1.

Introduction to Relational Operations

Relational operations in MATLAB are used to compare two values or expressions and return a
logical result (true or false). The decision of 1 means true and 0 means false.

Key Relational Operators in MATLAB

Operator Description Example

== Equal to A == B

~= Not equal to A ~= B

> Greater than A > B

< Less than A < B

>= Greater than or equal A >= B

<= Less than or equal A <= B

2. Using Relational Operators

2.1 Basic Comparisons

Relational operations can be applied to scalars, vectors, matrices, and arrays.

Example 1: Scalar Comparison

a = 5;
b = 3;
result = (a > b); % Returns true (1)
disp(result); % Output: 1

Example 2: Vector Comparison

x = [1, 5, 3];
y = [2, 5, 1];
result = (x == y); % Returns [0, 1, 0]
disp(result); % Output: [0 1 0]
Example 3: Matrix Comparison

A = [1 2; 3 4];
B = [1 0; 3 5];
result = (A >= B); % Returns [1 1; 1 0]
disp(result);

2.2 Combining Relational Operators with Logical Operators

MATLAB supports logical operators (& (AND), | (OR), ~ (NOT)) to combine multiple conditions.

Example 4: Using & (AND) and | (OR)

x = 10;
condition = (x > 5) & (x < 15); % true (1)
disp(condition); % Output: 1

condition2 = (x < 5) | (x == 10); % true (1)

disp(condition2); % Output: 1

Example 5: Using ~ (NOT)

a = 7;
b = 10;
result = ~(a == b); % true (1)
disp(result); % Output: 1

3. Applications of Relational Operations

3.1 Array Indexing and Filtering

Relational operations help filter data in arrays.

Example 6: Filtering Values in an Array

data = [3, 8, 1, 6, 4];

filtered = data(data > 4); % Returns [8, 6]
disp(filtered); % Output: [8 6]
3.2 Vectorized Operations Over Loops

MATLAB is optimized for vectorized operations. Avoid loops when possible.

Example 10: Vectorized Relational Operation

A = [1, 2, 3];
B = [2, 2, 2];
result = (A <= B); % [1, 1, 0]

Extra Examples:

MATLAB code segment that generates a random vector of size 20 and performs various filtering
operations, finding:

• Numbers at even indices

• Numbers at odd indices
• Positive numbers
• Even numbers
• Numbers between 5 and 15
• Non-zero numbers

% Generate a random vector of size 20 (including negative and positive numbers)

vec = randi([-10, 20], 1, 20);

disp('Original Vector:');
disp(vec);

%% 1. Numbers at Even Indices (2nd, 4th, 6th, ...)

even_indices = vec(2:2:end);
disp('Numbers at Even Indices:');
disp(even_indices);

%% 2. Numbers at Odd Indices (1st, 3rd, 5th, ...)

odd_indices = vec(1:2:end);
disp('Numbers at Odd Indices:');
disp(odd_indices);

%% 3. Positive Numbers
positive_nums = vec(vec > 0);
disp('Positive Numbers:');
disp(positive_nums);

%% 4. Even Numbers
even_nums = vec(mod(vec, 2) == 0);
disp('Even Numbers:');
disp(even_nums);

%% 5. Numbers Between 5 and 15 (inclusive)

nums_between_5_15 = vec(vec >= 5 & vec <= 15);
disp('Numbers Between 5 and 15:');
disp(nums_between_5_15);

%% 6. Non-Zero Numbers
non_zero_nums = vec(vec ~= 0);
disp('Non-Zero Numbers:');
disp(non_zero_nums);

%% Additional Useful Filtering Examples

% 7. Numbers Greater Than 10

greater_than_10 = vec(vec > 10);
disp('Numbers Greater Than 10:');
disp(greater_than_10);

% 8. Negative Numbers
negative_nums = vec(vec < 0);
disp('Negative Numbers:');
disp(negative_nums);

% 9. Numbers Divisible by 3
divisible_by_3 = vec(mod(vec, 3) == 0);
disp('Numbers Divisible by 3:');
disp(divisible_by_3);

% 10. Numbers Equal to a Specific Value (e.g., 7)

equal_to_7 = vec(vec == 7);
disp('Numbers Equal to 7:');
disp(equal_to_7);

Explanation of Each Operation

1. Even Indices (2:2:end)

o Extracts elements at positions 2, 4, 6, ..., 20.

2. Odd Indices (1:2:end)
 o Extracts elements at positions 1, 3, 5, ..., 19.
3. Positive Numbers (vec > 0)

o Uses logical indexing to select elements greater than 0.

4. Even Numbers (mod(vec, 2) == 0)

o Checks divisibility by 2 to find even numbers.

5. Numbers Between 5 and 15 (vec >= 5 & vec <= 15)

o Combines two conditions using & (logical AND).

6. Non-Zero Numbers (vec ~= 0)

o Excludes all zeros from the vector.

7. Numbers Greater Than 10 (vec > 10)
8. Negative Numbers (vec < 0)
9. Numbers Divisible by 3 (mod(vec, 3) == 0)
10. Numbers Equal to a Specific Value (vec == 7)

Examples from Lab Lecture:

arr_1 = randi(50,[1 10])
%arr_2 = randi(50,[1 10])
aa=arr_1(arr_1>5 & mod(arr_1,2)==0)
ar = arr_1(arr_1 == arr_2)
odd_no=arr_1(mod(arr_1,2)~=0)
even_no=arr_2(mod(arr_2,2)==0)
com=[odd_no, even_no]
nm=[arr_1(mod(arr_1,2)~=0),arr_2(mod(arr_2,2)==0)]

Explanation:
Purpose: Creates a 1×10 row vector of random integers between 1 and 50.
arr_1 = randi(50,[1 10])

Extracts numbers from arr_1 that are:

Greater than 5: (arr_1 > 5) and Even: (mod(arr_1, 2) == 0)
aa=arr_1(arr_1>5 & mod(arr_1,2)==0)

Logical Conditions:

arr_1 > 5 → [1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1] (logical mask)

mod(arr_1, 2) == 0 → [0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0] (logical mask)

Combined with & → [0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0]

aa = [22, 40, 8, 36]
ar = arr_1(arr_1 == arr_2)
Finds elements in arr_1 that are equal to the corresponding elements in arr_2.
• Example:

o If arr_1 = [7, 22, 15] and arr_2 = [7, 5, 15],

o arr_1 == arr_2 → [1, 0, 1]

o ar = [7, 15]

odd_no=arr_1(mod(arr_1,2)~=0)
Extracts odd numbers from arr_1.
Condition: mod(arr_1, 2) ~= 0 → [1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]
Result (odd_no): odd_no = [7, 15, 3, 11, 29, 17]

arr_2 = randi(50,[1 10])

even_no=arr_2(mod(arr_2,2)==0)

Extracts even numbers from arr_2.

• Condition: mod(arr_2, 2) == 0 → Even numbers.
• Example:

o If arr_2 = [4, 9, 16, 5, 20],

o even_no = [4, 16, 20]

com=[odd_no, even_no]

Combines odd_no (from arr_1) and even_no (from arr_2) into a single array.
• Example:

o If odd_no = [7, 15, 3] and even_no = [4, 16, 20],

o com = [7, 15, 3, 4, 16, 20]

nm=[arr_1(mod(arr_1,2)~=0),arr_2(mod(arr_2,2)==0)]
Does the same as com but without intermediate variables.

• Equivalent to: nm = [odd_numbers_from_arr_1, even_numbers_from_arr_2]

• Example:

o If arr_1 = [7, 22, 15] and arr_2 = [4, 9, 16],

o nm = [7, 15, 4, 16]
Review of lecture 2:

A = randi([1 20], [7 10]);

disp(A)

1. Matrix Indexing and Subsetting

(a) Selecting Specific Rows and Columns
bb = A([1 4 7], [2 4 7])

• Purpose: Creates a submatrix from A containing:

o Rows 1, 4, and 7
o Columns 2, 4, and 7
• Example:

o If A is:
3 14 8 19 2 11 7 15 9 12
17 5 12 6 18 10 16 4 13 1
19 7 1 11 5 14 3 20 8 10
6 16 10 4 12 9 15 2 17 18
11 2 18 8 7 13 5 12 14 6
4 9 3 17 10 20 1 19 15 7
20 1 13 5 16 6 12 8 4 11

o Then bb will be:

14 19 7
16 4 15
1 5 12

2. Sum of Odd Numbers

S = sum(A(mod(A, 2) ~= 0))

• Purpose: Computes the sum of all odd numbers in matrix A.

• How it works:

1. mod(A, 2) ~= 0 creates a logical mask where 1 represents odd numbers.

2. A(mod(A, 2) ~= 0) extracts all odd numbers as a column vector.
3. sum() adds them up.
• Example: If A has odd numbers [3, 17, 19, 5, 11, 7, 9, 13, 15, 1, 19, 3, 17, 11,
5, 13, 1, 7, 11], then S is their sum.
3. Maximum Values in Columns and Rows
(a) Maximum in Each Column
x1 = max(A, [], 1)

• Purpose: Finds the maximum value in each column (dimension 1).

• Output: A row vector with 10 elements (one per column).
• Example:
x1 = [20, 16, 18, 19, 18, 20, 16, 20, 17, 18]

(b) Maximum in Each Row + Indices

[M, idx] = max(A, [], 2)

• Purpose: Finds the maximum value in each row (dimension 2), along with its column index.
• Outputs:

o M: Column vector of maximum row values.

o idx: Column vector of column indices where max occurs.

• Example:
M = [19, 18, 20, 18, 18, 20, 20]
idx = [4, 5, 8, 9, 3, 6, 1]

(c) Global Maximum in Matrix

mx = max(A, [], 'all')

• Purpose: Finds the single largest value in the entire matrix.

• Example: mx = 20

4. More Examples of Matrix/Vector Operations

(a) Find All Numbers >10
greater_than_10 = A(A > 10)

• Returns a column vector of elements >10.

(b) Count Even Numbers

num_evens = sum(mod(A, 2) == 0, 'all')

• Counts how many even numbers exist in A.

(c) Extract Diagonal Elements
diag_elements = diag(A)

• Works if A is square. For rectangular matrices, use:

diag_elements = A(1:min(size(A)), 1:min(size(A)))

(d) Find Indices of Specific Values

[row, col] = find(A == 15) % Finds all positions where A equals 15

(e) Compute Row-wise Sums

row_sums = sum(A, 2)

Key Concepts Summary

Concept Syntax Example Purpose

Submatrix A([1 3], [2 4]) Select specific rows/columns

Logical Indexing A(A > 10) Filter elements by condition

Odd/Even mod(A,2)~=0 Identify odd numbers

Column Max max(A,[],1) Maximum in each column

Row Max max(A,[],2) Maximum in each row

Global Max max(A,[],'all') Maximum in entire matrix

Sum Condition sum(A(mod(A,2)==0)) Sum all even numbers