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Computer Network

The document provides a comprehensive overview of Computer Networks, covering key topics such as types of networks (LAN, MAN, WAN), transmission media (guided and unguided), transmission modes (simplex, half duplex, full duplex), line configurations, network topologies, and the OSI and TCP/IP models. It outlines the purpose and components of computer networks, as well as features and examples of different network types. Additionally, it includes a final summary highlighting essential points for exam preparation.

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krishnasahu09999
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8 views5 pages

Computer Network

The document provides a comprehensive overview of Computer Networks, covering key topics such as types of networks (LAN, MAN, WAN), transmission media (guided and unguided), transmission modes (simplex, half duplex, full duplex), line configurations, network topologies, and the OSI and TCP/IP models. It outlines the purpose and components of computer networks, as well as features and examples of different network types. Additionally, it includes a final summary highlighting essential points for exam preparation.

Uploaded by

krishnasahu09999
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Absolutely!

Here's a detailed, clear, and exam-oriented explanation of all your Computer


Networks Unit 1 topics:

🔵 Unit 1: Computer Networks – Detailed


Explanation

🔷 1. Introduction to Computer Networks


A Computer Network is a collection of interconnected computing devices that share resources
(like printers, files, and internet) and communicate with each other.

✅ Purpose:
• Sharing data and resources
• Communication through emails, chats, etc.
• Easy access to remote data and applications

✅ Components:
• Hosts (nodes): Devices like computers, phones, printers
• Links: Physical or wireless connections between devices
• Protocols: Set of rules for communication (e.g., TCP/IP)

🔷 2. Types of Computer Networks


➤ 1. LAN (Local Area Network):
• Covers small area (e.g., home, school, office)
• High speed (100 Mbps to 1 Gbps)
• Less expensive
• Example: A lab in a college

➤ 2. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):


• Covers a city or large campus
• Medium-range network
• Used by universities, government offices
• Example: Interconnected college campuses in a city
➤ 3. WAN (Wide Area Network):
• Covers a large geographical area (e.g., country or continent)
• Slower than LAN due to long-distance transmission
• Example: The Internet

Feature LAN MAN WAN


Area Small Medium Large
Speed Fast Medium Slower
Cost Low Moderate High

🔷 3. Transmission Media
Transmission media are the physical paths through which data travels in a network.

➤ A. Guided (Wired) Media:


1. Twisted Pair Cable:
• Common in LANs
• Two insulated copper wires
• Low cost, short-distance
2. Coaxial Cable:
• Used in cable TV
• Higher bandwidth than twisted pair
3. Fiber Optic Cable:
• Uses light signals
• Very fast and long-distance
• Expensive but highly secure

➤ B. Unguided (Wireless) Media:


1. Radio Waves:
• Used in Wi-Fi, FM radio
• Travels in all directions
2. Microwaves:
• Point-to-point communication
• Used in satellite and mobile networks
3. Infrared:
• Short-range
• Used in TV remotes, wireless mouse

🔷 4. Transmission Modes
Defines the direction of data flow between two devices.

➤ 1. Simplex Mode:
• One-way communication
• Example: Keyboard to CPU

➤ 2. Half Duplex:
• Two-way communication, but one at a time
• Example: Walkie-talkies

➤ 3. Full Duplex:
• Two-way communication at the same time
• Example: Telephone call

🔷 5. Line Configuration
Describes how devices are connected to each other in a network.

➤ 1. Point-to-Point:
• Direct connection between two devices
• Example: Computer to printer via cable

➤ 2. Multipoint:
• More than two devices share the same link
• Saves cable but causes data collision

🔷 6. Network Topologies
Network topology is the layout or structure of how devices (nodes) are connected.

Topology Description Advantages Disadvantages


One main cable, all devices Difficult to troubleshoot, cable
Bus Easy to implement
connected to it failure stops network
All devices connected to a
Star Easy to manage Hub failure breaks network
central hub
Topology Description Advantages Disadvantages
Each device connected in a Performs well under Failure in one device can break the
Ring
circle heavy load network
Every device connected to
Mesh Very reliable Expensive and complex
every other
Central hub failure affects many
Tree Combination of bus and star Scalable
nodes
Mix of two or more
Hybrid Flexible and scalable Complex design
topologies

🔷 7. OSI Reference Model (7 Layers)


The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a theoretical framework that standardizes the
functions of a network.

🔹 7 Layers (from top to bottom):


Layer Function
7. Application End-user interaction (e.g., web browser, email)
6. Presentation Data format, encryption, compression
5. Session Manages sessions/connections
4. Transport Reliable data delivery (TCP/UDP), segmentation
3. Network Routing, logical addressing (IP)
2. Data Link MAC address, frame creation, error detection
1. Physical Transmission of raw bits over medium (cables, signals)

🔹 Easy Mnemonic:
👉 All People Seem To Need Data Processing

🔷 8. TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP model is the real-world model used in the Internet.

🔹 4 Layers:
Layer Equivalent OSI Layers Function
Application + Presentation + Provides user services like HTTP, FTP,
Application
Session DNS
Transport Transport End-to-end connection (TCP, UDP)
Internet Network IP addressing, routing
Network Access Data Link + Physical Physical transmission, hardware addressing

🔹 Key Protocols:
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Reliable, ordered data delivery
• IP (Internet Protocol): Routing and addressing
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Fast, connectionless

🔚 Final Summary:
Topic Key Point
LAN/MAN/WAN Based on area coverage
Transmission Media Wired (fiber, coaxial) & Wireless (radio, microwave)
Transmission Modes Simplex, Half Duplex, Full Duplex
Line Configuration Point-to-point or multipoint connection
Topologies Star, Bus, Ring, Mesh, etc.
OSI Model 7-layer theoretical model
TCP/IP Model Practical 4-layer model for the internet

Would you like:


• 📝 A printable PDF summary?
• 🎯 Some multiple-choice practice questions?
• ✏️Help with writing short notes or answers for exam?
Let me know and I’ll prepare it for you right away!

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