Descriptive analytics (Healthcare providers can use descriptive

analytics to track patient outcomes, identify

-is a powerful tool that can help businesses to trends in disease, and measure the
better understand their performance and effectiveness of treatments. It can be used to
identify opportunities for growth. improve patient care, reduce costs, and develop
-is a type of data analytics that focuses on new treatments)
describing what has happened in the past. - Descriptive analytics is a valuable tool for
can be used to answer a wide range of businesses of all sizes and in all industries. By
questions, such as: understanding what has happened in the past,
businesses can make better decisions about the
 What were our sales last quarter? future.
 Which products are selling the best?
 Which customers are the most Here is an overview of the key steps involved in
profitable? descriptive analytics:
 What are the trends in our industry? 1. Collect data
 How are our competitors performing?
(The first step is to collect the data that you
- often used to create reports and dashboards want to analyze. This data can come from a
that can help businesses track their variety of sources, such as sales records,
performance and identify areas for customer surveys, or website analytics.)
improvement.
2. Clean and prepare the data
descriptive analytics can be used in different
industries: (Once you have collected your data, you need
to clean it and prepare it for analysis. This may
 Retail involve removing errors, formatting the data
( Retailers can use descriptive analytics to track correctly, and aggregating the data into
sales trends, identify popular products, and meaningful groups.)
understand customer behavior and also can be 3. Analyze the data
used to improve product selection, marketing
campaigns, and store layout) (Once your data is ready, you can start to
analyze it using a variety of statistical methods.
 Manufacturing This may involve calculating summary statistics,
(Manufacturers can use descriptive analytics to creating visualizations, or building predictive
track production efficiency, identify quality models.)
issues, and forecast demand. They can use this 4. Interpret the results
to improve production processes, reduce costs,
and improve customer satisfaction) (Once you have analyzed your data, you need to
interpret the results and communicate them to
 Healthcare others. This may involve creating reports,
presentations, or dashboards.)
-Descriptive analytics is a valuable tool for Standard deviation: The standard deviation is
businesses of all sizes and in all industries. By $10.
understanding what has happened in the past,
businesses can make better decisions about the (This information tells us that the average sale
future. is $100, but that there is a fair amount of
variability in sales values, with some sales being
-Descriptive analytics can be used to much higher or lower than the average. The fact
summarize and describe the main features of a that the mean, median, and mode are all close
dataset using measures of central tendency, to each other suggests that the distribution of
such as mean, median, and mode, which sales values is approximately normal.)
provide information about the typical value in
the dataset. Measures of variability, such as  Range
range, variance, and standard deviation, (is the difference between the largest and
describe the spread or dispersion of the data. smallest values in a dataset)
 Mean  Variance
(The mean is the average of all the values in a (is the average of the squared deviations from
dataset.) the mean)
 Median  Kurtosis
(The median is the middle value in a dataset (is a measure of how peaked or flat a
when the values are ordered from smallest to distribution is)
largest.)
 Skewness
 Mode
(is a measure of how asymmetrical a
(The mode is the most frequent value in a distribution is)
dataset.)
-Descriptive analytics can be used to answer a
 Standard deviation variety of questions, such as:
(is a measure of how spread out the values in a  What is the average value of the
dataset are) dataset?
 What is the most common value in the
dataset?
(Let us show you an example of how descriptive  How spread out are the values in the
analytics can be used to analyze a dataset of dataset?
sales data:)  Are there any outliers in the dataset?
 Is the distribution of the values normal?
Mean: The mean sales value is $100.

Median: The median sales value is $95.

Mode: The mode sales value is $100.

-Descriptive analytics can be used to create (For example, a business might track the mean
reports and dashboards that can help customer satisfaction score each quarter to see
businesses to better understand their data and if it is improving or declining.)
make better decisions, such as:
Here is an example of how the mean is used in
* Setting sales targets data analytics:

* Identifying products that are selling well or  A manufacturing company might use
poorly the mean to calculate the average
production time for a product. This
* Developing marketing campaigns information could be used to identify
* Forecasting future sales areas for improvement and set
production targets.
( Now let us discuss the measures of central  The mean is a powerful tool that can be
tendency that can be used to summarize and used to gain insights from data and
describe the main features of a dataset) make informed decisions.

Mean To calculate the mean in Excel, you can use the

AVERAGE function. The AVERAGE function takes
 The mean in data analytics is a statistic
a range of cells as input and returns the average
that provides information about the
of the values in those cells.
typical value in a dataset. It is calculated
by adding up all the values in a dataset Median
and dividing by the number of values.
 The mean is a good measure of central (The median in data analytics is a measure of
tendency for datasets that are normally central tendency, which is a statistic that
distributed, but it can be skewed by provides information about the typical value in
outliers. a dataset.)

(For example, if a dataset contains a few very  It is calculated by ordering the values in
high or low values, the mean may not be a dataset from smallest to largest and
representative of the typical value in the then selecting the middle value.
dataset.)  If there are two middle values, the
median is the mean of those two
 The mean is often used in data analytics values.
to compare different datasets.  The median is a good measure of
central tendency for datasets that are
(For example, a business might compare the
not normally distributed, or that
mean sales of different products or the mean
contain outliers.
customer satisfaction scores of different
regions.) (For example, if a dataset contains a few very
high or low values, the median will not be
 The mean can also be used to track
skewed by those values.)
trends over time.
  The median is often used in data (The mode is a good measure of central
analytics to compare different datasets. tendency for datasets that are not normally
 The median can also be used to track distributed, or that contain outliers. For
trends over time. example, if a dataset contains a few very high or
low values, the mode will not be skewed by
Here are some examples of how the median is those values.)
used in data analytics:
The mode is often used in data analytics to
 A real estate company might use the identify
median to calculate the median home
price in a neighborhood. This  the most popular product
information could be used to help  the most common customer behavior
buyers and sellers determine a fair price  or the most frequent error message
for a home.
 A government agency might use the (It can also be used to track trends over time.
median to calculate the median income For example, a business might track the mode
for a particular region. This information product category each quarter to see what
could be used to develop economic types of products are becoming more or less
policies and programs. popular.)

To calculate the median in Excel, you can use Here are some examples of how the mode is
the MEDIAN function. The MEDIAN function used in data analytics:
takes a range of cells as input and returns the  A manufacturing company might use
median of the values in those cells. the mode to identify the most common
Mode defect in a product. This information
could be used to improve the
(In data analytics, the mode is the most manufacturing process and reduce the
frequent value in a dataset.) number of defective products.
 A healthcare provider might use the
 It is a measure of central tendency, mode to identify the most common
which is a statistic that provides diagnosis for a particular condition. This
information about the typical value in a information could be used to develop
dataset. treatment protocols and improve
 The mode is calculated by counting the patient care.
number of times each value appears in  The mode is a powerful tool that can be
a dataset and then selecting the value used to gain insights from data and
with the highest count. make informed decisions.
 If there are two values with the same  It is important to note that the mode is
highest count, the dataset is said to be not always the same as the mean or
bimodal. median.
 If there are more than two values with
the same highest count, the dataset is (For example, if a dataset contains a few very
said to be multimodal. high or low values, the mode may be different
from the mean and median. In some cases, it (The standard deviation can be used to track
may be more appropriate to use the mode as a how the variability of a dataset changes over
measure of central tendency, while in other time.)
cases, it may be more appropriate to use the
mean or median. The best way to decide which Here are some examples of how the standard
measure of central tendency to useis to deviation is used in data analytics:
consider the specific dataset and the question  A medical researcher might use the
that you are trying to answer.) standard deviation to compare the
-To calculate the mode in Excel, you can use the effectiveness of two different
MODE function. The MODE function takes a treatments. A higher standard deviation
range of cells as input and returns the most in the treatment group indicates that
frequent value in those cells. the treatment is more variable in its
effects.
Standard Deviation  A quality control engineer might use the
standard deviation to monitor the
 is a measure of how spread out the quality of a manufacturing process. A
values in a dataset are. high standard deviation indicates that
 It is calculated by taking the square root the process is more variable and that
of the variance, which is the average of there is a higher risk of producing
the squared deviations from the mean. defective products.
 A high standard deviation means that
the values in the dataset are spread out -It is important to note that the standard
over a wide range, while a low standard deviation is only a meaningful measure of
deviation means that the values in the variability for datasets that are normally
dataset are clustered close to the mean. distributed. If a dataset is not normally
distributed, other measures of variability, such
The standard deviation is often used in data as the interquartile range, may be more
analytics to: appropriate.
 Identify outliers -To calculate the standard deviation in Excel,
(Values that are more than two standard you can use the STDEV.S function. The STDEV.S
deviations away from the mean are considered function takes a range of cells as input and
to be outliers. Outliers can be caused by errors returns the standard deviation of the values in
in data collection or entry, or they may those cells.
represent real but unusual events.) Range
 Compare datasets -In data analytics, the range is the difference
(The standard deviation can be used to between the largest and smallest values in a
compare the variability of two or more dataset. It is a simple but effective measure of
datasets. variability, or how spread out the values in a
dataset are.
 Track trends over time
-The range is a useful measure of variability for To calculate the range in Excel, you can use the
a variety of tasks in data analytics, such as: following formula: =MAX(range)-MIN(range)
where range is the range of cells that you want
 Identifying outliers to calculate the range for.
(Values that are outside of the normal range Variance
may be outliers, which can be caused by errors
or unusual events.) -It is calculated by taking the average of the
squared deviations from the mean.
 Comparing datasets
-To calculate the variance, you can use the
(The range can be used to compare the following formula:
variability of two or more datasets)
Variance = ∑(x - x̄ )2 / n
satisfaction scores for different products or
regions. where:

 Tracking trends over time  x is a value in the dataset

 x̄ is the mean of the dataset
(The range can be used to track how the  n is the number of values in the dataset
variability of a dataset changes over time)
-Variance is a useful measure of variability for a
(However, the range is also a relatively simple variety of tasks in data analytics, such as:
measure of variability, and it has some
limitations. For example, the range is sensitive  Identifying outliers
to outliers, and it can be misleading if the  Comparing datasets
dataset is not normally distributed.)  Tracking trends over time

(Overall, the range is a useful and versatile -Variance is a powerful tool that can be used to
measure of variability in data analytics. It is gain insights from data and make informed
simple to calculate and interpret, and it can be decisions.
used for a variety of tasks. However, it is
important to be aware of its limitations, such as Here is an example of how variance is used in
its sensitivity to outliers and its lack of data analytics:
robustness to non-normality.)  A financial analyst might use variance
Here is an example of how the range is used in to calculate the risk of a particular
data analytics: investment. A high variance indicates
that the investment is more risky, while
 A financial analyst might use the range a low variance indicates that the
to assess the risk of a particular investment is less risky.
investment. A stock with a high range of
price movements is considered to be -Variance is a powerful tool that can be used to
more risky than a stock with a low gain insights from data and make informed
range of price movements. decisions. Overall, variance is a useful and
versatile measure of variability in data analytics.
It is simple to calculate and interpret, and it can -Kurtosis is a powerful tool that can be used to
be used for a variety of tasks. gain insights from data and make informed
decisions.
To calculate the variance in Excel, you can use
the VAR.S function. The VAR.S function takes a Here are some examples of how kurtosis is used
range of cells as input and returns the variance in data analytics:
of the values in those cells.
 A medical researcher might use kurtosis
Kurtosis to compare the effectiveness of two
different treatments. A higher kurtosis
 Kurtosis in data analytics is a measure in the treatment group indicates that
of how the tails of a distribution are the treatment is more variable in its
distributed compared to a normal effects.
distribution.  A quality control engineer might use
 It is calculated by taking the fourth kurtosis to monitor the quality of a
central moment of a distribution manufacturing process. A high kurtosis
divided by the fourth power of the indicates that the process is more
standard deviation. variable and that there is a higher risk
-A higher kurtosis means that the tails of the of producing defective products.
distribution are heavier than a normal -Overall, kurtosis is a useful and versatile
distribution, while a lower kurtosis means that measure of the shape of a distribution in data
the tails of the distribution are lighter than a analytics. It is simple to calculate and interpret,
normal distribution. and it can be used for a variety of tasks.
-Kurtosis is a useful measure of the shape of a It is important to note that kurtosis is not a
distribution, and it can be used to: perfect measure of the shape of a distribution,
 Identify outliers For example, a distribution can have a high
kurtosis even if it is not symmetrical. However,
(Values that are more than two standard kurtosis is still a valuable tool for data analysts
deviations away from the mean are considered who want to gain insights from data and make
to be outliers. Kurtosis can be used to identify informed decisions.
outliers, even if they are not too far away from
the mean.)

 Compare distributions To calculate kurtosis in Excel, you can use the

KURT function. The KURT function takes a range
(Kurtosis can be used to compare the tails of of cells as input and returns the kurtosis of the
two or more distributions) values in those cells.

 Track trends over time

(Kurtosis can be used to track how the tails of a Skewness

distribution change over time)
- in data analytics is a measure of how could be used to assess the risk of the
asymmetric a distribution is. investment.
 A medical researcher might use
-It is calculated by taking the third central skewness to compare the effectiveness
moment of a distribution divided by the fourth of two different treatments. A higher
power of the standard deviation. skewness in the treatment group
-A positive skew means that the tail of the indicates that the treatment is more
distribution is longer on the right side, while a variable in its effects. This information
negative skew means that the tail of the could be used to design more effective
distribution is longer on the left side. clinical trials.

- A normal distribution has a skewness of zero. - Note that skewness is not a perfect measure
of the shape of a distribution.
Skewness is a useful measure of the shape of a
distribution, and it can be used to: (example, a distribution can have a high
skewness even if it is not symmetrical.)
 Identify outliers:
Here is an example of a skewness graph:
(Values that are more than two standard
deviations away from the mean are considered (IPAKITA MO YONG GRAPH NA NASA SINEND NI
to be outliers. Skewness can be used to identify SIR)
outliers, even if they are not too far away from (A distribution can have right (or positive), left
the mean) (or negative), or zero skewness. A rightskewed
distribution is longer on the right side of its
 Compare distributions peak, and a left-skewed distribution is longer on
the left side of its peak)
(Skewness can be used to compare the
- Skewness can be a useful indicator of
asymmetry of two or more distributions.)
important trends and patterns in data.(if the
 Track trends over time skewness of income data increases over time, it
may indicate that the gap between the rich and
(Skewness can be used to track how the the poor is widening. Similarly, if the skewness
asymmetry of a distribution changes over of test score data increases over time, it may
time.) indicate that students are becoming more
stratified in terms of their academic abilities.)
Here are some examples of how skewness is
used in data analytics: To calculate skewness in Excel, you can use the
SKEW function. The SKEW function takes a
 A financial analyst might use skewness
range of cells as input and returns the skewness
to assess the risk of a particular
of the values in those cells.
investment. A high skewness indicates
that the investment is more likely to (I INSERT HERE YONG NA RECORD NA VID)
experience extreme returns, both
positive and negative. This information Advance Data Analysis Tools
Excel has a number of advanced data analysis • A production engineer might use Solver to
tools that can be used to perform complex find the optimal production schedule that
statistical and engineering analyses. minimizes costs.

Some of the most popular advanced data - Advanced data analysis tools can be a valuable
analysis tools in Excel include: asset for anyone who works with large amounts
of data. By using these tools, you can gain
• PivotTables insights from your data that would be difficult
(are a powerful tool for summarizing and to see with the naked eye.
analyzing large amounts of data, allows you to Excel functions for Data Analysis
quickly and easily create tables and charts that
show trends and patterns in your data (Excel has a wide range of functions that can be
used for data analysis)
• Data Analysis ToolPak
Some of the most commonly used functions
( is a collection of statistical and engineering include:
functions that can be used to perform complex
analyses, to use the Data Analysis ToolPak, you • SUM: Sums the values in a range of cells.
must first load it as an add-in)
• AVERAGE: Calculates the average of the
• Goal Seek values in a range of cells.

(can be used to find the value of one input cell • COUNT: Counts the number of cells in a range
that will produce a desired result in another that contain numbers.
cell)
• MAX: Returns the largest value in a range of
• Solver cells.

(can be used to solve complex optimization • MIN: Returns the smallest value in a range of
problems. It can be used to find the best cells.
solution to a problem, given a set of constraints.
• VLOOKUP: Looks up a value in a table and
Here are some examples of how advanced data returns the corresponding value from another
analysis tools in Excel can be used: column in the table.

• A financial analyst might use PivotTables to • IF: Returns one value if a condition is met and
analyze stock market data and identify trends. another value if the condition is not met.

• A marketing analyst might use the Data • COUNTIFS: Counts the number of cells in a
Analysis ToolPak to perform a regression range that meet multiple criteria.
analysis to identify the relationship between
advertising spending and sales. • SUMIFS: Sums the values in a range of cells
that meet multiple criteria.
• A sales manager might use Goal Seek to find
the optimal sales target for each salesperson. • XLOOKUP: A newer function that combines
the functionality of VLOOKUP and
HLOOKUP (a function that looks up a value in a (This involves collecting data from a sample of
table and returns the corresponding value from the population of interest. The data should be
another row in the table). collected in a random and unbiased way.)
(CAN U MAKE A VIDEO LANG HERE HAJIE
SHOWING THESE FUNCTIONS) 3. Analyze the data

Data Analysis ToolPak (This involves using a statistical test to

determine whether the data is likely to have
The Data Analysis ToolPak is a collection of occurred under the null hypothesis. If the data
statistical and engineering functions that can be is unlikely to have occurred under the null
used to perform complex analyses in Excel. hypothesis, then the null hypothesis is rejected
and the alternative hypothesis is accepted.)
(MAKE ANOTHER VIDEO HERE, SUNDAN LANG T-tests are a type of hypothesis test that is used
YONG NASA MODULE NA BINIGAY NI SIR KAHIT to compare the means of two groups.
YONG 1-5 LANG NA STEPS)

 T-tests can be used to compare

independent groups (groups that are
not related to each other) or paired
Hypothesis Test and T-test groups (groups that are related to each
other).
-are a type of statistical analysis that is used to
test whether a claim about a population is true. •To perform a t-test, you must first collect data
from two groups.
 null hypothesis-the claim that is being
tested is called the (The data should be collected in a random and
 alternative hypothesis-the alternative unbiased way. Once you have collected the
to the null hypothesis data, you can use a statistical software package
to perform the t-test.)
Hypothesis tests are typically performed in two
•The t-test will produce a p-value - is the
steps:
probability of obtaining the data that you
1. Formulate the hypotheses: obtained if the null hypothesis is true.

(This involves stating the null hypothesis and (If the p-value is less than a certain significance
the alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis level (typically 0.05), then the null hypothesis is
is typically a statement that there is no rejected and the alternative hypothesis
difference between two groups or that there is is )accepted.)
no change over time. The alternative hypothesis
T-test examples in excel
is the opposite of the null hypothesis.)
To perform a t-test in Excel, you can use the
2. Collect data
T.TEST function. The T.TEST function takes a
number of argumentsincluding the following:

• Array1
(The first range of cells containing the data for researcher would conclude that one teaching
the first group) method is more effective than the other.

• Array2 (T-tests are a powerful tool for data analysis in

Excel. By learning how to use t-tests, you can
(second range of cells containing the data for gain valuable insights from your data that can
the second group) help you make better decisions)

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• Tails NA GAWIN ITO, YONG T-TESTS, MAY FORMULA
( The type of t-test to perform. There are two NAMAN SA MODULE)
types of t-tests: one-tailed and two-tailed)

• Type

(There are two types of t-tests: paired and

unpaired. A paired t-test is used to compare the
means of two paired groups, such as the scores
of students on two different tests. An unpaired
t-test is used to compare the means of two
unpaired groups, such as the scores of male and
female students on a test.)
Here are some examples of how t-tests can be
used in data analysis in Excel:

• A marketing company might use a t-test to

compare the customer satisfaction rates of two
different products. The company would enter
the data for the two groups into two columns in
Excel and then use the T.TEST function to
calculate the pvalue. If the p-value is less than
0.05, then the company would conclude that
one product is more satisfying to customers
than the other.

• An educational researcher might use a t-test

to compare the test scores of students who
received different teaching methods. The
researcher would enter the data for the two
groups into two columns in Excel and then use
the T.TEST function to calculate the p-value. If
the p-value is less than 0.05, then the