🚨 Exceptions in Java
Exceptions in Java are events that disrupt the normal flow of a program's
execution. They usually occur due to runtime errors like dividing by zero,
accessing an invalid index, or opening a file that doesn't exist.
✅ Key Concepts
🔹 What is an Exception?
An exception is an object that represents an error or unexpected
condition. It is thrown by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) or manually by
your code.
⚙️Types of Exceptions
1. Checked Exceptions
Handled at compile time. If not handled, the program will not compile.
Examples:
• IOException
• SQLException
java
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import java.io.*;
public class FileReadExample {
public static void main(String[] args) throws
IOException {
FileReader file = new FileReader("test.txt");
BufferedReader fileInput = new
BufferedReader(file);
System.out.println(fileInput.readLine());
fileInput.close();
}
}
2. Unchecked Exceptions
Handled at runtime. These are subclasses of RuntimeException.
Examples:
• ArithmeticException
• NullPointerException
• ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
java
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public class DivideExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 10, b = 0;
int c = a / b; // ArithmeticException: / by zero
System.out.println(c);
}
}
📦 Exception Hierarchy
php
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Throwable
├── Error (serious problems, not caught by programs)
└── Exception
├── Checked (e.g., IOException)
└── Unchecked (RuntimeException)
🔐 Exception Handling in Java
Java uses try-catch-finally blocks to handle exceptions.
🔸 try-catch Example
java
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public class TryCatchExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int a = 10 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Cannot divide by zero!");
}
}
}
🔸 finally Block
The finally block always runs, whether an exception is thrown or not.
java
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try {
int a = 5 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Error occurred");
} finally {
System.out.println("This block always runs");
}
🚀 Throw and Throws
🔹 throw
Used to explicitly throw an exception.
java
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public class ThrowExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
throw new ArithmeticException("Manually thrown
exception");
}
}
🔹 throws
Declares exceptions that a method might throw.
java
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public void readFile() throws IOException {
FileReader file = new FileReader("data.txt");
}
Custom Exceptions
You can create your own exception class by extending Exception or
RuntimeException.
java
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class MyException extends Exception {
public MyException(String message) {
super(message);
}
}
public class CustomExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
throw new MyException("Custom exception
thrown");
} catch (MyException e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
}
✅ Best Practices
• Catch specific exceptions instead of generic ones.
• Use finally to release resources (e.g., close files or DB connections).
• Avoid overusing throws for unchecked exceptions.
• Log exceptions for debugging.
