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unit database _part_1

The document provides an overview of database concepts, defining a database as an organized collection of data that can be easily accessed and managed. It discusses the importance of databases for managing large data sets, ensuring accuracy, ease of updates, and data security, as well as introducing Database Management Systems (DBMS) and their advantages. Additionally, it covers relational database terminology, types of keys, and various data models used in databases.

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1 views

unit database _part_1

The document provides an overview of database concepts, defining a database as an organized collection of data that can be easily accessed and managed. It discusses the importance of databases for managing large data sets, ensuring accuracy, ease of updates, and data security, as well as introducing Database Management Systems (DBMS) and their advantages. Additionally, it covers relational database terminology, types of keys, and various data models used in databases.

Uploaded by

waheguruji1317
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Science

Class XII

UNIT- DATABASE
CONCEPTS- (PART-A)
DATABASECONCEPTS
A Database is a collection of DATA/INFORMATION
that is organized so that it can be easily accessed,
managed and updated.
InDatabase,Data is organized into rows,columns and
tables, and it is indexed to make it easier to find
relevant information. It works like a container which
contains the various object like Tables, Queries,
Reports etc. in organized way.

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DATABASECONCEPTS

WHY DO WE NEED DATABASE:


 To manage large chunks of data: if size of data increases into
thousands of records, it will simply create a problem to
manage.Database can manage large amount of data.
 Accuracy: Data accuracy can be maintained in database
 Ease of updating data: With the database, we can flexibly
update the data according to our convenience. Moreover,
multiple people can also edit data at same time.
 Security of data: With databases we have security groups and
privileges to restrict access.

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DATABASECONCEPTS

DatabaseManagementSystem(DBMS)

 A DBMS refers to a software that is responsible for storing,


maintaining and utilizing database in an efficient way.
 A Database along with DBMS software is called Database
System.
 Example of DBMS software are Oracle, MSSQLServer, MS
Access,Paradox,DB2andMySQLetc.
 MySQL is open source and freeware DBMS.

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DATABASECONCEPTS
Advantages of Database System
❖ Databases reduces Redundancy:

It removes duplication of data because data are kept at one place and
all the application refers to the centrally maintained database.

❖ Database controls Inconsistency:

When two copies of the same data do not agree to each other, then it
is called Inconsistency. By controlling redundancy, the inconsistency is
also controlled.

❖ Database facilitate Sharing of Data: Data stored in the database


can be shared among multiple users.
DATABASECONCEPTS

RELATIONAL DATABASE TERMS:


❖Relation (Table):
A Relation or Table is like structure arranged in Rows and
Columns.
 Domain :

It is collection of values from which the value is derived for a


column.
❖Tuple / Entity / Record
Rows of a table is called Tuple or Record.
DATABASECONCEPTS

❖Attribute/ Field-
Column of a table is called Attribute or Field.
❖Degree
- Number of columns (attributes) in a table.
❖Cardinality
- Number of rows (Records) in a table.
DATABASECONCEPTS
KEYS IN A DATABASE :
Key plays an important role in relational database; it is used for
identifying unique rows from table & establishes relationship
among tables on need.

Types of keys in DBMS:


 Unique key –
 A unique key is a column or set of columns in a table that
uniquely identifies tuples(rows) in the table
 Multiple unique keys are allowed in a table
DATABASECONCEPTS
 Unique keys have NULL values

❖ Primary Key –
 A primary is a column or set of columns in a table that
uniquely identifies tuples (rows) in that table.
 Only 1 primary key is allowed in a table
 Primary keys cannot have NULL values
❖ Candidate Key –
It is an attribute or a set of attributes or keys participating for
Primary Key, to uniquely identify each record in that table.
DATABASECONCEPTS
 Those are capable of becoming primary keys.
 Multiple Candidates keys are allowed in a table.
 Alternate Key –
Out of all candidate keys, only one gets selected as
primary key, remaining keys are known as alternate or
secondary keys.
❖ Foreign Key –
Foreign keys are the columns of a table that points to the primary
key of another table. They act as a cross-reference between
tables.
DATABASECONCEPTS

UNIQUE KEY UNIQUE KEY UNIQUE KEY


DATABASECONCEPTS
 Data Model-
Way of data representation Data model is a model or
presentation which shows How data is organized ? or
stored in the database.
A data is modeled by one of the following given-
❖ Relational Data Model:
In this model data is organized into Relations or Tables
(i.e. Rows and Columns). A row in a table represents a
relationship of data to each other and also called a Tuple
or Record. A column is called Attribute or Field.
❖ Network Data Model:
DATABASECONCEPTS

In this model, data is represented by collection of


records and relationship among data is shown by Links.
❖ Hierarchical Data Model:
In this model, Records are organized as Trees. Records
at top level is called Root record and this may contains
multiple directly linked.
❖ Object Oriented Data Model :
In this model, records are represented as a objects. The
collection of similar types of object is called class
DATABASECONCEPTS

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