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Robotics AI Answers Long

The document outlines key concepts in Natural Language Processing (NLP), including tokenization, part-of-speech tagging, and named entity recognition. It also describes the Branch and Bound algorithm for optimization, problem-solving in AI, and the fundamentals and methods of robotics. Additionally, it explains programming levels in robotics, differentiates between A* and AO* algorithms, and discusses problem reduction and kinetics in robotics.

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7 views4 pages

Robotics AI Answers Long

The document outlines key concepts in Natural Language Processing (NLP), including tokenization, part-of-speech tagging, and named entity recognition. It also describes the Branch and Bound algorithm for optimization, problem-solving in AI, and the fundamentals and methods of robotics. Additionally, it explains programming levels in robotics, differentiates between A* and AO* algorithms, and discusses problem reduction and kinetics in robotics.

Uploaded by

chiragsolanki10122005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Explain any three phases of NLP with examples:

Natural Language Processing (NLP) involves processing human language so that computers can

understand, interpret, and respond. Three important phases of NLP are:

1. Tokenization:

- It is the process of breaking text into smaller units called tokens (words, punctuation marks).

- Example: "I love AI" ["I", "love", "AI"]

2. Part-of-Speech Tagging (POS):

- Each word is tagged with its grammatical role (noun, verb, etc.).

- Example: "He runs" He (pronoun), runs (verb)

3. Named Entity Recognition (NER):

- Identifies named entities such as names of people, places, brands, etc.

- Example: "Google is based in California" Google (Organization), California (Location)

2. Describe Branch and Bound Algorithm:

Branch and Bound is an optimization algorithm used for solving problems like the Traveling

Salesman Problem or shortest path.

- It explores all possible solutions but avoids exploring branches that can't lead to a better solution.

- Branching means dividing the problem into sub-problems.

- Bounding means calculating a bound (minimum or maximum) to decide whether to proceed.

- It saves time by eliminating bad choices early.

3. Define Problem Solving, Search Space in AI:

Problem Solving in AI means finding a sequence of actions to achieve a specific goal from a given

initial state.
- The Search Space is the total set of possible states or actions that can be taken to reach the goal.

- AI searches through the space using algorithms like DFS, BFS, A*, etc., to find the most efficient

solution.

4. Explain Hill Climbing with Example:

Hill Climbing is a heuristic search technique that always moves towards the direction of increasing

value (uphill) to find the peak.

- It starts with an initial solution and checks its neighbors to find a better solution.

- If no neighbor is better, it stops.

- Problem: It may get stuck at local maxima.

- Example: Finding the highest point on a hilly terrain by only going uphill.

5. Describe Fundamentals of Robotics:

Robotics involves designing, building, and programming machines (robots) to perform tasks

automatically.

Key components include:

- Sensors: To perceive the environment.

- Actuators: Motors and parts that move.

- Controllers: Brains of the robot, usually software.

Applications: Manufacturing, medicine, space, defense, etc.

6. Describe Different Methods Used in Robotics:

Methods in Robotics include:

- Kinematics: Study of motion without force.

- Dynamics: Motion with forces and torques.

- Control Systems: Maintain stability and accuracy.

- AI and ML: Used for intelligent behavior.


- Programming Languages: Used to instruct robots.

- Path Planning: Finding optimal paths.

7. How Many Levels Are Used in Programming? Explain with Example:

There are three levels in robot programming:

1. Joint Level:

- Controls each joint or motor directly.

- Example: Rotate joint 1 by 90 .

2. Motion Level:

- Controls motion of parts to reach positions.

- Example: Move end-effector to coordinates X,Y,Z.

3. Task Level:

- High-level commands like pick, place.

- Example: Pick up the object and place on conveyor.

8. Differentiate Between A* and AO* Algorithm:

| Feature | A* Algorithm | AO* Algorithm |

|----------------|-------------------------------|------------------------------------|

| Graph Type | Simple graph/tree | AND-OR graph |

| Use | Pathfinding | Decision making with subgoals |

| Output | Single best path | May involve multiple sub-paths |

| Cost Function | g(n) + h(n) | Similar but for AND-OR structure |

A* is suitable for linear problems, AO* for hierarchical problems.

9. Define Problem Reduction:

Problem Reduction is breaking a large complex problem into smaller sub-problems.

- These sub-problems are solved individually.


- It is a divide-and-conquer approach.

- Example: Solving a puzzle by solving one part at a time.

10. Explain Kinetics in Robotics:

In robotics, Kinetics often refers to motion due to force (same as Dynamics).

- It studies the relationship between motion and the forces causing it.

- Important in designing robots that handle varying loads, gravity, friction, etc.

- Example: Calculating torque needed for a robotic arm to lift an object.

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