[UNIT-III WAVE OPTICS MIT Ver.

T1 2023

UNIT IV WAVE OPTICS: INTERFERENCE

Q. Diagrammatically represent characteristics of a wave.

Ans. Characteristic of a wave

Q. What is Interference of light?

Ans. Interference of Light: When two waves of the same frequency travel in the same direction and have a
constant phase difference that remains constant with time, the resultant intensity of light is not uniformly
distributed in space.
The non-uniform distribution of the light intensity due to the superposition of two waves is called
interference.
OR
The modification of intensity in the area of superposition as two or more waves superimpose is known as
Interference.

Q. Relation between Intensity and amplitude?

Ans. Intensity α (Amplitude)

Q. What are types of interference of light?

Ans.Constructive Interference (Bright or Maxima). The interfering waves with same frequency and amplitude
and having path difference equal to zero or even multiple of or integral multiple of λ
i.e. ∆= = , where = 0, 1, 2, 3, … make trough falls on trough and crest fall on crest. Hence producing
resultant amplitude double that of either wave and intensity, being proportional to amplitude square,
becomes four times the intensity due to the individual waves. This is known as constructive interference.

Destructive interference (Dark or Minima).The interfering waves with same frequency and amplitude and
( )
having path difference equal to or odd multiple of i.e ∆= , where = 0, 1, 2, 3, … make trough falls

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exactly on crest and trough fall on crest. Hence producing zero resultant amplitude and zero resultant
intensity. This is known as destructive interference.

Q. What are Interference Fringes?

Ans. When two light waves are made to interfere, we get alternate dark and bright fringes of a regular or
irregular in shape. These are called interference fringes.

Q. Write different types of interference on the basis of source formation?

Ans. TYPES OF INTERFERENCE: The phenomenon of interference may be grouped into two categories
depending upon the formation of coherent sources in practice.
(1) DIVISION OF WAVEFRONT: Under this category, the coherent sources are obtained by dividing the
wavefront, originating from common source, by employing mirrors, biprisms or lenses e.g., Fresnel’s
biprism, Fresnel’s mirrors, Lloyd’s mirror, laser etc.
(2) DIVISION OF AMPLITUDE: In this method, the amplitude of incident beam is divided into two or more
parts either by partial reflection or refraction. The interference in thin films, Newton’s rings and
Michelson’s interferometer come under this category.

Q. What are coherent sources?

Ans. Coherent Sources

Two sources of light are said to be coherent when they have a constant phase difference between them.
Requirement to make sources coherent
The two sources must emit radiations of same wavelength, which is possible only when the two light
sources originate from one source of light.

Q. Why two independent sources cannot be coherent?

OR
Two independent sources of light cannot produce interference, Why?

Ans. The two independent sources of light cannot be coherent because the two independent beams of light
do not have constant phase difference. Light is emitted from millions of excited atoms or molecules whose
vibrations are independent of each other.

Q. Write the essential condition for interference.

Ans. The following conditions must be satisfied:

(A) Condition for Sustained Interference
1. The two interfering waves should be coherent.
2. The two interfering waves should emit light of the same frequency or wavelength.

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(B) Condition for good Contrast

3. The two coherent sources must be narrow.
4. The amplitudes of the two interfering waves must be nearly the same or equal.
(C) Condition for Good visibility
5. The separation between the coherent sources should be as small as possible.
6. The distance of the screen from the two sources should be quite large.

Q. Explain the formation of coherent sources?

Ans. Formation of Coherent Sources:

1. Young’s Double-Slit Experiment. Two virtual images (S1 and S2) of same source (S) produced by
division of wavefront. S1 and S2 act as coherent sources.

2. Thin Film: -
Soap film or oil drop on water act as thin film.

3. Newton’s ring Experiment: Dividing the amplitude of a portion of the wavefront into two parts by
reflection or refraction or both.

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4. Fresnel’s double mirror: Two virtual images (S1 and S2) of same source (S) produced by reflection.

5. Michelson’s Interferometer:

In this interferometer, a single beam is broken into two light waves perpendicular to each other, one
by reflection and the other by refraction. The two beams, when reunite produce interference fringes.
Here these two beams act as coherent sources.

Q. Few Important concept explained.

Ans. (A) Light source

Monochromatic light: A light which consists of one colour or one wave length only is called
monochromatic light. Ex. Sodium Lamp

Polychromatic light: A light which consists of a mixture of several colours wave bands is called
polychromatic light. Ex. White light, Mercury Lamp.

(B) Change of Phase on Reflection:

Reflection at the surface of denser medium

Conclusion of Stoke that when a wave of light is reflected at the surface of denser medium, it
always suffers a phase change of ! or a path change of .

Reflection at the surface of rarer medium

No such change in phase or path is observed when the wave is reflected at the surface of rarer
medium.

(D) Relation between phase difference and path difference

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2!
"ℎ$%& '())&*& +& = × "$-ℎ '())&*& +&

(E) Fringe Width

The separation between any two consecutive bright fringe or any two consecutive dark fringes is
known as fringe width.

Q. Discuss the phenomena of interference of light due to thin films and find the conditions of maxima and
minima. Show that the interference patterns of reflected and transmitted monochromatic light are
complementary.

Ans:

When a thin film of oil spread on the surface of water or soap bubbles, is illuminated by extended source of
light, interference occurs between the light waves reflected & in between the light waves transmitted through
film.

(A) Interference due to reflected light in thin film: Consider a transparent film of thickness t & refractive
index μ (>1). Let a ray of monochromatic light PQ be incident on the upper surface of the film.

At Q, PQ ray is partly reflected along QR and partly refracted along QS.

At S,partly reflected ST and partly refracted along SV and this process continues throughout the film.

Optical path difference

Δ = path (QS+ST) in film – path (QN)in air

Δ = μ (QS+ST) – QN … (1)

For QS, Consider right angled Δ QSO,

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SO t
cos r = or QS = … (2)
QS cos r
For ST, Consider right angled Δ SOT,

SO t
cos r = or ST = … (3)
ST cos r
For QN, Consider right angled Δ QTN,

QN
sin i = or QN = QT sin i = (QO + OT ) sin i … (4)
QT
Consider again Δ QSO and Δ SOT,

QO OT
tan r = and tan r =
OS OS
Putting these values in eqn (4), we get

sin i
QN = (OS tan r + OS tan r) sin i [OS = t and From Snell’s law, = µ ; sin i = μ sin r]
sin r
QN = 2t tan r(μ sin r)
./0 1
QN = 2t 23. 1 (μ sin r)

sin 2 r
QN = 2 µt ... (5)
cos r
Putting the values fromeqn(2),(3) & (5) in eqn (1)

t t sin 2 r
∆ = µ( + ) − 2µ t
cos r cos r cos r
2µ t 2µ t cos 2 r
∆= (1 − sin 2 r ) = [6&+$7%&, %( * + +9% * = 1]
cos r cos r
∆ = 2µ t cos r

In practice, when the light is reflected from the surface of an denser medium, a phase change of π equivalent
to a path difference of λ/2 occurs.

λ
∴ ∆ = 2 µ t cos r − … (6) ( or ∆ = 2;- cos * + )
2
Condition for maxima & minima:

1. Constructive interference (bright or maxima):

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Path difference (∆) should be even multiple of , i.e

2;- cos * −
=2
2 2
=> 2;- cos * = (2 + 1) , @ℎ&*& = 0, 1, 2, 3, …… (7)

9* 2;- cos * = (2 − 1) , @ℎ&*& = 1, 2, 3, …

2

When condition (7) satisfied, the film will appear bright

2. Destructive interference (Dark or minima):
If Path difference (Δ) = (2n-1) λ/2, i.e., should be an odd multiple of .

… (8)

When condition (8) satisfied, the film will appear dark.

(B)Interference due to transmitted light in thin film: Consider a transparent film of thickness t & refractive
index μ. Let a ray of monochromatic light be incident on the upper surface of the film.

The ray PA ray is refracted along AQ at an angle r.The refracted part AQ is partly reflected along QS and partly
refracted along QB.The reflected part QS is again reflected from point S on the upper surface of the film along
ST and finally emerges out through TC.

Optical path difference

Δ = path (QS+ST) in film – path (QN)in air

Δ = μ (QS+ST) – QN … (1)

For QS, Consider right angled Δ QSO,

SO t
cos r = or QS = … (2)
QS cos r

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For ST, Consider right angled Δ SOT,

SO t
cos r = or ST = … (3)
ST cos r

For QN, Consider right angled Δ QTN,

QN
sin i = or QN = QT sin i = (QO + OT ) sin i … (4)
QT
Now again in Δ QSO and Δ SOT,

QO OT
tan r = and tan r =
OS OS
Putting these values in eqn (4), we get

QN = (OS tan r + OS tan r) sin i

sin i
QN = 2t tan r (μ sin r) [From Snell’s law, =µ]
sin r

sin 2 r
QN = 2 µt … (5)
cos r
Putting the values from eqn (2),(3) & (5) in eqn (1)

t t sin 2 r
∆ = µ( + ) − 2µ t
cos r cos r cos r
2µ t 2µ t cos 2 r
∆= (1 − sin 2 r ) =
cos r cos r
∆ = 2µ t cos r

Condition for maxima & minima:

1. If Δ =2 , constructive interference takes place and the film will appear bright
2;- cos * = where n = 0,1,2,3, …… (6)
2. If Δ = (2n-1) λ/2, destructive interference takes place and the film will appear dark.
2;- cos * = (2 − 1) , @ℎ&*& = 1, 2, 3, …… (7)

2;- cos * = (2 + 1) , @ℎ&*& = 0, 1, 2, 3, …

2

Conclusion:The condition represented by (6) and (7) for transmitted light are opposite to those obtained with
reflected light((7) and (8)). Hence the film, which appears dark in reflected light will appear bright in
transmitted light and vice versa. It is obvious then, the interference patterns of reflected and transmitted
monochromatic light are complementary.

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1. Light of wavelength 5893 Å is reflected at nearly normal incidence from a soap film of refractive
index 1.42. What is the least thickness of the film that will appear (i) dark (ii) bright?
Solution.(i)The condition for the darkness of the film in reflected system is given by
2µ-+9%* =
For normal incidence, r=0 and cosr=1

Therefore 2µ- = , -=
µ
ABCD× EFG
For the least thickness of the film, n=1 , - = , -= =2075 Å
µ × .I

(ii)The condition for the brightness of the film in reflected system is given by

2µ- = (2 − 1)
2

- = (2 − 1)
4µ
For the least thickness of the film, n=1, - = Iµ
ABCD× EFG
-= =1037.5 Å
I× .I

2. A parallel beam of sodium light of 5880 Å is incident on a thin glass plate of refractive index 1.5
such that the angle of refraction in the plate is KLL .Calculate the smallest thicknessof the plate which
will make it appear dark by reflection.
Solution: We know that the condition for dark band or fringe in the reflected light is
2µ-+9%* =
ABBE× EFG
-= µMNO1
= × .A×.A
= 3920 × 10QB cm

3. A soap film of refractive index 1.43 is illuminated by white light incident at an angle of RLL .The refracted
light is examined by a spectroscope in which dark band corresponding to the wavelengths 6×SLQT m is
observed .Calculate the thickness of the film.
Solution: The condition for the darkness of the film in reflected system is given by
2µ-+9%* =

-=
2µ+9%*
OU U
µ=OU
1
OU U
sinr =
µ
OU DEV
sinr= .ID
/
sinr = =.381
.ID

Cosr=√1 − %( *=.92
×X× EFY
t= =2.28×10QB +Z
× .ID×.C

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Q.(i) What is wedge shaped film.

(ii) Discuss the formation of interference fringes due to a wedge-shaped thin film seen normally reflected
monochromatic light.

(iii) Obtain an expression for the fringe width.

Ans. (i) Wedge shaped film: A Wedge-shaped thin film is one whose plane surfaces (OA and OB) are slightly
inclined to each other at small angle θ and encloses a film of transparent material of refractive index µ as
shown in fig (1). The thickness of the film increases from O to A. At the point of contact thickness is zero.

(ii) Interference pattern in wedge-shaped film

Consider SP is incident ray of monochromatic light on the upper surface of the film. PQ is reflected ray and PF
is refracted ray.

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Optical path difference between two rays is

∆ = ( PF + FE)in film − PK in air
∆ = µ ( PF + FE) − PK (Q path in film = µ . path in air )
∆ = µ ( PN + NF + FE) − PK .....................(1)
PK )
sin i ( PE = PK
∴µ= = ∴ PK = µPN ..............(2)
sin r ( PN ) PN
PE
Substituting the value of PK from eqn (2) in eqn (1),
∆ = µ(PN + NF + FE) − µPN
or ∆ = µ(NF + FE) ............(3)

Since, Δs EFM & LFM are congruent.

EM = ML = t and FE = FL ..........
...(4)
Substituting the value of FE from eqn (4) in eqn (3),
∆=µ(NF+ FL)=µNL ..........
.....(5)
Now,

∠ BOA = ∠ PRF = θ , But ∠ FPR + ∠ PRF = ext.∠ PFT

∴ (r + θ ) = ∠PFT and ∠ PFT = ∠ELF = (r + θ )

In Δ NEL, = or NL= EL

But EL=2t

Therefore NL= 2t -------------------------

-------------------------(6)

Substituting value of NL in eqn (6) from eqn(5).

Hence, path difference = 2;- cos * 8 [)

As the ray is reflected from a denser medium. Therefore, there occurs an additional path difference of λ/2.

λ
∆ = 2 µt cos( r + θ ) − … (7)
2
Condition for maxima & minima: -

For maxima, Δ = 2
∴ 2µ t cos(r + θ ) = (2n + 1) λ , where n = 0,1,2,3.........
2
For minima, Δ =(2n-1) λ/2
∴ 2µ t cos(r + θ ) = nλ where n = 0,1,2,3.........
(iii) Fringe Width:

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For bright fringe,

Let xn be the distance of nth bright fringe from the edge of the film, then

t
tan θ = or t = x n tan θ
xn

Putting this value of t in above eqn

∴ 2µ t cos(r + θ ) = (2n + 1) λ , where n = 0,1,2,3.........

2

2µ xn tan θ Cos(r+θ)=(2n+1)λ/2 …(8)

Similarly, if xn+1 is the distance of (n+1)th bright fringe, then

2; \ tan [ cos(* + [) = [2( + 1) + 1) ] = (2 + 3) … (9)

2 2
Subtracting eqn (8) from eqn(9),

2; (\ − \ ) tan [ +9%(* + [) =

(\ −\ )= = _
2; tan [ +9%(* + [)
For normal incidence, i = r = 0 and cos (r + θ) = cos θ

λ λ
So, ω= =
2 µ tan θ cos θ 2 µ sin θ

For every small value of θ, sin θ ≅ θ

λ
∴ ω=
2µθ
λ
For air film, µ =1 ∴ ω=
2θ
4.Light of wavelength 6000 Å falls normally on a thin wedge-shaped film of refractive index1.4 forming
fringes that are 2 mm apart. Find the angle of the wedge.
Solution: If θ is the angle of wedge formed by a medium of refractive index µ,then for normal
incidence the fringe width for wavelength λ is given by
λ 1
_=
2µ θ
λ = 6000 Å=6000 × 10QB cm,µ = 1.4, _ = 2ZZ = .2+Z

XEEE× EFG BE abcdbb

θ= × .I×.
=10.71× 10QAradian=10.71× 10QA × π
=. 0061E

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Q. Explain the necessity of extended sources.

Ans.

Q. Explain the formation of fringes in Newton’ring. Calculate the diameter of bright and dark fringes for
Newton’s ring.
Ans. Newton’s Rings:

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When a Plano-convex lens of large radius of curvature is placed with its convex surface in contact with a plane
glass plate, an air film of gradually increasing thickness from the point of contact is formed between the upper
surface of the plate and the lower surface of the lens. If monochromatic light is allowed to fall normally on this
film, then alternate bright and dark concentric rings with their Centre dark are formed. These rings are known
as Newton’s rings.

Newton’s rings are formed because of the interference between the waves reflected from the top & bottom
surfaces of an air film formed between the lens and plate.

Figure: Newton’s Ring obtained with sodium light (Wavelength = 5893 Å)

Experimental arrangement: -

A plano-convex lens L of large radius of curvature is placed on a plane glass plate P such that both of them
are having a point of contact. Light from a monochromatic source is allowed to fall on a glass plate G inclined
at an angle 45º to the incident beam. The light reflected from the glass plate falls normally on the air film
enclosed betweenPlanoconvex lens& plane glass plate. Light rays reflected upward from the air film,
superimpose each other and interference takes place. Due to interference of these rays, alternate bright &
dark concentric rings are seen, with the help of microscope.

The fringes are circular because the air film is symmetrical about the point of contact of the lens with the
plane glass plate.

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Theory: As the rings are observed in reflected light, the effective path difference is given by 2μt cos r + λ/2,
where μ is the refractive index of the film, t is the thickness of the film at point of incidence. For normal
incidence r = 0 and for air film μ = 1, therefore path difference is 2μt + λ/2

At t = 0, the effective path difference is λ/2.

This is the condition of minimum intensity. Hence the Centre of Newton’s ring is dark.

For constructive interference, Δ = nλ

2μt + λ/2 = nλ

or 2μt = (2n - 1)λ/2 , where n = 1,2,3,… (Bright or Maxima)… (1)

For destructive interference, Δ = (2n+1)λ/2

2μt + λ/2 = (2n+1)λ/2

or 2μt = nλ, where n = 0,1,2,3…(Dark or Minima)... (2)

Diameters of Bright & Dark Rings:-

Let R be the radius of curvature of the lens and r be the radius of a Newton’s ring where film thickness is t.

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From the property of a circle, DE×EF= OE ×EG

r x r = t(2R-t)

r2 = 2Rt - t2 ……….(3)

since t is very small as compared to R, hence

r2
r2 = 2Rt or t = .………(4)
2R
For Bright rings, Substituting the value of t in eqn (1),

r2 (2n − 1)λR
2µ = (2n − 1)λ / 2 or r2 =
2R 2µ

2 (2n − 1)λR
For nthbrightring. rn =
2µ
2
Dn ( 2n − 1)λR 2 2( 2n − 1)λR
= or Dn =
4 2µ µ
2( 2n − 1)λR
Dn = ..................(6)
µ
For air film, μ = 1

Let √2 f = g

Hence h =K√2 − 1

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Hence ij ∝√lj − S

Thus, the diameters of bright rings are proportional to the square root of the odd natural number.

For Dark rings, Substituting the value of t in eqn(2),

r2 nλ R
2µ = nλ or r2 =
2R µ
2 nλR
For nth dark ring. rn =
µ
2
Dn nλ R 2 4 nλ R
= or Dn =
4 µ µ
For air film, μ = 1,
4 nλR
Dn = ..................( 7)
µ

∴ Dn = 4nλR or Dn = n

h = √4 f

or ij m √ j

Thus, the diameters of dark rings are proportional to the square root of the natural number.

Q. Why the centre of Newton’s ring is dark?

Ans: The air thin film is formed between the curved surface of convex lens and plane glass plate, therefore the
path difference between the interfering rays in reflected light will be

λ
2 µt cos( r + θ ) +
2

for normal incidence ( r = 0) and for small angle θ = 0 , then

λ
Path difference = 2 µt +
2

At the point of contact t = 0

λ
effective path difference =
2

Which is the condition for minimum intensity, Hence the Centre of Newton’s ring is dark.

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6. Newton’s rings are observed in reflected light of wavelength 6000 Å. The diameter of 10th dark ring
is 0.5 cm. Find the radius of curvature of the lens and the thickness of the air film.
Solution: The diameter of nth dark ring is given by
h =4 f
n p
R=I o
h = 0.5 +Z, λ=6000 Å=6 × 10QA cm and = 10
.A×.A
R= =106cm
I× E×X× EFr

If t is the thickness of the film corresponding to a ring of D diameter,then

np
2t=Is
np
t=Bs
.A×.A
t= =3×10QI cm
B× EX

7. Newton’s rings are observed by keeping a spherical surface of 100 cm. radius on a plane glass plate.
If the diameter of 15th bright ring is 0.59 cm and the diameter of 5th ring is 0.336 cm. What is the
wavelength of light used?
Solution: If h t and h be the diameters of ( + u)vw and vw bright ring then
(h + u) − (h )
=
4"f
D15=.59 cm,D5=.336 cm
P=10 and R=100 cm
(.AC)p Q(.DDX)p
λ= =5.88×10QAcm=5880 Å
I× E× EE

8. Newton’s rings are formed in reflected light of wavelength 6000 Å with a liquid between the plane
and curved surfaces.If the diameter of 6th bright ring is 3.1mm and the radius of curvature of the
curved surface is 100 cm,calculate the refractive index of the liquid.
Solution:The diameter of nth bright ring is given by
2(2 − 1) f
h =
µ
2(2 − 1) f
µ=
h
In the given problem,n=6,λ=6000 Å=6000 × 10QB cm, R=100cm and D5=3.1mm=.31cm
( Q ) s ( Q )×XEEE× EFG × EE
µ= = =1.373
n p (.D )(.D )
9. In newton’s ring experiment the diameter of 4th and 12th dark ring are .4 cm and .7 cm respectively.
Deduce the diameter of 20th dark ring.
Solution: Ifh t and h be the diameters of (n+p)th and nth dark ring respectively,then
h t -h =4pλR -------------------(1)
In the given problem n=4,n+p=12,hI =.4 cm and h =.7 cm
h -hI =4 × 8 f------------------(2)
Suppose the diameter of20vw dark ring is h E ,
h E -hI =4×16 λR ---------------------------------(3)
Dividing equation (2) by (3), we get

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p Qn p
nyp I×B s
z
=
p Qn p I× X λ{
npV z
=2(h -hI )=(h E -hI )
Or h E =2h -hI
h E =2×(.7)×(.7)-(.4) ×(.4)
h E =.98-.16=.82
So diameter of 20 th ring =.906 cm

Q.Why the fringes circular in Newton’s ring experiment?

Ans: Newton’s rings are circular because the air film formed is wedge shape and loci of the points of equal
thickness are circles concentric with the point of contact.

Figure: Magnified View of air film in Newton’s Ring Experiment

Q. Why Newton’s Ring are known as fringes of constant thickness?

Ans. As bright or dark fringe of any particular order n will occur for a constant value of t. Since in the air
film, t remains constant

Q. Determine the wavelength of sodium light using Newton’s ring.

Ans. Determination of Wavelength of Sodium light using Newton’s Ring: -

Let Dn and D(n+p) be the diameters of the nth& (n+p)th dark rings respectively, then
2 2
Dn = 4nλR and D( n + p ) = 4(n + p)λR
where p is any number & R be the radius of curvature of the lens.

D 2 ( n + p ) − D 2 n = 4(n + p )λR − 4nλR = 4 pλR

Thus, D 2 ( n+ p ) − D 2 n
or λ=
4 pR
The same result shall be obtained for bright ring.

Q. Determine the refractive index of sodium light using Newton’s ring.

Ans. Determination Of refractive index of a liquid: -

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The transparent liquid whose refractive index is to be determined is introduced between lens and glass
plate
The diameter of vw dark ring is given by
I s
h = …(1)
|
Similarly, for( + u)vw dark ring,

I( t) s
h( t) = …(2)
|

Subtract eg(1) from eq(2),

4 8u f 4 f
h( t) −h = >
; ;
It s
So for liquid h
h( t >h = …(3)
|

For air, ; = 1

h t >h 4
4u f …(4)

Divide equation eq(4) by Eq(3), we have

h t >h ~•€
}
h t >h ••‚ƒ•„

Q. Show that for curved surfaces--

Ans. For Dark Ring

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Q. Show that for curved surfaces

( Q )
h =

Ans. For Bright Rings.

2μ- = (2 − 1) --------(11)

For air film µ=1, 2- = (2 − 1) ---------------(12)

Now using equation (2) and (12) we get

= (2 − 1)

* †
… o
p

nop
Hence (s +s ) =(2 − 1)
I y p

( Q )
h = y y ---------------------------(13)
( )
‡y ‡p

Using equation (8) and (12)

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* (s -s ) = (2 − 1)
y p

* †
… o
p

nop
Hence I
(s -s ) =(2 − 1)
y p

( Q )
h = y y ------------------------(14)
( Q )
‡y ‡p

Using equation (13) and (14) we get

( Q )
h =

23