatenated with the key to the
repeating group.

Students have problems understanding a concatenated primary key. In a

Teaching relational database, every row must be unique. There are instances when the only
Tip way to make each row unique is to consider more than one column as the
primary key.

Second Normal Form

1. Use Figure 2-9 to illustrate a relation that is in first normal form but not in
second normal form.

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A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Page 2-8

2. Point out the redundancy; that is, duplication of data in Figure 2-9. This duplication
can cause update anomalies.
3. Update anomalies occur when a column is dependent on only a portion of the primary
key and fall into four categories:

Update Instead of changing one row, it is necessary to update multiple rows.

Inconsistent If the same value appears in more than one row, for example, part
data description, an update could change one row without changing the
other rows.
Additions Cannot add a record correctly.
Deletions Cannot delete a record correctly.

4. Emphasize the fact that much real-world data (including relational data) are not
well structured and have update anomalies.
5. Define second normal form (2NF). Second normal form eliminates update anomalies
caused by partial dependencies. A table (relation) is in second normal form (2NF) if it is
in first normal form and no nonkey column is dependent on only a portion of the
primary key. A column is a nonkey column if it is not a part of the primary key.
6. Point out again that you cannot determine functional dependence by looking at
sample data.
7. Mention the Note on page 44. If a relation has a single-column primary key ,
it automatically is in 2NF.
8. Use Figure 2-10 to explain converting to 2NF.

Third Normal Form

1. Use Figure 2-11 to illustrate update anomalies with a table in 2NF.
2. Define determinant. Any column or collection of columns that determines another
column is called a determinant. A candidate key is a column or collection of columns
that could function as the primary key. Update anomalies also can occur when one
nonkey column determines another nonkey column.
3. Define third normal form (3NF). A table (relation) is in third normal form (3NF) if it
is in second normal form and the only determinants it contains are candidate keys.
4. Mention the Note on page 48. The definition used in this text for 3NF is really
the definition for Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF).
5. Use Figure 2-12 to explain converting to 3NF. Show students how each
progressive normal form solves update problems of the previous normal form.
6. Review the embedded Question and Answer on pages 50 and 51.

Point out that normalization is a technique that allows us to analyze the design of a
relational database to see whether it is bad. It alerts us to update anomalies and
Teaching provides a method for correcting those problems. The goal of normalization is to
Tip start with a table or collection of tables and produce a new collection of tables that
is equivalent (represents the same information) but is free of problems.

Emphasize to students that normalization does not add additional attributes or

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password-protected website for classroom use.
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Page 2-9

remove attributes from tables; it merely rearranges the attributes into an

equivalent collection of tables. Many students seem to think that they need to
add more attributes to normalize relations in a database. Normalization alerts us
to problems with the database design and provides a method to correct those
problems. Edgar Codd developed the process and gave it the name
normalization.

Quick Quiz 3
1. A relation is in normal form if no repeating groups
exist. Answer: first

2. If the primary key of a relation contains only a single column, then the relation
is automatically in normal form.
Answer: second

3. Any column (or collection of columns) that determines another column is called a(n)
.
Answer: determinant

Diagrams for Database Design

1. Remind students of the old adage that “a picture is worth a thousand words.” For many
people, a database design is easier to understand if it is depicted in graphical form.
2. Explain an entity-relationship (E-R) diagram. In an E-R diagram, a rectangle represents an
entity or table. One-to-many relationships between entities are drawn as lines between the
corresponding rectangles. There are several different styles of E-R diagrams.
3. Mention the Note on page 52.
4. Use Figures 2-13 through 2-15 to illustrate the different styles of E-R diagrams.

Class Discussion Topics

1. Ask students for other examples of relations (tables) that could have more than one
candidate key. Some examples are: state data that contain both state abbreviation and
state name and inventory data that contain both a tag number and a serial number.
2. Have students read the Note on page 31. Ask them how they feel about using Social
Security number as a primary key. Also ask them for additional databases where
Social Security number is being used as a primary key other than banks and places of
employment. Some examples are: insurance company, doctor’s office, dentist’s office.

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A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Page 2-10

3. Ask students for examples of unnormalized relations in a student environment. One

example is students and courses. Courses will be the repeating group. How would
they convert to 1NF?

Additional Projects
1. Place students in teams. Have them design a database to meet the requirements for a
student activity database. The database must keep track of information about the
student as well as the campus activities he or she participates in. Attributes such as
number of years in activity as well as any office held are important. A student may
engage in more than one activity.
2. Divide the class into small groups and assign Review Questions 11 and 15 as a
group exercise. Make sure that students state their assumptions.

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A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Page 2-11

Additional Resources
1. Concepts of Database Management, Eighth Edition by Philip Pratt and Mary
Last Cengage Learning, 2015.
2. Database Concepts: www.service-architecture.com/database/articles/
3. Normalization: http://databases.about.com/od/specificproducts/a/normalization.htm

Key Terms
➢ attribute: A characteristic or property of an entity
➢ Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF): A relation is in Boyce-Codd normal form if it is in
second normal form and the only determinants it contains are candidate keys; also
called third normal form
➢ candidate key: A minimal collection of columns in a table
➢ concatenation: A combination of columns
➢ database design: Process of determining the particular tables and columns that will
comprise a database
➢ determinant: A column in a table that determines at least one other column
➢ entity: A person, place, object, event, or idea for which you want to store and process data
➢ entity-relationship (E-R) diagram: A graphical illustration for database design that
uses rectangles for entities and arrows for relationships
➢ field : An attribute
➢ first normal form (1NF): A table that does not contain any repeating groups
➢ functionally dependent: Column B is functionally dependent on column A (or on a
collection of columns) if a value for A determines a single value for B at any one time
➢ functionally determine: Column A functionally determines column B if B is functionally
dependent on A
➢ nonkey column: A column that is not part of the primary key
➢ normal form: A progression that proceeds from first normal form to second normal form
to third normal form. A table in a particular normal form possesses a certain desirable
collection of properties.
➢ normalization: A process that analyzes a database design to identify the existence
of potential problems and implements ways to correct these problems
➢ one-to-many relationship: A relationship in which one entity is associated with many
other entities
➢ primary key: The column or collection of columns that uniquely identifies a given row in
a table
➢ qualify: To combine a column name with a table name
➢ record: A row in a table
➢ redundancy: Duplication of data
➢ relation: A two-dimensional table in which the entries are single valued; each column has a
distinct name (or attribute name); all values in a column are values of the same attribute;
the order of the rows and columns is immaterial; and each row contains unique values
➢ relational database: A collection of relations
➢ relationship: The association between entities

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A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Page 2-12

➢ repeating group: Multiple entries in an individual location in a table

➢ second normal form (2NF): A table that is in first normal form and where no
nonkey column is dependent on only a portion of the primary key
➢ third normal form (3NF): A table that is in second normal form and the only
determinants are candidate keys
➢ tuple: A row in a table
➢ unnormalized relation: A table that satisfies the definition of a relation except that
it might contain repeating groups
➢ update anomaly: An update problem that can occur in a database as a result of a
faulty design

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part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a
password-protected website for classroom use.
Random documents with unrelated
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intentions. The hopes which are expressed in it for the future evince
no hostility to imperial institutions. On the contrary, indeed, they are
what the legitimate expansion of our institutions may lead us to
expect.'
He paused again. Notwithstanding the care which he had taken to
turn towards the Emperor, he could not shake off the consciousness
that Rougon was sitting on the other side of the table, leaning on his
elbows and looking at him, pale with surprise. Generally speaking,
Delestang's views were identical with those of the great man. And so
the latter had a momentary hope that a word from him might bring
back his erring disciple.
'Well, now,' he exclaimed with a frown, 'I'll just give you an example.
I'm sorry I haven't brought the book with me, but I can give you the
substance of a chapter which I remember very well. Jacques is
speaking of two beggars who go through the village soliciting alms
from door to door, and, in reply to a question from the school-
master, he asserts that he will show the peasants a way by which
they will never have a single poor person among them. Then follows
a very elaborate system for the extinction of pauperism. It contains
the whole communistic theory. Surely the Minister for Agriculture
and Commerce cannot approve of that chapter.'
Delestang summoned up all his courage and looked Rougon boldly in
the face. 'You are going too far in saying the whole communistic
theory,' he replied. 'It merely struck me as being an ingenious
exposition of the principles of combination.' He had been searching
in his portfolio as he spoke. 'I have got the book here,' he added.
Then he began to read the chapter under discussion. He read it in a
low monotonous voice, and his wise-looking face assumed an
expression of extraordinary gravity at certain passages. The Emperor
listened with an air of deep attention. He seemed to particularly
appreciate the more touching portions, in which the author made his
peasants speak in a strain of childish stupidity. Meanwhile the
ministers were quite delighted. What an amusing affair! There now
was Rougon abandoned by Delestang, whom he had brought into
the ministry solely that he might have some one to rely upon amidst
the unexpressed hostility of his other colleagues. The latter were
often indignant with him for his constant arrogation of power, that
craving for authority which impelled him to treat them as though
they were mere clerks, while he himself assumed the position of his
Majesty's private adviser and right-hand man. And now he was on
the point of finding himself completely isolated! This fellow,
Delestang, thought the others, was a man to be well received.
'There are perhaps one or two words——' muttered the Emperor,
when Delestang had finished his perusal; 'but, really, taking it
altogether, I don't see anything—eh, gentlemen?'
'It is quite innocent,' chorused the ministers.
Rougon made no reply to his Majesty, but seemed to bend his
shoulders. When he returned to the charge, he singled out
Delestang for his attack. For several minutes a contest went on
between them in short sentences. Handsome Delestang grew
warlike, and indulged in cutting remarks, while Rougon's anger also
gradually rose. He for the first time felt his authority giving way
beneath him. And springing all at once to his feet, he addressed
himself to the Emperor with vehement gestures.
'Sire,' he said, 'it is a petty matter, and the book will be authorised,
since your Majesty in your wisdom declares there is no danger in it.
But I must warn you, sire, that it would be perilous to confer on
France one half of the liberties which are claimed by this "Friend
Jacques." You summoned me to power under terrible circumstances.
You told me that I was not to attempt, by any untimely moderation,
to reassure those who were quaking with alarm. In accordance with
your commands, sire, I have made myself feared. I believe that I
have obeyed your slightest instructions and have rendered you the
services you expected of me. If any one should accuse me of
excessive severity or of abusing the power with which your Majesty
has entrusted me, such an accusation could only come from an
adversary of your Majesty's policy. Believe me when I tell you that
society is as deeply disturbed as ever it was. In the few weeks that I
have been in office, it has unfortunately been impossible for me to
heal the diseases which are preying upon it. Anarchical passions are
still fermenting among the lower strata of the people.
'I do not wish to lay this festering wound bare to you, or to
exaggerate its horror, but it is my duty to remind you of its
existence, so that I may put your Majesty on your guard against the
generous impulses of your own heart. For a moment it was possible
to hope that the energy of the sovereign and the solemnly expressed
will of the nation had swept all abominable periods of public
baseness away without possibility of revival. Events, however, have
shown what a mournful error this was. In the name of the country,
sire, I beseech you not to draw back your powerful hand. The
danger does not lie in the possession of excessive authority, but in
the absence of repressive laws. If you should draw back your hand,
sire, you would see the scum of the people bubbling up, you would
at once find yourself overwhelmed by revolutionary demands, and
your most energetic servants would soon be at a loss how to defend
you. I venture to press this upon you strongly, for the dangers of the
morrow would be terrible.
'Liberty without restraint is impossible in a country where there
exists a faction which is obstinately bent upon denying the
fundamental basis of the government. Many long years must elapse
before your Majesty's absolute power is accepted by all, before it
effaces from men's memories the recollection of old struggles, and
passes so far beyond the pale of discussion that it may be discussed
without danger. And outside the principle of despotic power,
vigorously exercised, there is no safety for France. On the day when
your Majesty may consider it your duty to restore to the nation the
most harmless of its liberties, on that day your Majesty will be
committed to everything. One liberty cannot be granted without a
second; and then comes a third one, and everything is swept away,
both institutions and dynasties! It is like an implacable, devouring
piece of machinery. First, the tip of the finger is caught, then the
hand is drawn in, then the arm, and finally the whole body is ground
to pieces.
'And, sire, since I have ventured to express myself so freely on this
matter, I will make this further remark. Parliamentary rule once
destroyed a French monarchy; do not let us allow it to destroy an
empire. The Corps Législatif ventures to interfere too much as it is.
Do not allow it any share in directing the sovereign's policy. To do so
would only give rise to the most vehement and deplorable
discussions. The last general elections have once again testified to
the country's gratitude, but none the less, no fewer than five
candidates were elected whose disgraceful success ought to serve as
a warning. To-day the all-important question is to prevent the
formation of an opposition minority; and, what is still more
important, is to take care not to provide it—if by chance it should
come into existence—with weapons which might enable it to
contend against the constituted authority with yet greater
impudence than now. A parliament which holds its tongue is a
parliament which does some work.
'As for the press, sire, it is turning liberty into license. Since I entered
the ministry I have read the reports carefully, and every morning I
am filled with fresh disgust. The press is the receptacle of nauseous
leaven of every kind. It foments revolutions, it is an ever-burning fire
which serves to kindle great conflagrations. It will only become
useful when we have brought it under our authority and can use its
influence as an instrument of government. At present I say nothing
of other forms of liberty, such as the liberty of combination, of public
meeting, or of doing anything a man likes. These, however, are all
respectfully asked for in "Friend Jacques's Evening Chats." Later on
they will be demanded. That is what I am afraid of. I hope that your
Majesty will fully understand me. It is necessary that France should
for a long time yet feel the weight of a hand of iron.'
He went on in this strain for a long time, defending, with increasing
energy, the way in which he had used his authority, sheltering
himself beneath the principle of plenary power, wrapping himself
round with it, covering himself with it, as it were, like a man who
would avail himself of his armour to the fullest extent possible. And
in spite of his apparent excitement, he retained sufficient coolness to
keep a watch on his colleagues and to note the effect of his words
on their pale, fixed faces. Then all at once he abruptly ceased
speaking.
There was a rather long interval of silence. The Emperor had again
begun to play with his paper-knife.
'His Excellency the Minister of the Interior takes too black a view of
the situation,' at length said the Minister of State. 'In my opinion
nothing threatens our institutions. Order is perfectly maintained. We
can trust with confidence to his Majesty's great wisdom. Indeed, it is
a lack of such confidence to show fear——'
'Certainly, certainly,' murmured several voices.
'I will add,' said the Minister for Foreign Affairs, 'that France has
never been more respected by Europe than she is now. Everywhere
abroad his Majesty's firm and dignified policy is regarded with
admiration. The opinion of the chancelleries is that our country has
entered for good upon an era of peace and greatness.'
However, none of the ministers cared to attack the political
programme defended by Rougon. They all looked at Delestang, who
understood what was expected of him. He began to speak, and
compared the empire to an edifice.
'The principle of authority ought certainly not to be shaken,' said he,
'but there is no necessity for systematically shutting the door upon
every public liberty. The empire is like some great place of refuge,
some vast and magnificent edifice whose indestructible foundations
have been laid by his Majesty with his own hands. He is still engaged
in raising its walls; but the day will come when his task will be
finished, and he will have to think of how he can crown his edifice,
and it is then——'
'Never!' interrupted Rougon violently. 'The whole thing will topple
down!'
The Emperor stretched out his hand to stop the discussion. He was
smiling, and seemed to be awaking from a reverie. 'Well, well,' he
said; 'we are getting away from current affairs. We will see about all
this later on.' Then, having risen from his seat, he added: 'It is late,
gentlemen; you must have déjeuner at the château.'
The council was now at an end. The ministers pushed back their
chairs and stood up and bowed to the Emperor, who was slowly
retiring. All at once, however, his Majesty turned and muttered: 'A
word with you, Monsieur Rougon, I beg.'
Then as the Emperor took Rougon into the embrasure of one of the
windows, the other ministers thronged round Delestang at the
farther end of the room. They congratulated him in subdued tones,
with nods and becks and wreathed smiles, quite a buzzing of
murmured praise. The Minister of State, a man of very shrewd mind
and great experience, was particularly flattering. He had an idea that
it was lucky to have a shallow-pated fellow for a friend. Meantime,
Delestang bowed with grave modesty to all the compliments lavished
upon him.
'After all,' said the Emperor to Rougon, 'I won't speak to you here,
come along with me,' and he thereupon took him into his own study,
a rather small room, where the furniture was littered with books and
newspapers. Then, having lighted a cigarette, he showed Rougon a
small model of a new cannon lately invented by an officer. The little
weapon looked like a child's toy. His Majesty affected a very kindly
tone, and tried to convince the minister that he still possessed his
favour. Rougon, however, divined that an explanation of some sort
was coming, and he wanted to have the first word.
'Sire,' he began, 'I am well aware of the violence with which I am
attacked by those who surround your Majesty.'
The Emperor smiled without saying anything. It was true, however,
that the Court had again put itself in opposition to Rougon. He was
now accused of abusing his power, and of compromising the empire
by his harshness. The most extraordinary tales were circulated about
him, and the corridors of the palace were full of complaints and
stories, which echoed every morning in the Emperor's study.
'Be seated, Monsieur Rougon, be seated,' his Majesty at last said, in
a good-natured way. And then, taking a seat himself, he continued:
'People are always dinning things into my ears. So it is, perhaps,
best that I should quietly talk them over with you. What is this affair
of a notary at Niort, who died after being arrested? A Monsieur
Martineau, I think?'
Rougon quietly entered into particulars. This Martineau, he said, was
a man who had very gravely compromised himself; a Republican
whose influence in the department might have led to great danger.
He had been arrested, and he had since died.
'Yes, that's just it,' replied the Emperor; 'that's the tiresome part of
the matter. The opposition papers have got hold of the story, and
relate it in a very mysterious fashion, and with a reticence which is
calculated to have a most deplorable effect. I am much distressed
about it, Monsieur Rougon.'
However, he said no more on that subject, but sat for a few
moments puffing at his cigarette.
'You have been down to Deux-Sèvres lately, and you were present at
some ceremony there, were you not?' he presently continued. 'Are
you quite sure of Monsieur Kahn's financial stability?'
'Oh, quite so!' exclaimed Rougon. And he launched into a series of
explanatory details. M. Kahn, said he, was supported by a very rich
English company. The shares of the railway from Niort to Angers
were at a premium at the Bourse. The undertaking had very fine
prospects before it.
The Emperor, however, seemed incredulous. 'I have heard a certain
amount of fear expressed,' he said. 'You can understand that it
would be very unfortunate for your name to be mixed up with a
catastrophe. However, since you tell me that there is no reason for
fear——' Then he again broke off and passed to a third subject.
'Now, about the prefect of Deux-Sèvres. He is very unpopular, people
tell me. He appears to have thrown everything into confusion down
there. I hear, too, that he is the son of a retired process-server,
whose strange vagaries are the talk of the whole department. This
Monsieur du Poizat is a friend of yours, I believe?'
'One of my best friends, sire.'
As the Emperor now rose from his seat, Rougon also got up. The
former went to a window, and then came back again, puffing out a
little cloudlet of smoke.
'You have a good many friends, Monsieur Rougon,' he said, with a
meaning look.
'Yes, sire; a great many,' the minister frankly replied.
Evidently enough, the Emperor had hitherto merely repeated the
gossip of the château, the accusations made by those who
surrounded him. He was doubtless acquainted, however, with other
stories, matters which were unknown to the Court, but of which he
had learnt from his private agents, and in which he took a yet livelier
interest, for he revelled in the spy system, in the secret manœuvring
of the police. He looked at Rougon for a moment, while a vague
smile played about his face. Then, in a confidential tone, and with a
somewhat playful air, he said: 'Oh, I know a good many things;
more, perhaps, than I care to know. Here is another little matter,
now; you have taken in your offices a young man, a colonel's son,
who has not obtained a bachelor's diploma. It is not a matter of any
importance, I am aware of that; but if you only knew all the fuss
that is made about such things! Little things like these put
everybody's back up. It is really very bad policy on your part.'
Rougon made no reply. His Majesty had not finished. He opened his
lips as though he were going to say something, but it was
apparently something that he found rather difficult to express, for he
hesitated for a moment or two. At last he stammered: 'I won't say
anything to you about that usher, one of your protégés named
Merle, I think. But he gets drunk and behaves insolently; and both
the public and the clerks complain of him. All this is very annoying,
very annoying indeed.' Then he raised his voice, and concluded
somewhat bluntly: 'You have too many friends, Monsieur Rougon. All
these people do you harm. It would be rendering you a service to
make you quarrel with them. Well, at any rate let me have the
resignation of Monsieur du Poizat, and promise me that you will
abandon all the others.'
Rougon had remained quite impassive. He now bowed, and replied
in a deep, meaning voice: 'On the contrary, sire, I ask your Majesty
for the ribbon of officer of the Legion of Honour for the prefect of
Deux-Sèvres. And I have several other favours to solicit.' Then he
took a memorandum-book from his pocket, and continued:
'Monsieur Béjuin begs that your Majesty will be graciously pleased to
visit his cut-glass works at Saint-Florent, when you go to Bourges.
Colonel Jobelin desires an appointment in the Imperial Palaces. The
usher Merle calls your Majesty's attention to the fact that he has
gained the military medal, and desires a tobacco-agency for one of
his sisters.'
'Is that all?' asked the Emperor, who had begun to smile again. 'You
are a magnificent patron. Your friends ought to worship you.'
'No, they do not worship me, sire, they support me,' Rougon replied
with his blunt frankness.
This retort seemed to make a deep impression upon the Emperor.
Rougon had just revealed to him the whole secret of his fidelity. On
the day when he might allow his credit to stagnate, on that day his
credit would be killed; and in spite of scandal, in spite of the
discontent and treason of his hand, it was his only possession and
support, and he was obliged to keep it sound and healthful, if he
himself wished to remain unshattered. The more he got for his
friends—the greater and the less deserved the favours that he
lavished on them—the stronger he became himself.
He added very respectfully, and in a very meaning tone: 'For the
glory of your Majesty's reign, I hope from the bottom of my heart
that your Majesty may long preserve about you the devoted servants
who helped you to restore the empire.'
The Emperor no longer smiled. He took a few steps about the room,
with downcast eyes and pensive air. He seemed also to have turned
pale and to be trembling slightly. Presentiments occasionally affected
his mystical nature with great force. And to obviate the necessity of
any immediate determination, he decided to drop the subject. He
again assumed a kindly demeanour; and, referring to the discussion
which had taken place at the council, seemed even inclined to think
that Rougon was right, now that he could speak freely without any
danger of irrevocably committing himself. The country, said he, was
certainly not yet ripe for liberty. For a long time to come an energetic
hand would be necessary to guide matters with resolution and
firmness. Then he concluded by once more assuring the minister of
his entire confidence. He gave him full liberty of action, and
confirmed all his previous instructions. Rougon, however, thought it
necessary to add another word on the subject.
'Sire,' he said, 'I could never allow myself to be at the mercy of
malevolent gossip. I stand in need of stability if I am to accomplish
the great task for which I am now responsible.'
'Monsieur Rougon,' replied the Emperor, 'go on fearlessly; I am with
you.'
Then, bringing the conversation to a close, he stepped towards the
door, followed by the minister. They both went out and crossed
several apartments on their way to the dining-room. Just as they
were reaching it, the Emperor turned round and again took Rougon
aside. 'You don't approve, then,' he asked, in an undertone, 'of that
scheme for a new nobility? I should have been very glad to see you
support it. Study the matter.' Then, without waiting for a reply, he
added with that quiet stubbornness which formed part of his
character:[20] 'There's no hurry, however. I will wait; for ten years, if
it be necessary.'
After déjeuner, which lasted scarcely half an hour, the ministers
went into a small adjoining drawing-room where coffee was served.
They remained there chatting for a little time, standing round the
Emperor. However, Clorinde, whom the Empress had kept with her
all this time, came to look for her husband, with the easy manner of
a woman who mixed freely with politicians. She shook hands with
several of the ministers. They all clustered round her, and the
subject of conversation was changed. However, his Majesty began to
pay the young woman such marked attention, and kept so close to
her, that their excellencies thought it discreet to take themselves off
by degrees. Opening one of the glass doors which led on to the
terrace of the château, four of them went outside, and these were
speedily followed by three others. Only two remained in the room to
keep up an appearance of propriety. The Minister of State, with a
pleasant, cheery expression upon his aristocratic face, had taken
Delestang in tow, and was pointing out Paris from the terrace.
Rougon, likewise standing in the sunshine, also became absorbed in
the spectacle of the great city looming like a mass of bluish cloud on
the horizon beyond the great green carpet of the Bois de Boulogne.
That morning, Clorinde was looking very beautiful. Clumsily dressed,
as usual, with her gown of pale cherry-coloured silk dragging over
the floor, she appeared to have slipped into her things in all haste,
as if goaded on by some strong desire. She laughed with the
Emperor, and her whole demeanour was very free and unreserved.
She had made a conquest of his Majesty at a ball given by the Naval
Minister which she had attended in the character of the Queen of
Hearts, wearing diamond hearts about her neck and her wrists and
her knees; and ever since that evening she had remained on very
friendly terms with Napoleon, jesting playfully whenever he
condescended to compliment her upon her beauty.
'Look, Monsieur Delestang,' the Minister of State was saying to his
colleague on the terrace, 'see yonder on the left, what a wonderfully
soft blue hue there is about the dome of the Panthéon.'
Then, while Delestang gazed admiringly at the prospect, the Minister
of State cast furtive glances into the little drawing-room through the
open window. The Emperor was bending forward, and was speaking
with his lips close to the young woman's face, while she threw
herself back with tightly strained breast as though to escape him.
Nothing could be seen of his Majesty from outside save an indistinct
profile, the tip of an ear, a long red nose, and a heavy mouth half-
buried beneath a quivering moustache. His cheek and eyes were
glowing, whilst Clorinde, who looked irritatingly fascinating, gently
swayed her head like a coy young shepherdess.
In spite of all the unpleasantness at the council, Rougon returned to
Paris with Delestang and Clorinde. On the journey home the young
woman appeared anxious to make her peace with him. She no
longer manifested that nervous restlessness which in the morning
had impelled her to choose disagreeable subjects of conversation,
but even occasionally looked at Rougon with an air of smiling
compassion. When the landau, passing through the Bois de
Boulogne, now steeped in sunshine, rolled gently alongside the
lakes, she murmured with a sigh of enjoyment: 'What a lovely day it
is!' Then, after a moment's reverie, she said to her husband: 'Tell
me, is your sister, Madame de Combelot, still in love with the
Emperor?'
'Henriette is mad!' replied Delestang, shrugging his shoulders.
But Rougon intervened: 'Yes, indeed, she's still in love,' said he:
'people assert that she actually threw herself at his Majesty's feet
one day. He raised her and advised her to be patient.'
'Ah, yes, indeed,' cried Clorinde gaily, 'She'll have a long time to
wait!'

XII

DEFECTION
Clorinde was now revelling in a florescence of fantasy and power. In
character she was still the big eccentric girl who had scoured Paris
on a livery-stable hack in search of a husband; but the big girl had
developed into a woman, who calmly performed the most
extraordinary actions, having at length realised her long-cherished
dream of becoming a power. Her everlasting prowlings in out-of-the-
way neighbourhoods, her correspondence which inundated the four
corners of France and Italy with letters, her continued contact with
politicians, into whose intimacy she managed to insinuate herself,
and all her erratic schemings, full of gaps and illogical as they were,
had ended in the acquirement of real and indisputable influence. She
still indulged in strange eccentricities, and propounded wild schemes
and extravagant hopes, even when she was talking seriously. And
when she went out, she still took her tattered portfolio with her,
carrying it in her arms like a baby, and with such an air of
earnestness that people in the streets smiled as she passed them in
her dirty, draggling skirts. However, she was consulted now, and
even feared. No one could have exactly told the origin of her power,
which seemed to come from numerous distant and invisible sources,
now difficult to trace. Folks knew nothing but a few scraps of gossip,
anecdotes that were whispered from ear to ear. There was
something to mystify one in the young woman's strangely compound
character, in which wild imagination was linked to common sense
which commanded attention and obedience, while apart from all
mental attributes there was her magnificent person, in which,
perhaps, lay the true secret of her power. It mattered little, however,
upon what foundations Clorinde's throne was reared. It was
sufficient that she did reign, though it were in a whimsical, erratic
fashion, and that people bowed down before her.
This was a real period of power for the young woman. In her
dressing-room, amidst a litter of dirty basins, she contrived to
centralise the policy of all the courts of Europe. She received
information, even detailed reports, in which the slightest pulsations
of governmental life were carefully noted, before the embassies did,
and without anyone knowing whence her news was derived. As a
natural consequence she was surrounded by a court of bankers, and
diplomatists, and friends, who came to her in the hope of obtaining
information. The bankers showed her particular attention. She had
enabled one of them to gain a hundred million francs in a single haul
by merely telling him of an approaching change of ministry in a
neighbouring state. Truth to tell, however, she disdained to employ
her knowledge for purposes of gain, and she readily told all that she
knew—the gossip of diplomatists, and the talk of the different
capitals—for the mere pleasure of hearing herself speak, and of
showing that she had her eyes upon Turin, Vienna, Madrid, and
London, as well as on Berlin and St. Petersburg. She could supply
endless information concerning the health of the different
sovereigns, their amours and habits, the politicians of the various
states, and all the scandals of even the smallest German duchies.
She judged statesmen in a single phrase; jumped from north to
south without the slightest transition; spoke as carelessly of the
different countries of Europe as if they had been her own, as if,
indeed, the whole wide world, with its cities and nations, had formed
part of a box of playthings, whose little cardboard houses and
wooden men she could set up, and move about as she pleased. And,
when at last her tongue ceased wagging, and she was tired of
chattering, she would snap her fingers, as though to say that this
was quite as much as all these things were worth.
For the time being, amidst her many tangled schemes, there was
one very serious matter which excited her warmest enthusiasm, and
on which she tried her best to keep silent, though, occasionally, she
could not deny herself the pleasure of alluding to it. She wanted
Venice. Whenever she spoke of the great Italian minister, she
referred to him familiarly as 'Cavour.' 'Cavour,' said she, 'did not want
it, but I want it, and he has understood.' Morning and night she shut
herself up at the embassy with Chevalier Rusconi. And tranquilly
lounging, throwing back her narrow, but goddess-like brow, as if in a
sort of somnambulism, she would utter scraps of disconnected
sentences, shreds of revelations; a hint of a secret interview
between the Emperor and some foreign statesman; a projected
treaty of alliance, some clauses of which were still under discussion;
a war which would take place in the coming spring. On other days
she became excited and angry, kicked the chairs about her room and
knocked the basins over at the risk of breaking them. On these
occasions she looked like some angry queen who has been betrayed
by imbecile ministers, and sees her kingdom going from bad to
worse; and, with a tragic air, she would stretch her bare majestic
arm in the direction of Italy and clench her fist, exclaiming: 'Ah! if I
were over yonder there would be none of this folly!'
However, the worries of high politics did not prevent Clorinde from
engaging in all sorts of other businesses, in which she seemed to get
quite lost. She was often to be found sitting on her bed with the
contents of her large portfolio spread over the counterpane, while
she plunged her arms into the papers, distracted and crying with
irritation. She would be unable to find anything amidst such a chaos
of documents; or else, after long hunting for some lost batch of
papers, she would at length discover it behind some piece of
furniture or amongst her old boots or dirty linen. When she went out
to conclude any particular piece of business, she generally contrived
to involve herself in two or three fresh affairs on her way. She was
for ever rushing about to all sorts of places, lived in a perfect whirl
of ideas, a state of perpetual excitement; while beneath her lay the
mazy depths of mysterious, unfathomable intrigues. When she came
home again in the evening, after a day's scouring of Paris, tired out
by climbing so many flights of stairs, and carrying in the folds of her
skirts an odour of all the strange haunts which she had visited, no
one would have guessed one half of the errands that she had been
engaged upon. And if anyone happened to question her, she only
laughed; she herself did not always remember what she had been
doing.
It was about this time that she had the extraordinary whim of
engaging a private room at one of the great restaurants on the
boulevard. The house in the Rue du Colisée was so far away from
everything, she said; she wanted a place in some central position; so
she turned the private room at the restaurant into an office. For two
months she received there all who wanted to see her, simply
attended by the waiters, who had to usher in persons of the highest
position. Great functionaries, ambassadors, and ministers presented
themselves at the restaurant. Clorinde, entirely at her ease there,
made them sit down on the couch, damaged by the supper parties
of the Carnival, while she herself remained in front of the table, the
cloth of which was always laid, strewn with bread-crumbs and
littered with papers. She camped there like a general officer. One
day, however, when she did not feel very well, she calmly went
upstairs to the top of the house and lay down on the bed of the
maître d'hôtel who usually waited upon her, and she could not be
induced to go home till it was nearly midnight.
Delestang, in spite of everything, was a happy man. He appeared to
be quite ignorant of his wife's eccentricities. She was now completely
master of him, and treated him as she liked, while he never made
the least complaint. His natural temperament predisposed him to
this kind of servitude. He found far too much happiness in the secret
surrender of his authority to attempt any revolt. In the privacy of
their domestic life, it was he who rendered Clorinde all kinds of little
services. He hunted about for her lost boots, or went through all the
linen in the wardrobe to find a chemise that was not in holes. He
was quite satisfied with preserving a serene appearance of
superiority when he was at other people's houses. The unruffled air
of loving protection with which he then spoke of his wife almost won
him public respect.
Clorinde, having now become all-powerful at home, had decided to
bring her mother back from Turin. She intended, she said, that
Countess Balbi should henceforth spend six months of each year
with her. She seemed to be suddenly overwhelmed by an outburst of
filial affection. She threw a whole floor of the house into confusion
so as so instal the old lady as near as possible to her own
apartments. She even provided a door of communication between
her dressing-room and her mother's bedchamber. In Rougon's
presence especially she made an excessive parade of her affection,
indulging in the most exaggerated Italian expressions of
endearment. How had she ever been able, she wondered, to resign
herself to such a long separation from her mother, she who, before
her marriage, had never left her for an hour? She accused herself of
want of heart. But it was not her fault, she protested; she had been
forced to yield to other people's advice, to give way before
pretended necessities, in which even now she could see no force.
Rougon remained quite unmoved by this rebellion. He had
altogether ceased to lecture her, and no longer attempted to make
her one of the most distinguished women in Paris. In former times
she had filled up a gap in his life, but now that he was in the
forefront of the battle with fourteen hours' work to get through
every day, he gave little thought to love and passion. Nevertheless,
he continued to treat her with an air of affection, mingled with that
kind of contempt which he usually manifested for women. He came
to see her from time to time, and then his eyes would occasionally
gleam as in the days of old. She was still his one weakness; the one
woman who perturbed him.
Since Rougon had gone to live at the official residence of the
Minister of the Interior where his friends complained that they could
no longer see him in intimate fashion, Clorinde had thought of
receiving the band at her own house, and it had gradually become a
custom for the others to go there. To mark more plainly the fact that
these receptions took the place of those in the Rue Marbeuf, she
fixed the same evenings as Rougon had chosen, namely Sundays
and Thursdays. There was this difference, however, that in the Rue
du Colisée the guests remained till one o'clock in the morning.
Clorinde received them in her boudoir, as Delestang still kept the
keys of the big drawing-room for fear of it being damaged by
grease-spots. And as the boudoir was a very small apartment,
Clorinde left the doors of her dressing-room and bedroom open; so
that, very frequently, the friends were to be found crowding together
in the sleeping-chamber amid a litter of feminine finery.
On Thursdays and Sundays, Clorinde usually made a point of
hastening home early so as to get through her dinner in time to
receive her guests. But, in spite of all her efforts to remember these
evening receptions, she twice forgot all about them, and was taken
quite aback on finding a crowd of people in her bedroom when she
returned home after midnight. One Thursday, towards the end of
May, she got home at the unusually early hour of five. She had been
out on foot and had preferred to walk all the way from the Place de
la Concorde in a heavy fall of rain rather than pay thirty sous for a
cab. She was quite soaked when she reached the house, and she
went straight to her dressing-room where her maid, Antonia, whose
mouth was smeared with jam, undressed her, laughing merrily the
while at the stream of water which poured from her mistress's
clothes on to the floor.
'There is a gentleman come to see you,' said the servant, presently,
as she sat down on the floor to take off Clorinde's boots. 'He has
been waiting for an hour.'
Clorinde asked her what he was like. The maid, with her greasy
dress and unkempt hair, and her white teeth gleaming in her dusky
face, remained sitting on the floor. The gentleman, she said, was fat
and pale, and stern-looking.
'Oh, it must be Monsieur de Reuthlinguer the banker,' cried Clorinde.
'I remember now, he was to come at four o'clock. Well, let him wait.
You have the bath ready for me, haven't you?'
Then she quietly got into the bath which was concealed behind a
curtain in a corner of the room, and while in it, she read the letters
which had arrived during her absence. Half an hour went by when
Antonia, after leaving the room for a few minutes, came back again
and said to her mistress: 'The gentleman saw you come in and
would very much like to speak to you, madame.'
'Oh, dear, I'd forgotten all about him!' cried Clorinde. 'Come and
dress me, quickly.'
However, the young woman showed much capriciousness over her
toilette that evening. In spite of the neglect with which she usually
treated her person, she was occasionally seized with a sudden
idolatry for it. At these times she would indulge in the most
elaborate toilette; even having her limbs rubbed with ointments and
balms and aromatic oils, of a nature known only to herself, which
had been bought at Constantinople, so she said, from the perfumer
to the Seraglio, by an Italian diplomatist, a friend of hers. While
Antonia was rubbing her, she threw herself into statuesque attitudes.
This anointing made her skin white and soft, and beautiful as
marble. One of the oils, of which she herself carefully counted the
drops as she let them fall on to a small piece of flannel, had the
miraculous quality of at once effacing every wrinkle. And when this
business was over, she would commence a minute examination of
her hands and feet. She could have spent a whole day in adoring
herself.
At the end of three quarters of an hour, however, when Antonia had
slipped some wraps over her, she suddenly seemed to recollect her
visitor. 'Oh, dear, the Baron!' she cried. 'Well, never mind, show him
in here!'
M. de Reuthlinguer had been patiently sitting in Clorinde's boudoir,
with his hands clasped over his knees for more than two hours. He
was a pale frigid man of austere morals, the possessor of one of the
largest fortunes in Europe, and for some time past he had been in
the habit of thus dancing attendance upon Clorinde twice or thrice a
week. He even invited her to his own house, that abode of rigid
decorum and glacial strictness, where the young woman's startling
eccentricities quite shocked the footmen.
'Good day, baron!' Clorinde exclaimed as he came in. 'I'm having my
hair dressed, so don't look.'
An indulgent smile played round the baron's pale lips. After bowing
with the most respectful courtesy, he remained standing quite close
to her, without a quiver of his eyelids.
'You've come for news, haven't you?' she asked. 'Well, I've just
heard something.'
Then she got up and dismissed Antonia, who went away leaving the
comb stuck in her mistress's hair. Clorinde was doubtless afraid of
being overheard, for laying her hand on the banker's shoulder and,
standing on tip-toe, she whispered something in his ear. As he
listened to her, he nodded his head briskly.
'There!' concluded the young woman, raising her voice. 'You can go
now.'
But the banker took hold of her bare arm and brought her back
towards him to ask for certain explanations. He could not have been
more at his ease if he had been talking to one of his clerks, instead
of to this beautiful woman in deshabille. When he left her, he invited
her to dine at his house on the following day. His wife was very
anxious to see her again, he said. She accompanied him to the door,
but all at once crossed her arms over her bosom and turned very red
as she exclaimed: 'Good gracious! I was actually about to go out
with you like this!'
She now began to scold Antonia for being so slow. She would never
get finished! she cried; and then she scarcely gave the girl time to
dress her hair, saying that she hated being so long over her toilette.
In spite of the time of the year, she insisted upon wearing a long
robe of black velvet, a sort of loose blouse, drawn in at the waist
with a red silk girdle. Twice already, a servant had come to tell her
that dinner was served. However, as she passed through her
bedroom, she found three gentlemen there, of whose presence no
one had had the slightest idea. They were the three political
refugees, Signori Brambilla, Staderino, and Viscardi. Clorinde,
however, showed no surprise at meeting them.
'Have you been waiting for me long?' she asked.
'Yes, yes,' they replied, gently nodding their heads.
They had arrived before the banker, but had remained extremely
quiet, for political misfortunes had made them taciturn and
reflective. They were seated side by side on the same couch, all
three lolling in much the same position, with big extinguished cigars
between their lips. But they now rose and clustered round Clorinde,
and a rapid muttering in Italian ensued. The young woman seemed
to be giving them instructions. One of the refugees took notes in
cipher in a pocket-book, while the others, appearing much excited
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