CHAPTER 1

1.1. Use a pump to pump an amount of air into a tire of volume V = 8 L. The height
of the pump and its internal diameter are h = 0.5 m and d = 6 cm, respectively.
Find the time needed to pump so that the final pressure in the tire is P = 6 × 10 5 Pa.
Assume the time per one pump is 4 s and the initial pressure in the tire is the
atmosphere pressure P o = 9.4 × 10 4 Pa.
Guide: The same amount of gas comes into the tire in each pump process. After coming into
the tire , this gas exerts a pressure P. After n pumps, the pressure in the tire increases an
amount of nP . The pressure in the tire after n pumps: P s = P o + nP . From This body
determine number time pump n according to according to P.

Note: In each pump, the gas in the pump undergoes an isothermal process from (P o , V o =
dh , T o ) to (P, V, T = T o ). P and n .
Answer: t = 113 s

cylinder in a liquid with the density of 𝜌 = 800 kg/m 3 so that the bottom cylinder
1.2. A cylinder with the height of h = 20 cm contains the air at 37 C. Dip the

is at the liquid surface and the air is compressed to ½ cylinder as shown in Fig. 1.2.

Figure 1.2
(a) Lift the cylinder a distance h 1 = 12 cm, find the distance d between the liquid
levels inside and outside the cylinder.
(b) At the position of the cylinder in (a), find the gas temperature at which d is
zero.
Assume the atmospheric pressure P o = 9.4 × 10 4 Pa.
Guide
(a) Because M and N belong to the same horizontal plane, P N = P M = P o + 𝜌 gh /2.
The pressure of the gas in the cylinder: P = P N = P o + 𝜌 gh /2.
The state of the gas in Fig. 1.5(a) ( stste 1): P 1 = P o + 𝜌 gh /2, V 1 = Ah/2, T 1 . A is cross-
sectional area of the container.
 h1
x
h/2
h N M

(a) (b)
Assume that when the container is pulled up a distance h 1 , the distance between the liquid

h 2 = h 1 – x . The pressure of the gas in the container: P 2 = P o – 𝜌 gx . The state of the gas in
surfaces inside and outside the container is x . Then, the height of the gas in the container:

Fig. 1.5(b) ( stste 2): P 2 = P o - 𝜌 gx , V 2 = Ah 2 , T 2 = T 1 .

Apply Boyle's law to the gas in the container for process from the state 1 to the state 2, x .
if x > 0 the liquid surface inside the container is bove the liquid surface outside and vice
versa.
Answer: a) 1.9 cm b) 370 K

1.3. A glass vessel of volume V = 20 cm 3 contains an amount of air at t 1 = 70 C.

The vessel has an open horizontal tube containing Hg as shown in Fig. 1.3. The air

volume of glass and the Hg density 𝜌 = 13.6 × 10 3 kg/m 3 are constant.

is cooled to t 2 = 20 C. Find the amount of Hg coming into the vessel. Assume the

Figure 1.3

Answer: 40.8 g

1.4. A horizontal cylinder is divided into two parts by a thermally isolated piston.
First, the piston is at the middle of the cylinder and the distance between the piston
and each sidewall of the cylinder vessel is l o = 0.5 m. Two parts contain the same
amount of a gas at 30 C. The left-side part is heated to 40 C while the right-side
one is cooled to 10 C. Find the direction and the moving distance of piston .
Answer: Move to the cooled part a distance of 2.5 cm

1.5. A long glass tube of small, uniform cross-section contains an amount of air
separated with the outside air by a Hg column of length l = 10 cm. When the tube
is horizontal, the length of the air in the tube is l o = 15 cm (Fig. 1.5). Find the
length of the air in the tube when:
a) The tube is vertical and its open end is upper.
b) The tube is vertical and its open end is lower.
c) The tube is tilted at an angle α = 60 to the vertical axis and its open end is
upper.
d) The tube is tilted at an angle α = 60 to the vertical axis and its open end is
lower.
Assume the atmosphere pressure P o = 750 mmHg and the temperature is constant.

Answer: a) 132 mm b) 173 mm c) 141 mm d) 161 mm

lo l
Figure 1.5

1.6. Three vessels with volumes V 1 , V 2 = ½V 1 and V 3 = ½V 2 containing the

same gas are connected together so that the gases can move throughout vessels.
The vessels are thermally insulated together. The vessels are first at the same
temperature and pressure. If the temperature of vessel V 1 is reduced twice, the
temperature of vessel V 2 is raised three times, the temperature of vessel V 3 is
raised 4/3 times. Find the final pressure in the vessels.
Guide:
Calculate the mole number of the gas in three vessels:
7 Pi V 1
n=
4 RT
The mole number of the gas in the vessel V 1 at the final pressure:
2 Pf V 1
n1 =
RT
The mole number of the gas in the vessel V 2 at the final pressure:
Pf V 1
n2 =
6 RT
The mole number of the gas in the vessel V 3 at the final pressure:
3 Pf V 1
n3 =
16 RT
Answer: P f = 84 Pi / 113

1.7. Two vessels with volumes V 1 = 40 L and V 2 = 10 L are connected by a

narrow tube fitted with a valve that is initially closed. The valve opens when P 1 ≥ P
5
2 + 10 Pa. P 1 and P 2 are the pressures in the vessels 1 and 2, respectively. The
initial pressure and temperature in the vessel 1 are P o = 0.9 × 10 5 Pa and T o = 300
K. The vessel 2 is initially evacuated. If the temperature in both vessels is raised to
T = 500 K. Find:
a) The temperature at which the valve is opened.
b) The final pressure in each vessel.
Guide:
a) By student
b) When the valve opens, an amount of gas moves to V 2 . The pressure in V 1 decreases, the
valve closes. Because the gas is heated continuously, the pressure in V 1 increases again. The
valve opens again and so on. Assume that the pressure increase in V 1 is larger than that in V 2 .
The P = P 1 –P 2 = 10 5 Pa. The final pressures in V 1 and V 2 .
Answer : a) 375 C b) P 1f = 1.17 × 10 5 Pa, P 2f = 0.17 × 10 5 Pa

1.8. The mass of a hot-air balloon and its cargo (not including the air inside) is 200
kg. The air outside is at 10.0 C and 101 kPa . The volume of the balloon is 400 m 3
. To what temperature must the air in the balloon be warmed before the balloon
will lift off? (Air density at 10.0 C is 1.244 kg/m 3 .). Assume that the pressure of
the air inside and outside is almost the same.
Guide:
The buoyant force of the outside air is at least equal to the weight of the balloon plus the
weight of the air inside it:

𝜌 out gV – ρ in gV − mg = 0 → ( 𝜌 out – ρ in ) V = m

RT 𝜌 = = 𝜌
m m PM T out
From PV = out = in
M V RT T¿
t in = 200 C

1. 9. One female pump compress like Figure 1.9. V b To be body product close
pump , V v To be body product faucet pump , V c To be body product jar contain
gas . Valve K 1 only give gas from beside outside enter pump When pressure
pressure in pump small than pressure rate gas Book P o . Van K 2 only gas enter jar
contain When pressure pressure in pump big than pressure pressure in the tank .
Heat degree gas as Are not change .
a) Find pressure rate belong to gas in tank after time pump rank first , second
second
b) Pressure rate pole grand obtain Okay equal bag how much

K1
Container
Pump
Vc
Vb Vv K2
Figure 1.9
HD: We consider time pump ( n + 1) th and rank n . After the time pump rank n ,
pressure capacity in tank contain To be P n . When drag piston out , pressure
pressure in pump reduce should K 2 close again and K 1 open go out. When piston
go up run out of size , pressure pressure in pump equal pressure rate gas book and
K 1 close again to next custom give time pump next according to ( n + 1). As so at
times pump ( n + 1) th pressure rate air in pump When catch head pump still still
To be pressure rate gas book P o . When we push piston Go down , pressure rate
when in pump increase . When pressure pressure in pump increase arrive price
treat P n then K2 opens go out to give gas enter jar contain . When piston down end
together beside below pump then conclude end time pump ( n + 1) and When there
pressure capacity in tank soy sauce application To be P n +1 .
We share too much program pump ( n + 1) th into 2 stages paragraph :
- Stage 1: When catch head push piston down give arrive right before when K 2
open go out. Consider too program variable change class heat belong to quantity
gas contained in the pump and faucet pump from status state start (P o , V o = V b +
V v , T o ) to status state (P 1 = P n , V 1 , T 1 = T o ). Here we assume history When
push piston down , pressure pressure in pump increase arrive P n then body product
belong to pump and faucet is V 1 . Now after that , then K 2 open go out. Pressure
use determine law class heat to calculate V 1 .
- Stage 2: Medium K2 open go out arrive When piston down end together beside
below pump . Consider too program variable change class heat belong to quantity
gas contained in the pump and faucet pump and jar contain ( amount) gas This
much than quantity gas in phase paragraph one due to more gas in tank contain
after when K 2 open out ) from status state 1' (P 1 ' = P n , V 1 ' = V 1 + V c , T 1 ' = T o
) to status state final (P = P n +1 , V = V v + V c , T = T o ) . Here we note that when K
2 fit open go out then in pump , faucet pump and jar contain even Have together
pressure rate P n , so pressure rate head of this Director To be P n . Pressure use
determine law class to find termites link system between P n + 1 and P n .
With rhyme pump rank First , we let n = 0 so that calculate pressure capacity in
tank contain after time pump rank best P 1 according to incubate rate gas Book P o .
With rhyme pump Second , we let n = 1 so that calculate pressure capacity in tank
contain after time pump Monday P 2 according to P 1 . Just like so we have body
calculate pressure capacity in tank contain after time pump any period
b) When obtain Okay pressure rate pole grand then Have pump again pressure rate
also Are not increase  P n + 1 = P n . From here we go P max .
1.10. In one jar body Volume V contains m1 = 14g of gas Nitrogen and m 2 = 7g gas
Hydrogen at temperature degree t = 10 C and pressure pressure P = 10 6 Pa. Find
block quantity of 1mol of mixture fit and body product belong to jar .
1.11. Burning hot one jar contain gas Hydrogen Have body volume V = 10 liters ,
heat t1 = 7 C and pressure pressure P = 50 at. Because jar open should Have one
quantity gas Hydrogen escape go out outside . hydrogen still back in the bottle
Have heat t2 = 17 C , pressure rate still like old . Calculate block quantity gas
Hydrogen escape go out outside .
1.12. In one 2m3 capacity tank contain mixed fit gas Nitrogen and oxide Nitrogen (
NO ). determine block quantity oxide Nitrogen If block quantity mixed fit is 14 kg,
heat 300 K and pressure pressure 0.6 × 10 Pa.
1.13. One liters of O 2 at 20 C below pressure 3atm pressure and 3 liters of CO 2 at
50 C below pressure 2atm pressure , ok mix mixed with together in one jar has a
capacity of 5 liters at 40 C. Calculate pressure rate and block quantity mole belong
to mixed fit .
 Chapter 2. Kinetic theory of gases
2.1. A tank used for filling helium balloons has a volume of 0.300 m 3 and contains
2.00 mol of helium gas at 20.0 C. Assume the helium behaves like an ideal gas.
a. What is the total translational kinetic energy of the gas molecules?
b. What is the average kinetic energy per molecule?
2.2. (a) How many atoms of helium gas fill a spherical balloon of diameter 30.0 cm
at 20.0 C and 1.00 atm ? (b) What is the average kinetic energy of the helium
atoms? (c) What is the rms speed of the helium atoms?
2.3. A spherical balloon of volume 4.00 × 10 3 cm 3 contains helium at a pressure of
1.20 × 10 5 Pa. How many moles of helium are in the balloon if the average kinetic
energy of the helium atoms is 3.60 × 10 -22 J?
2.4. In a period of 1.00 s, 5.00 × 10 23 nitrogen molecules strike a wall with an area
of 8.00 cm 2 . Assume the molecules move with a speed of 300 m/s and strike the
wall head-on in elastic collisions. What is the pressure exerted on the wall? Note:
The mass of one N 2 molecule is 4.65 ×10 -26 kg.
2.5. A 7.00-L vessel contains 3.50 moles of gas at a pressure of 1.60 × 10 6 Pa. Find
(a) the temperature of the gas and (b) the average kinetic energy of the gas
molecules in the vessel. (c) What additional information would you need if you
were asked to find the average speed of the gas molecules?
2.6. A thermally insulated tank is divided into two 20-L sections by a partition.
One 20-L section contains a mole of nitrogen at 300 K and the other 20-L section
contains a mole of helium at 320 K. The partition is removed and the gases are
allowed to mix. For the mixture, is the partial pressure of the nitrogen gas less
than, equal to, or greater than the partial pressure of the helium gas? Is the final
temperature of the mixture less than, equal to, or greater than 310 K?
2.7. The local poison control center wants to know more about carbon monoxide
and how it spreads through a room. You are asked (a) to calculate the mean free
path of a carbon monoxide molecule, and (b) to estimate the mean time between
collisions. The molar mass of carbon monoxide is 28.0 g/mol. Assume that the CO
molecule is traveling in air at 300 K and 1.00 atm , and that the diameters of both
CO molecules and air molecules are 3.75 × 10 -10 m.
2.8. Calculate the mean square speed (the average value of v 2 ) for the molecules in
a gas using the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution function.
 Chapter 3. The first law of thermodynamics
3.1. Air in a piston/cylinder at 200 kPa and 600 K is expanded in a
constant-pressure process to twice the initial volume (state 2). The
piston is then locked with a battery and heat is transferred to a
final temperature of 600 K.
a. Find P and T for states 2 and 3.
b. Show both processes in PV, PT and VT diagrams.
Answer: a. T 2 = 1200 KP 3 = 100 kPa b. By students

3.2. A piston/cylinder has 1.0 mole nitrogen gas at 750 K and 1500 kPa . Now it is
expanded in a polytropic process with n = 1.2 to P = 750 kPa . Find the final
temperature, the work done on the gas during the process.
Guide:
Show that T 2 = T 1 (P 2 /P 1 ) (n-1)/n = 668 K
1 R
Show that W = ( P 2V 2– P 1V 1) = ( T 2 – T 1 ) = 121.7 kJ
1−n 1−n

3.3. A thermally insulated vessel containing a gas whose molar mass is equal to M
and the ratio of specific heats c' p / c' v = γ moves with a velocity v . Find the gas
temperature increase resulting from the sudden stoppage of the vessel.
Guide:
½ nM v 2 = nc' V T T
Note: c' p /c' v = γ and c' p + c' v = R c' v

3.4. The PV diagram in Fig. 3.4 represents 3.00 mol of an ideal monatomic gas.
The gas is initially at point A. The paths AD and BC represent isothermal changes.
If the system is brought to point C along the path AEC, find:
a) the initial and final temperatures of the gas,
b) the work done by the gas, and
c) the heat absorbed by the gas.
 Figure 3.4

Guide: By student

3.5. A sample consists of n moles of an ideal gas is initially at pressure P 1 , volume

V 1 and temperature T H . It expands isothermally until its pressure and volume are
P 2 and V 2 . It then expands adiabatically until its temperature is T L and its pressure
and volume are P 3 and V 3 . It is then compressed isothermally until it is at a
pressure P 4 and a volume V 4 , which is related to its initial volume V 1 by T L V 4 γ-1
= T H V 1 γ-1 . The gas is then compressed adiabatically until it is back in its original
state.
a) Assuming that each process is quasi-static, plot this cycle on a P - V diagram.
(This cycle is known as the Carnot cycle for an ideal gas.)
b) Show that the heat Q H absorbed during the isothermal expansion at T H is Q H =
nRT H ln ( V 2 / V 1 ).
c) Show that the heat Q L released by the gas during the isothermal compression at
T L is Q L = nRT L ln ( V 3 / V 4 ).
d) Using the result that TV γ -1 is constant for for a quasi-static adiabatic expansion,
show that V 2 / V 1 = V 3 / V 4 .
e. The efficiency of a Carnot cycle is defined as the net work done by the gas,
divided by the heat absorbed Q H by the gas. Using the first law of
thermodynamics, show that the efficiency is 1 – Q L / Q H .
f) Using your results from the previous parts of this problem, show that Q L / Q H =
T L/ T H.
Guide: By student
3.6. An ideal gas is compressed from the initial state A to the final state C by one
of two paths:
Path 1: From the state A, the gas is compressed isobarically . Then, the gas
undergoes another process to the state C in which T = αV 2 .
Path 2: First, the gas undergoes a process in which T = P 2 . Then, the gas follows
an isometric process to the state C.
Assume in both cases, the temperature of gas at the states A and C is the same. α
and are constant.
a) Show two paths in the PV diagram.
b) Compare the work done on the gas in two paths.
Guide: By student

3.7. 1.0 mol of gas undergoes a cycle as shown in Fig. 3.7: 1 2: a
branch of parabola whose vertex is at the origin O; 2 3 and 3 1 are
straight lines. Find the work done on the gas according to V 1 , V 2 , T 1 and
T 2.

Figure 3.7
Guide:
Show the cycle in PV diagram and calculate the work done on the gas by the area surrounded
by the cycle curve.

Answer: W on = (
1 T2 T1
−
2 V2 V1 )
(V 1−V 2 )R

3.8. 20g gas He confined in a closed cylinder follows a quasi-static process (1)
(2) as shown in Fig. 3.8. Assume V 1 = 30 L, P 1 = 5 atm ; V 2 = 10 L, P 1 = 15
atm. Find the work done on the gas from the beginning of process until the gas
reaches its maximum temperature.

(2)
P2

P1 (1)

V2 V1
Figure
3.8
Guide:
2
2(20 P−P )
Show that T = . Then find the value of P at which T is maximum. Finally, calculate
5R
the work based on the PV diagram.
Answer: W on = 750 J

3.9. ( Translated into English and solution ) One matter gas in state Thai 1 has
pressure pressure P1 = 105 Pa , temperature 27 degrees Celsius and body volume V1
= 8.31 liters real presently one variable change class product arrive status state 2 has
P 2 = 2P 1 . Then , substance gas go through a too program variable change class
heat arrive status Thai 3 has body product V 3 = 3V 1 . From status 3rd grade ,
quality gas variable change class product arrive status Thai 4 has pressure rate P 4 =
P 1 . Finally together matter gas variable change class pressure about again status
initial state . Given molar heat capacity class product c 'v =1 , 5 R.
a. Drawing cycle program variable change belong to matter gas above simple PV .
determine the information number status state still again .
b. Calculate heat and labour matter gas receive , degree variable Heaven internal
energy in each too program and chief cycle program above .
3.10. 1.0 mole of a gas contained in a closed cylinder with a mobile piston
undergoes the following cycle:
- From the state 1 (P 1 = 10 5 Pa, V 1 = 8.31 L), the gas undergoes an isometric
process to the state 2 with P 2 = 2P 1 .
- From the state 2, the gas is isobarically expanded to the state 3 with T 3 = 400K.
- From the state 3, the gas undergoes an isothermal process to the state 4. Finally,
from the state 4, the gas undergoes an isobaric process to the initial state 1
a. Show the cycle in the PV, PT and VT diagrams.
b. In each process, find the heat transferred into the gas, the work done on the gas.
Assume the molar specific heat capacity at constant volume of the gas c ' V = 1.5R.
c) Find the heat transferred into the gas, the work done on the gas in the cylinder .
Guide: By student

3.11. 1.0 mol of a gas absorbs a heat Q and expands so that V = αP where α is a
constant. The pressure of the gas increases from P 1 to P 2 . Find the molar specific
heat capacity of the gas.
Guide: By student
QR R
Answer: c v ' = −
α (P 2−P1) 2
2 2

3.12. 1.0 mol of a gas is contained in a cylinder with a mobile piston of the mass m
and cross-section area S . The piston is initially balanced when the gas temperture
is T. The piston is then pulled slowly so that the gas temperature is constant. Find
the work necessary to pull the piston in two cases:
a) The piston moves up a distance h .
b) The gas volume is raised twice.
Assume the piston moves frictionlessly .
Guide:
a) Because the piston moves slowly, we can consider that the piston moves with constant
speed.
The net force:⃗
F =⃗F k+⃗
F gas +⃗
F air + ⃗
P g= ⃗0 F k = Pg + F air - F gas
 The work necessary to pull the piston:
V1
W = W by gravity + W by air - W by gas = W by gravity + W by air + W on gas = mgh + P o Sh +n RTln
V2
nRT nRT
V 1= ,V 2= + Sh
Po +mg/ S Po +mg/ S
W
b) V 2 = 2V 1 the moving distance of piston h W

3.13. 1.0 kmol gas real presently one cycle program like Figure 3.12. In which AB
and CD are two too program class heat in heat degree T 1 and T 2 ; BC and DA are
two too program class product application with body product V 2 and V 1 .
a. Prove: P A /P B = P D /P C
b. Calculate labour and heat receive enter belong to cycle program

D
C
Figure 3.12
HD:
a. Students themselves prove .
b. W = R(T 2 -T 1 )ln(V 2 /V 1 ); Q = -W = W' = R(T 1 –T 2 )ln(V 2 /V 1 )

3.14. 1.0 kmol N2 gas at temperature 27 degrees Celsius paragraph heat Star give
body product belong to It increased 5 times . Find :
a. Work born in too program
b. Degree variable Heaven internal ability
3.15. 10 g of O 2 gas at temperature degree 10 C, pressure capacity 3105 N/ m 2 .
After heating hot class pressure body product increase to 10 liters . Find :
a. Heat but gas receive .
b. Degree variable Heaven internal power block gas before and after drying hot .
c . Work born When stretch bloom
 Chapter 4. The second law of
thermodynamics

4.1. A certain refrigerator has a COP of 5.00. When the refrigerator is running, its
power input is 500 W. A sample of water of mass 500 g and temperature 20.0°C is
placed in the freezer compartment. How long does it take to freeze the water to ice
at 0°C? Assume all other parts of the refrigerator stay at the same temperature and
there is no leakage of energy from the exterior, so the operation of the refrigerator
results only in energy being extracted from the water.
Answer: 83.3 s

4.2. A particular heat engine has a mechanical power output of 5.00 kW and an
efficiency of 25.0%. The engine expels 8.0 × 10 3 J of exhaust energy in each cycle.
Find (a) the energy taken in during each cycle and (b) the time interval for each
cycle.
Answer: (a) Q 1 = 10.7 kJ (b) 0.53 s

4.3. Suppose a heat engine is connected to two energy reservoirs, one a pool of
molten aluminum (660°C) and the other a block of solid mercury (-38.9°C). The
engine runs by freezing 1.00 g of aluminum and melting 15.0 g of mercury during
each cycle. The heat of fusion of aluminum is 3.97 × 10 5 J/kg; the heat of fusion of
mercury is 1.18 × 10 4 J/kg. What is the efficiency of this engine?
Answer: 55.4 %

4.4A. A refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of 3.00. The ice tray

compartment is at 220.0°C, and the room temperature is 22.0°C. The refrigerator
can convert 30.0 g of water at 22.0°C to 30.0 g of ice at -20.0°C every minute.
What input power is required?
Answer: 77.8 W

4.4B. You have half an hour before guests start arriving for your party when you
suddenly realize that you forgot to buy ice for drinks. You quickly put 1.00 L of
water at 10.0 C into your ice cube trays and pop them into the freezer. Will you
have ice in time for your guests? The label on your refrigerator states that the
appliance has a coefficient of performance of 5.5 and a power rating P = 550 W.
You estimate that only 10 percent of the electrical power contributes to the cooling
and freezing of the water.
4. 5. A freezer has a coefficient of performance of 7.30. It is advertised as using
electricity at a rate of 457 kWh/year. (a) On average, how much energy does it use
in a single day? (b) On average, how much energy does it remove from the
refrigerator in a single day? (c) What maximum mass of water at 20.0°C could the
freezer freeze in a single day? Note: One kilowatt-hour (kWh) is an amount of
energy equal to running a 1-kW appliance for one hour.

Answer: (a) 4.51×10 6 J (b) 2.84×10 7 J (c) 68.1 kg

4.6. A Carnot engine has a power output P . The engine operates between two
reservoirs at temperature T 1 and T 2 . (a) How much energy enters the engine by
heat in a time interval t? (b) How much energy is exhausted by heat in the time
interval t?.

Answer: (a) (b)

4.7. One of the most efficient heat engines ever built is a coal-fired steam turbine
in the Ohio River valley, operating between 1870°C and 430°C. (a) What is its
maxi- mum theoretical efficiency? (b) The actual efficiency of the engine is 42.0%.
How much mechanical power does the engine deliver if it absorbs 1.40 × 10 5 J of
energy each second from its hot reservoir?
Answer: (a) 67.2% (b) 58.8 kW

4.8. At point A in a Carnot cycle, 2.34 moles of a monatomic ideal gas has a
pressure of 1400 kPa , a volume of 10.0 L, and a temperature of 720 K. The gas
expands isothermally to point B and then expands adiabatically to point C, where
its volume is 24.0 L. An isothermal compression Brings it to point D, where its
volume is 15.0 L. An adiabatic process returns the gas to point A. (a) Determine all
the unknown pressures, volumes, and temperatures as you fill in the following
table:
(b) Find the energy added by heat, the work done by the engine, and the change in
internal energy for each of the steps A B, B C, C D, and D A. (c)
Calculate the efficiency of the engine. (d) Show that the efficiency is equal to 1 – T
C /T A , the Carnot efficiency.

Answer: (a) and (b)

(c) 0.237 (d) 0.237

4.9. An electric generating station is designed to have an electric output power of

1.40 MW using a turbine with two-thirds the efficiency of a Carnot engine. The
exhaust energy is transferred by heat into a cooling tower at 110°C. (a) Find the
rate at which the station exhausts energy by heat as a function of the fuel
combustion temperature T 1 . (b) If the firebox is modified to run hotter by using
more advanced combustion technology, how does the amount of energy exhaust
change? (c) Find the exhaust power for T 1 = 800°C. (d) Find the value of T 1 for
which the exhaust power would be only half as large as in part (c). (e) Find the
value of T 1 for which the exhaust power would be one-fourth as large as in part (c).
Guide
(a)
W W 2 T2
= = (1− ) Q 2 / Δt (9)
Q1 W +Q2 3 T1
Note W/ Δt = P = 1.40 MW
(b) From Eq. 9
(c) By student (Answer: 1.87 MW)
(d) By student (Answer: 3.84 × 10 3 K )
(e) No answer exists

4.10 . A heat pump used for heating shown in Fig. 4.10 is essentially an air
conditioner installed backward. It extracts energy from colder air outside and
deposits it in a warmer room. Suppose the ratio of the actual energy Enter the room
to the work done by the device's motor is 10.0% of the theoretical maximum ratio.
Determine the energy entering the room per joule of work done by the motor given
that the inside temperature is 20.0°C and the outside temperature is -5.0°C.
Guide: By student
Answer: 1.17 J

Figure 4.10 Figure 4.11

4.11. An idealized diesel engine operates in a cycle known as the air-standard

diesel cycle shown in Fig. 4.11. Fuel is sprayed into the cylinder at the point of
maximum compression, B . Combustion occurs during the expansion B  C ,
which is modeled as an isobaric process. Show that the efficiency of an engine
operating in this idealized diesel cycle is:

Guide: By student

4.12. In 1816, Robert Stirling , a Scottish clergyman, patented the Stirling engine,
which has found a wide variety of applications ever since, including current use in
solar energy collectors to transform sunlight into electricity. Fuel is burned
externally to warm one of the engine's two cylinders. A fixed quantity of inert gas
moves cyclically between the cylinders, expanding in the hot one and contracting
in the cold one. Fig. 4.12 represents a model for its thermodynamic cycle. Consider
n moles of an ideal monoatomic gas being taken once through the cycle, consisting
of two isothermal processes at temperatures 3 T i and T i and two constant-volume
processes . Let us find the efficiency of this engine. (a) Find the energy transferred
by heat into the gas during the isovolumetric process AB. (b) Find the energy
transferred by heat into the gas during the isothermal process BC. (c) Find the
energy transferred by heat into the gas during the isovolumetric process CD. (d)
Find the energy transferred by heat into the gas during the isothermal process DA.
(e) Identify which of the results from parts (a) through (d) are positive and evaluate
the energy input to the engine by heat. (f) From the first law of thermodynamics,
find the work done by the engine. (g) From the results of parts (e) and (f), evaluate
the efficiency of the engine. A Stirling engine is easier to manufacture than an
internal combustion engine or a turbine. It can run on burning garbage. It can run
on the energy transferred by sunlight and produce no material exhaust. Stirling
engines are not currently used in automobiles due to long startup times and poor
acceleration response.

Figure 4.12 Figure 4.13

Guide: By student
Answer: ε = 0.273.

4.13. A 1.00-mol sample of an ideal monatomic gas is taken through the cycle
shown in Fig. 4.13. The process A B is a reversible isothermal expansion.
Calculate (a) the net work done by the gas, (b) the energy added to the gas by heat,
(c) the energy exhausted from the gas by heat, and (d) the efficiency of the cycle.
(e) Explain how the efficiency compares with that of a Carnot engine operating
between the same temperature extremes.
Guide: By student
Answer: (a) 4.10 kJ (b) 1.42 × 10 4 J (c) 1.01 × 10 4 J (d) 0.289

4.14. A 1.00-mol sample of a monoatomic ideal gas is taken through the

cycle shown in Fig. 4.14. At point A, the pressure, volume, and
temperature are P i , V i , and T i , respectively. In terms of R and T i , find
(a) the total energy entering the system by heat per cycle, (b) the total
energy leaving the system by heat per cycle, and (c) the efficiency of an
engine operating in this cycle. (d) Explain how the efficiency compares
with that of an engine operating in a Carnot cycle between the same
temperature extremes.
Guide: By student
Answer: (a) 10.5nRT i (b) 8.50nRT i (c) 0.190

4.15. A 1.0-mol sample of an ideal gas (γ = 1.40) is carried through the Carnot
cycle described in Fig. 4.15. At point A, the pressure is 25.0 atm and the
temperature is 600 K. At point C, the pressure is 1.0 atm and the temperature is
400 K. (a) Determine the pressures and volumes at points A, B, C, and D. (b)
Calculate the net work done per cycle.

Guide: By student
Answer: (a) VA = 1.97 L , V B = 11.9 L , VC = 32.8 L, V D = 5.44 L; P A = 25.0 atm
, P B = 4.14 atm , PC = 1.0 atm , PD = 7.03 atm. (b) 2.99 kJ

Figure 4.14 Figure 4.15

4.16. The compression ratio of an Otto cycle as shown in Figure 4.16 is

V A /V B = 8.00. At the beginning A of the compression process, 500 cm
of gas is at 100 kPa and 20.0°C. At the beginning of the adiabatic
expansion, the temperature is T C = 750°C. Model the working fluid as
an ideal gas with γ = 1.40. (a) Fill in this table to follow the states of the
gas:

(b) Fill in this table to follow the process

Figure 4.16

Identify (c) the energy input, (d) the energy exhaust and (e) the net
output work. (f) Calculate the thermal efficiency. (g) Find the number of
crankshaft revolutions per minute required for a one-cylinder engine to
have an output power of 1.00 kW. Note: The thermodynamic cycle
involves four piston strokes.
Guide: By student
Answer:

(a)
(b)
(c) 149 J (d) 65.0 J (e) 84.3 J (f) 0.565
(g) Let f (rev/s) represents the angular speed of the crankshaft.
The frequency at which we obtain work in the amount of 84.3 J/cycle: f/2
1000 = (f/2)84.3 f = 23.7 (rev/s)

4.17. Consider an Otto cycle, as shown in Fig. 10.3, with V A /

V B = 4.00. At the beginning of the compression process (state
A), 0.02 moles of gas is at 1 atm and 20.0°C. At the beginning
of the adiabatic expansion (state C), the temperature is T C =
500°C. Model the working fluid as an ideal gas with γ = 1.40.
Find:
a. State parameters (P, V, T) of the gas at each state in the
Otto cycle. Fig. 10.3
b. The work done by the gas, the heat absorbed by the gas and
the change in the internal energy of the gas during each
process of the cycle.
c. Identify the energy input, the energy exhaust and the net
output work.
d. Calculate the thermal efficiency.

4.18. A Carnot engine has a cycle as shown in Fig. 4.17. If W and W' represent
work done by 1 mole of monatomic and diatomic gas, respectively, calculate W/W'
.
 Figure 4.17

Entropy
4.19. Suppose a 1.0-kg sample of water at temperature T 1 = 30.0°C is added to a
2.0-kg sample of water at T 2 = 90.0°C in an insulated calorimeter of dismissed
heat capacity at a constant pressure of 1.00 atm. (a) Find the change in the entropy
of the system. (b) Find the change in entropy of the universe.
Guide:

pressure, the heat absorbed 𝛿 Q is related to its temperature change dT by:

If a substance is heated from temperature T 1 to temperature T 2 at constant

𝛿 Q = C P dT
We can approximate reversible heat transfer if we have a large number of heat
reservoirs with temperatures ranging from just slightly greater than T 1 to T 2 in
very small steps. We could place the substance, with initial temperature T 1 , in
contact with the first reservoir at a temperature just slightly greater than T 1 and
let the substance absorb a small amount of heat. Because the heat transfer from
each reservoir is approximately isothermal, the process will be approximately
reversible. We then place the substance in contact with the next reservoir at a
slightly higher temperature, and so on, until the final temperature T 2 is reached. If
heat dQ is absorbed reversibly, the entropy change of the substance is
δQ C P dT
dS= =
T T
Integrating from T 1 to T 2 , we obtain the total entropy change of the substance:
T2
dT T
∆ S=∫ C P =C P ln 2
T1
T T1

This result gives the entropy change of a substance that is heated from T 1 to T 2 by
any process, reversible or irreversible, as long as the final pressure equals the
initial pressure and C P is constant. It also gives the entropy change of a substance
that is cooled. In the case of cooling, T 2 is less than T 1 , and entropy change is
negative.
(a) Find the final temperature T f = 343 K.
Calculate the entropy changes of 1 kg water and 2 kg water:
S 1 = 0.52 kJ/K
S 2 = -0.47 kJ/K
The Entropy change of the system: S = 0.05 kJ/K
The calorimeter is insulated The Entropy change of the surroundings: S
surroundings = 0 J/K. The Entropy change of the universe: S u = 0.05 kJ/K

4.20. During each cycle, a Carnot engine absorbs 100 J from a reservoir at 400 K,
does work, and releases heat to a reservoir at 300 K. Compute the entropy change
of each reservoir for each cycle, and show clearly that the entropy change of the
universe is zero for this reversible process.
Guide:
The entropy change of the universe equals the sum of the entropy changes of the
reservoirs: S u = S 300 + S 400
S 400 = - Q h / T h = -0.250 J/K
S 300 = Q c /T c = ( Q h – W)/T c
W = εQ h = (1-T C / T h ) Q h  S 300 = Q h / T h = 0.25 J/K
…
4.21. A solid that has a latent heat of fusion L f melts at a temperature T f .
Calculate the change in entropy of this substance when a mass m of the substance
melts.

Guide: We can choose any convenient reversible path to follow that connects the
initial and final states. It is not necessary to identify the process or the path
because, whatever it is, the effect is the same: energy enters the substance by heat
and the substance melts. Because the melting takes place at a fixed temperature,
we categorize the process as isothermal.
δQ 1 m Lf
∆ S=∫ = ∫ δQ=
T Tf Tf
4.2 2. Find the entropy change for the free expansion of 0.75 mol of an ideal gas
from V 1 = 1.5 L to V 2 = 3.0 L.

Guide: For a free expansion of an ideal gas the initial and final temperatures are
the same. Thus, the entropy change S for a free expansion from V 1 to V 2 is the
same as S for an isothermal process from V 1 to V 2 . For the isothermal process
U = 0 Q = W by . We first calculate Q, then S = Q/T = 4.3 J/K
4.23. A body of constant heat capacity C, and a temperature T 1 is put into contact
with a reservoir at temperature T f . Equilibrium between the body and the reservoir
is established at constant pressure. Determine the total entropy change.

Guide: Assume the temperature of the reservior does not change.

The temperature of body changes at constant pressure.

Tf
dT T
 ∆ S 1=∫ C T =Cln T f
T1 1

The entropy change of the reservoir :

δQ −1 1
∆ S 2=−∫ = ∫ δQ=¿− C (T f −T 1) ¿
T Tf Tf
…
4.24. Calculate the change of entropy involved in heating a gram-atomic weight of
silver at constant volume from 0 to 30°C. The value of c' v , over this temperature
may be taken as a constant equal to 5.85 cal / K.mole .
Answer:

4.25. 1 kg of H 2 O at 0°C is brought in contact with a heat reservoir at 100 C.

When the water has reached 100°C, (a) what is the change in entropy of the water?
(b) what is the change in the entropy of the universe? (c) how could you heat the
water to 100°C so the change in entropy of the universe is zero?

Guide: The process is irreversible. In order to calculate the change of entropy of

the water and of the whole system, we must construct a reversible process which
has the same initial and final states as the process in this problem.

(a) We assume the process is a reversible process of constant pressure. Apply the
entropy change of a reversible process of constant pressure. The change in
entropy of the water is S H2O := … = 1305 J/K. Here, we use m = lkg , and C H2O =
4.18 J/g.

(b) The change in entropy of the heat source is: S source = -Q/T = m C H2O T/T =
… = -11121 J/K

Therefore the change of entropy of the universe is: …

(c) We can imagine infinitely many heat sources which have infinitesimal
temperature difference between two adjacent sources from O°C to 100°C. The
water comes in contact with the infinitely many heat sources in turn in the order of
increasing temperature. This process which allows the temperature of the water to
increase from 0°C to 100°C is reversible; Therefore S = 0.

4.26. Compute the difference in entropy between 1 g of nitrogen gas at a

temperature of 20°C and under a pressure of 1 atm , and 1 of nitrogen liquid at a
temperature 196 C, which is the boiling point of nitrogen, under the same pressure
of 1atm. The latent heat of vaporization of nitrogen is 47.6 cal /gm. Regard
nitrogen as an ideal gas with molecular weight 28, and with a temperature-
independent molar specific heat at constant pressure equal to 7.0 cal / mol.K .

Guide:
The entropy difference of an ideal gas at 20°C and at -196°C is
S = nc' p ln (T 1 /T2) = ?
The entropy change at phase transition is S' = nL /T 2 = ?
Therefore: S = S + S' = 0.97 cal /K.

4.27. n = 0.081 kmol of He gas initially at 27°C and pressure = 2 × 10 5 N/m 2 is

taken over the path A B C as shown in Fig. 4.27. For He c' v = 3R/2 , c' p =
5R/2. Assume the ideal gas law. (a) How much work does the gas do in expanding
at constant pressure from A B? (b) What is the change in internal energy of the
helium from A B? (c) How much heat is absorbed in going from A B? (d) If B
C is adiabatic, what is the entropy change and what is the final pressure?

By student
 Fig. 4.26

4.28. A mole of an ideal gas undergoes a reversible isothermal expansion from

volume V 1 to 2V 1 . (a) What is the change in the entropy of the gas? (b) What is
the change in the entropy of the universe?
Suppose the same expansion takes place as a free expansion: (a) What is the
change in entropy of the gas? (b) What is the change in the entropy of the
universe?
Guide
In a reversible isothermal expansion: by student
As its final state is the same as for the isothermal process, the change in the
entropy of the system is also the same. In this case, the state of the heat source
does not change, neither does its entropy. Therefore the change in entropy of the
universe is Rln2.

4.29. A thermally insulated box is separated into two compartments (volumes V l

and V 2 ) by a membrane. One of the compartments contains an ideal gas at
temperature T; the other is empty (vacuum). The membrane is suddenly removed,
and the gas fills up the two comparments and reaches equilibrium. (a) What is the
final temperature of the gas? (b) Show that the gas expansion process is
irreversible.

Guide
(a) Show that dU = 0 T = const
(b) Show S > 0
4.30. One kilogram of water is heated by an electrical resistor from 20°C to 99°C
at constant (atmospheric) pressure. Estimate: (a) The change in internal energy of
the water. (b) The entropy change of the water.
4.31. A cylindrical container is initially separated by a clamped piston into two
compartments of equal volume. The left compartment is filled with one mole of
neon gas at a pressure of 4 atmospheres and the right with argon gas at one
atmosphere. The gases may be considered as ideal. The whole system is initially at
temperature T = 300 K, and is thermally insulated from the outside world.
The piston is now unclamped and released to move freely without friction.
Eventually, it comes to rest in an equilibrium position. Calculate: (a) The new
temperature of the system (b) The ratio of final neon to argon volumes. (c) The
total entropy change of the system. (d) The additional entropy change which would
be produced if the piston were removed.
(e) If, in the initial state, the gas in the left compartment were a mole of argon
instead of a mole of neon, which, if any, of the answers to (a), (b) and (c) would be
different?
Guide
(a) Show that the internal energy of the president does not change.
(b) Show that the volume ratio is the ratio of molecular numbers, and is also the
ratio of initial pressures.
V Ne : V Ar = 1: n = 4: 1 the mole number of the argon gas is n = 1/4.
(c)

(d)

(e) If initially the gas on the left is a mole of argon, the answers to (a), (b) and (c)
will not change. As for (d), we now have S' = 0.
 Chapter 5. Real gases
5.1. Calculate the Van der Waals constants for carbon dioxide if its critical
temperature T C = 304 K and critical pressure P C = 73 atm.
By student
5.2. Find the specific volume of benzene (C 6 H 6 ) in critical state if its critical
temperature T C = 562 K and critical pressure P C = 47 atm.
By Student
5.3. Determine the pressure in atm exerted by 1 mole of methane placed into a bulb
with a volume of 244.6 mL at 25° C. Assume that methane behaves as a real gas
and obeys the van der Waals equation and for methane a = 2.303 L 2 .atm.mol -2 and
b = 0.0431 L/mol.
By student
5.4. Determine the molar volume of propane at 660 K and 91 atm using the Van
Der Waals equation. The van der Waals constants of propane are a =9.39 L 2
.atm.mol -2 and b = 0.0905 L/mol.
By student
5.5. 0.6 kmol of CO 2 in a rigid container of volume V = 0.5 m 3 . If the pressure of
gas is doubled, how does the gas temperature change? Assume the initial pressure
of the gas is 3.10 6 N/m 2 and the gas obeys the Van Der Waals equation with a =
3.64 ×10 5 Jm 3 /kmol 2 .
By student
5.6. Find the relation between temperature T and volume V of a gas obeying the
Van Der Waals equation in an adiabatic process.
Answer:
 Chapter 7. Liquid
7.1. Find the coefficient of surface tension of a liquid if it rises to a height h = 32.6

density of the liquid is 𝜌 = 1 g/cm 3 .

mm in a capillary of diameter d = 1 mm. The edge angle of meniscus is zero. The

7.2. The surface tension of a liquid can be determined by weighing a drop when it
breaks from a capillary and measuring the neck of the drop at the instant of
breaking off. It is found that 318 drops weigh 5 g, and d = 0.7 mm. Find the
surface tension.
7.3. A vertical glass capillary is attached to one arm of a balance and kept in
equilibrium by weights on the other arm. What happens to the balance if a vessel
containing water is brought up carefully below the capillary so that its end touches
the water surface?
7.4. What is the difference in the levels of a liquid in two communicating

angles of the menisci are zero. The density of the liquid is 𝜌 .

capillaries of diameters d and D ? The surface tension of the liquid is σ . The edge

7.5. What is the change in the level difference of water in two communicating
capillaries of diameters d = 0.1 mm and D = 0.3 mm on heating from 20° to 70°, if
the surface tension of water at these respective temperatures are 73 and 64 dyne/cm
of water.
7.6. What is the extra pressure in a mercury droplet of diameter d = 1 m at 15°C,
if the surface tension of mercury at this temperature is σ = 487 dyne/cm?
7.7. What is the extra pressure inside a soap bubble of diameter d = 0.8 cm if the
surface tension of the soap solution is 40 dyne/cm?
7.8. There is a crack of width a = 0.02 mm in the bottom of a vessel. To what

crack? The density of mercury is 𝜌 = 13.6 g/cm 3 . The surface tension (at 15°) is σ
height h can the vessel be filled with mercury before any flows out through the

= 487 dyne/cm.
7.9. Gas bubbles of diameter d = 0.05 mm separate at the bottom of a pond of
depth h = 2 m. What will be the diameter D of the bubbles when they rise to the
surface? σ = 73 dyne/cm.
Guide: Consider the gas in a bubble as an ideal gas. When the gas bubble rises to
the surface, the gas undergoes an isothermal process.
P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2
P 1 and P 2 are the pressures of gas inside the bubble when the bubble is at the
bottom and the surface, respectively.
We assume that P 1 and P 2 are equal to extermal pressurees acting on the bubble
when the bubble is at the bottom and the surface, respectively.

( 3 2σ
) (
 P0 + ρgh+ R d = P0 + R D
1
3 2σ
2
)
Here, R! =d∧R 2=D
7.10. A vertically mounted glass capillary of length l and radius r is closed at the
top. To what height h does water rise in the capillary when its lower end is brought
into contact with the surface of water?
Guide: The final pressure P of gas inside the closed capillary when the water
rises:
P0 l=P ( l−h ) P = …
Console two points M and N:
P M =P0

2σ
P N =P+ ρgh−
r

P M= P N

h=
( P0 + ρgl +
2σ
r) √(
− P 0+ ρgl+
r)
2 σ 2 8 σρgl
−
r
2 ρg

7.11. A soap bubble of radius r , filled with air, is contained in a cylinder with a
movable piston. The air pressure outside the bubble is at first equal to the
atmospheric pressure P o . On moving the piston slowly the bubble is compressed
until its radius is halved. Find the pressure of the outer air in the cylinder at this
instant.
Guide:
4σ
The initial pressure of gas in the bubble of radius r: P1=P0 + r
The final pressure of gas in the bubble of radius r/2 (isothermal process):
3
r
3
P1 r =P2  P2=8 P1
8
4σ
P2=P out +
On the other hand, r
2

 The pressure of the outer air in the cylinder when the bubble radius is halved:

(
Pout =8 P0 +
r )
4 σ 8σ
− =8 P O +
r
24 σ
r

7.12. To what height h does the water rise between two vertical glass plates
partially submerged in water, if the distance between them is d = 0 .5 mm? For
water, σ = 73 dyne/cm. The edge angle can be taken as zero in this case.
Answer:
2 σcosθ 2 σ
h= = =3 cm
ρgd ρgd
 CHAPTER 8. SOLID

NaCl , which is 𝜌 = 2.16 g/cm 3 .

8.1. Calculate the equilibrium separation r o for NaCl from the measured density of

8.2. A segment of steel railroad track has a length of 30,000 m when the
temperature is 0.0 C.
a. What is its length when the temperature is 40.0 C?
b. Suppose the ends of the rail are rigidly clamped at 0.0 C so that expansion is
prevented. What is the thermal stress set up in the rail if its temperature is raised to
40.0 C? (Young's modulus of steel is 20 × 10 10 N/m 2 ).
8.3. Assume Young's modulus for bone is 1.50 × 10 10 N/m. The bone breaks if
stress greater than 1.50 × 10 10 N/m is imposed on it. (a) What is the maximum
force that can be exerted on the femur bone in the leg if it has a minimum effective
diameter of 2.50 cm? (b) If this much force is applied compressively, by how much
does the 25.0-cm-long bone shorten?
8.4. Assume if the shear stress in steel exceeds about 4.00 × 10 8 N/m 2 , the steel
ruptures. Determine the shearing force necessary to shear a steel bolt 1.00 cm in
diameter.
8.5. A 200 -kg load is hung on a wire of length 4.00 m, cross-sectional area 0.200
× 10 -4 m 2 , and Young's modulus 8.00 × 10 10 N/m 2 . What is its increase in length?
8.6. On a day that the temperature is 20.0 C, a concrete walk is poured in such a
way that the ends of the walk are unable to move. Take Young's modulus for
concrete to be 7.00 × 10 9 N/m 2 and the compressive strength to be 2.00 × 10 9 N/m
2
. (a) What is the stress in the cement on a hot day of 50.0 C? (b) Does the con-
crete fracture?
8.7. A sample of lead has a mass of 20.0 kg and a density of 11.3 × 10 3 kg/m 3 at 0
C. (a) What is the density of lead at 90.0 C? (b) What is the mass of the sample of
lead at 90.0 C?
8.8. A hollow aluminum cylinder has an internal capacity of 2,000 L at 20.0 C. It
is completely filled with turpentine at 20.0 C. The turpentine and the aluminum
cylinder are then slowly warmed together to 80.0 C. (a) How much turpentine
overflows? (b) What is the volume of turpentine remaining in the cylinder at 80.0
C?
8.9. At 20.0 C, an aluminum ring has an inner diameter of W 5,000 cm and a brass
rod has a diameter of 5,050 cm. (a) If only the ring is warmed, what temperature
must it reach so that it will just slip over the rod? (b) WhatIf? If both the ring and
the rod are warmed together, what temperature must they both reach so that the
ring barely slips over the rod? (c) Would this latter process work? Explain. For
aluminum, its melting point is 660 C.
8.10. A square hole 8.00 cm along each side is cut in a sheet of copper. (a)
Calculate the change in the area of this hole resulting when the temperature of the
sheet is increased by 50.0K. (b) Does this change represent an increase or a
decrease in the area enclosed by the hole?