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Exception in PL:SQL

The document provides an overview of Exception Handling, Cursors, and Procedures in SQL and PL/SQL. It explains predefined and user-defined exceptions, the use of cursors to retrieve multiple rows, and how to create and call procedures. Additionally, it lists problems related to these topics for further practice.

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rahulkumarpal124
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1 views

Exception in PL:SQL

The document provides an overview of Exception Handling, Cursors, and Procedures in SQL and PL/SQL. It explains predefined and user-defined exceptions, the use of cursors to retrieve multiple rows, and how to create and call procedures. Additionally, it lists problems related to these topics for further practice.

Uploaded by

rahulkumarpal124
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Exception in PL/SQL

It looks like you need information on Exception Handling, Cursors, and


Procedures in SQL and PL/SQL. I'll explain each topic briefly:

1. Exception Handling
a) Predefined Exceptions
These are system-defined exceptions that occur during runtime. Some common
predefined exceptions:

NO_DATA_FOUND – No rows are returned by a SELECT INTO statement.

TOO_MANY_ROWS – A SELECT INTO statement returns more than one row.

ZERO_DIVIDE – An attempt to divide by zero.

INVALID_NUMBER – Conversion of a character string to a number fails.

Example:

BEGIN
SELECT salary INTO v_salary FROM employees WHERE id = 101;
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No record found.');
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Some other error occurred.');
END;
/

b) User-Defined Exceptions
You can define your own exceptions using the EXCEPTION keyword.

Example:

Exception in PL/SQL 1
DECLARE
insufficient_balance EXCEPTION;
balance NUMBER := 500;
BEGIN
IF balance < 1000 THEN
RAISE insufficient_balance;
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN insufficient_balance THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Balance is too low.');
END;
/

2. Cursors
Cursors are used to retrieve multiple rows from a database.

a) Declaring a Cursor

DECLARE
CURSOR emp_cursor IS SELECT id, name FROM employees;

b) Opening and Retrieving Records

BEGIN
OPEN emp_cursor;
FETCH emp_cursor INTO v_id, v_name;
END;

c) Closing a Cursor

CLOSE emp_cursor;

Exception in PL/SQL 2
d) Explicit vs Implicit Cursors
Implicit Cursor: Automatically created by PL/SQL for SELECT statements.

Explicit Cursor: Created explicitly using DECLARE CURSOR .

e) Parameter Passing in Cursors

DECLARE
CURSOR emp_cursor(dept_id NUMBER) IS
SELECT id, name FROM employees WHERE department = dept_id;

3. Procedures
Procedures are stored subprograms that execute a set of SQL statements.

a) Create and Drop Procedure

CREATE PROCEDURE get_salary (emp_id IN NUMBER, emp_salary OUT NUMB


ER) AS
BEGIN
SELECT salary INTO emp_salary FROM employees WHERE id = emp_id;
END;
/

To drop a procedure:

DROP PROCEDURE get_salary;

b) Calling Procedures

DECLARE
v_salary NUMBER;
BEGIN
get_salary(101, v_salary);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary: ' || v_salary);

Exception in PL/SQL 3
END;
/

c) Granting EXECUTE Permission

GRANT EXECUTE ON get_salary TO user_name;

4. Problems on Exception Handling, Cursors, and Procedures


1. Handle a division by zero error using exception handling.

2. Fetch all employees from a department using a cursor.

3. Create a procedure that returns the highest salary in a department.

Let me know if you need detailed explanations with examples! 🚀

Exception in PL/SQL 4

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