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Advanced Data Analytics Using Python Sayan Mukhopadhyay download

The document is a comprehensive guide on advanced data analytics using Python, authored by Sayan Mukhopadhyay. It covers various topics including ETL processes, supervised and unsupervised learning, deep learning, and time series analysis, along with practical examples and applications. The book is aimed at providing readers with the tools and techniques necessary for effective data analysis using Python.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
9 views

Advanced Data Analytics Using Python Sayan Mukhopadhyay download

The document is a comprehensive guide on advanced data analytics using Python, authored by Sayan Mukhopadhyay. It covers various topics including ETL processes, supervised and unsupervised learning, deep learning, and time series analysis, along with practical examples and applications. The book is aimed at providing readers with the tools and techniques necessary for effective data analysis using Python.

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Advanced
Data Analytics
Using Python
With Machine Learning,
Deep Learning and NLP Examples

Sayan Mukhopadhyay

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Advanced Data
Analytics Using
Python
With Machine Learning, Deep
Learning and NLP Examples

Sayan Mukhopadhyay

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Advanced Data Analytics Using Python
Sayan Mukhopadhyay
Kolkata, West Bengal, India

ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-3449-5 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-3450-1


https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3450-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018937906

Copyright © 2018 by Sayan Mukhopadhyay


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Table of Contents
About the Author���������������������������������������������������������������������������������xi
About the Technical Reviewer�����������������������������������������������������������xiii
Acknowledgments������������������������������������������������������������������������������xv

Chapter 1: Introduction������������������������������������������������������������������������1
Why Python?���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1
When to Avoid Using Python���������������������������������������������������������������������������������2
OOP in Python�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3
Calling Other Languages in Python���������������������������������������������������������������������12
Exposing the Python Model as a Microservice���������������������������������������������������14
High-Performance API and Concurrent Programming����������������������������������������17

Chapter 2: ETL with Python (Structured Data)������������������������������������23


MySQL�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23
How to Install MySQLdb?�������������������������������������������������������������������������������23
Database Connection�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24
INSERT Operation������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24
READ Operation���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25
DELETE Operation������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������26
UPDATE Operation�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������27
COMMIT Operation�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������28
ROLL-BACK Operation�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������28

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Table of Contents

Elasticsearch�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������31
Connection Layer API�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������33
Neo4j Python Driver��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������34
neo4j-rest-client�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������35
In-Memory Database������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������35
MongoDB (Python Edition)����������������������������������������������������������������������������������36
Import Data into the Collection����������������������������������������������������������������������36
Create a Connection Using pymongo�������������������������������������������������������������37
Access Database Objects������������������������������������������������������������������������������37
Insert Data�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������38
Update Data���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������38
Remove Data�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������38
Pandas����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������38
ETL with Python (Unstructured Data)������������������������������������������������������������������40
E-mail Parsing�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������40
Topical Crawling��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������42

Chapter 3: Supervised Learning Using Python�����������������������������������49


Dimensionality Reduction with Python���������������������������������������������������������������49
Correlation Analysis���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������50
Principal Component Analysis�����������������������������������������������������������������������53
Mutual Information����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������56
Classifications with Python���������������������������������������������������������������������������������57
Semisupervised Learning�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������58
Decision Tree�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������59
Which Attribute Comes First?������������������������������������������������������������������������59
Random Forest Classifier������������������������������������������������������������������������������60

vi
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Naive Bayes Classifier�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������61


Support Vector Machine��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������62
Nearest Neighbor Classifier��������������������������������������������������������������������������������64
Sentiment Analysis���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������65
Image Recognition����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������67
Regression with Python��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������67
Least Square Estimation��������������������������������������������������������������������������������68
Logistic Regression���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������69
Classification and Regression�����������������������������������������������������������������������������70
Intentionally Bias the Model to Over-Fit or Under-Fit������������������������������������������71
Dealing with Categorical Data�����������������������������������������������������������������������������73

Chapter 4: Unsupervised Learning: Clustering�����������������������������������77


K-Means Clustering��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������78
Choosing K: The Elbow Method���������������������������������������������������������������������������82
Distance or Similarity Measure���������������������������������������������������������������������������82
Properties������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������82
General and Euclidean Distance��������������������������������������������������������������������83
Squared Euclidean Distance��������������������������������������������������������������������������84
Distance Between String-Edit Distance��������������������������������������������������������85
Similarity in the Context of Document����������������������������������������������������������������87
Types of Similarity�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������87
What Is Hierarchical Clustering?�������������������������������������������������������������������������88
Bottom-Up Approach�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������89
Distance Between Clusters���������������������������������������������������������������������������90
Top-Down Approach��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������92
Graph Theoretical Approach��������������������������������������������������������������������������97
How Do You Know If the Clustering Result Is Good?�������������������������������������97

vii
Table of Contents

Chapter 5: Deep Learning and Neural Networks���������������������������������99


Backpropagation�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������100
Backpropagation Approach�������������������������������������������������������������������������100
Generalized Delta Rule��������������������������������������������������������������������������������100
Update of Output Layer Weights������������������������������������������������������������������101
Update of Hidden Layer Weights�����������������������������������������������������������������102
BPN Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������103
Backpropagation Algorithm�������������������������������������������������������������������������������104
Other Algorithms�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������106
TensorFlow��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������106
Recurrent Neural Network��������������������������������������������������������������������������������113

Chapter 6: Time Series���������������������������������������������������������������������121


Classification of Variation���������������������������������������������������������������������������������121
Analyzing a Series Containing a Trend��������������������������������������������������������������121
Curve Fitting������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������122
Removing Trends from a Time Series����������������������������������������������������������123
Analyzing a Series Containing Seasonality�������������������������������������������������������124
Removing Seasonality from a Time Series�������������������������������������������������������125
By Filtering��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������125
By Differencing��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������126
Transformation��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������126
To Stabilize the Variance�����������������������������������������������������������������������������126
To Make the Seasonal Effect Additive���������������������������������������������������������127
To Make the Data Distribution Normal���������������������������������������������������������127
Stationary Time Series��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������128
Stationary Process��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������128
Autocorrelation and the Correlogram����������������������������������������������������������129
Estimating Autocovariance and Autocorrelation Functions�������������������������129

viii
Table of Contents

Time-Series Analysis with Python���������������������������������������������������������������������130


Useful Methods��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������131
Autoregressive Processes���������������������������������������������������������������������������133
Estimating Parameters of an AR Process����������������������������������������������������134
Mixed ARMA Models�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������137
Integrated ARMA Models�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������138
The Fourier Transform���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������140
An Exceptional Scenario�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������141
Missing Data�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������143

Chapter 7: Analytics at Scale�����������������������������������������������������������145


Hadoop��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������145
MapReduce Programming���������������������������������������������������������������������������145
Partitioning Function�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������146
Combiner Function��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������147
HDFS File System����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������159
MapReduce Design Pattern�������������������������������������������������������������������������159
Spark�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������166
Analytics in the Cloud���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������168
Internet of Things����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������179

Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������181

ix
About the Author
Sayan Mukhopadhyay has more than
13 years of industry experience and has been
associated with companies such as Credit
Suisse, PayPal, CA Technologies, CSC, and
Mphasis. He has a deep understanding of
applications for data analysis in domains such
as investment banking, online payments,
online advertisement, IT infrastructure, and
retail. His area of expertise is in applying
high-performance computing in distributed
and data-driven environments such as real-time analysis, high-frequency
trading, and so on.
He earned his engineering degree in electronics and instrumentation
from Jadavpur University and his master’s degree in research in
computational and data science from IISc in Bangalore.

xi
About the Technical Reviewer
Sundar Rajan Raman has more than 14 years
of full stack IT experience in machine
learning, deep learning, and natural
language processing. He has six years
of big data development and architect
experience, including working with Hadoop
and its ecosystems as well as other NoSQL
technologies such as MongoDB and
Cassandra. In fact, he has been the technical
reviewer of several books on these topics.
He is also interested in strategizing using Design Thinking principles
and in coaching and mentoring people.

xiii
Acknowledgments
Thanks to Labonic Chakraborty (Ripa) and Kusumika Mukherjee.

xv
CHAPTER 1

Introduction
In this book, I assume that you are familiar with Python programming.
In this introductory chapter, I explain why a data scientist should choose
Python as a programming language. Then I highlight some situations
where Python is not a good choice. Finally, I describe some good practices
in application development and give some coding examples that a data
scientist needs in their day-to-day job.

W
 hy Python?
So, why should you choose Python?

• It has versatile libraries. You always have a ready-­


made library in Python for any kind of application.
From statistical programming to deep learning to
network application to web crawling to embedded
systems, you will always have a ready-made library in
Python. If you learn this language, you do not have to
stick to a specific use case. R has a rich set of analytics
libraries, but if you are working on an Internet of Things
(IoT) application and need to code in a device-side
embedded system, it will be difficult in R.

© Sayan Mukhopadhyay 2018 1


S. Mukhopadhyay, Advanced Data Analytics Using Python,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3450-1_1
Chapter 1 Introduction

• It is very high performance. Java is also a versatile


language and has lots of libraries, but Java code runs
on a Java virtual machine, which adds an extra layer
of latency. Python uses high-performance libraries
built in other languages. For example, SciPy uses
LAPACK, which is a Fortran library for linear algebra
applications. TensorFlow uses CUDA, which is a C
library for parallel GPU processing.

• It is simple and gives you a lot of freedom to code.


Python syntax is just like a natural language. It is easy to
remember, and it does not have constraints in variables
(like constants or public/private).

When to Avoid Using Python


Python has some downsides too.

• When you are writing very specific code, Python may


not always be the best choice. For example, if you are
writing code that deals only with statistics, R is a better
choice. If you are writing MapReduce code only, Java is
a better choice than Python.

• Python gives you a lot of freedom in coding. So, when


many developers are working on a large application,
Java/C++ is a better choice so that one developer/
architect can put constraints on another developer’s
code using public/private and constant keywords.

• For extremely high-performance applications, there is


no alternative to C/C++.

2
Chapter 1 Introduction

O
 OP in Python
Before proceeding, I will explain some features of object-oriented
programming (OOP) in a Python context.
The most basic element of any modern application is an object. To
a programmer or architect, the world is a collection of objects. Objects
consist of two types of members: attributes and methods. Members can be
private, public, or protected. Classes are data types of objects. Every object
is an instance of a class. A class can be inherited in child classes. Two
classes can be associated using composition.
In a Python context, Python has no keywords for public, private, or
protected, so encapsulation (hiding a member from the outside world)
is not implicit in Python. Like C++, it supports multilevel and multiple
inheritance. Like Java, it has an abstract keyword. Classes and methods
both can be abstract.
The following code is an example of a generic web crawler that is
implemented as an airline’s web crawler on the Skytrax site and as a retail
crawler for the Mouthshut.com site. I’ll return to the topic of web crawling
in Chapter 2.

from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod


import BeautifulSoup
import urllib
import sys
import bleach
#################### Root Class (Abstract) ####################
class SkyThoughtCollector(object):
       __metaclass__ = ABCMeta

       baseURLString = "base_url"
       airlinesString = "air_lines"
       limitString = "limits"

3
Chapter 1 Introduction

       baseURl = ""
       airlines = []
       limit = 10

       @abstractmethod
       def collectThoughts(self):
             print "Something Wrong!! You're calling
an abstract method"

       @classmethod
       def getConfig(self, configpath):
             #print "In get Config"
             config = {}
             conf = open(configpath)
             for line in conf:
                    if ("#" not in line):
                          words = line.strip().split('=')
                          config[words[0].strip()] = words[1].
strip()
             #print config
             self.baseURl = config[self.baseURLString]
             if config.has_key(self.airlinesString):
                    self.airlines = config[self.
airlinesString].split(',')
             if config.has_key(self.limitString):
                    self.limit = int(config[self.limitString])
             #print self.airlines

       def downloadURL(self, url):


             #print "downloading url"
             pageFile = urllib.urlopen(url)

4
Chapter 1 Introduction

             if pageFile.getcode() != 200:


                    return "Problem in URL"
             pageHtml = pageFile.read()
             pageFile.close()
             return "".join(pageHtml)

       def remove_junk(self, arg):


             f = open('junk.txt')
             for line in f:
                    arg.replace(line.strip(),'')
             return arg

       def print_args(self, args):


             out =''
             last = 0
             for arg in args:
                    if args.index(arg) == len(args) -1:
                          last = 1
                    reload(sys)
                    sys.setdefaultencoding("utf-8")
                    
arg = arg.decode('utf8','ignore').
encode('ascii','ignore').strip()
                    arg = arg.replace('\n',' ')
                    arg = arg.replace('\r','')
                    arg = self.remove_junk(arg)
                    if last == 0:
                          out = out + arg + '\t'
                    else:
                          out = out + arg
             print out

5
Chapter 1 Introduction

####################### Airlines Chield #######################

class AirLineReviewCollector(SkyThoughtCollector):

      months = ['January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May',


'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November',
'December' ]

       def __init__(self, configpath):


             #print "In Config"
       super(AirLineReviewCollector,self).getConfig(configpath)

       def parseSoupHeader(self, header):


             #print "parsing header"
             name = surname = year = month = date = country =''
             txt = header.find("h9")
             words = str(txt).strip().split(' ')
             for j in range(len(words)-1):
                    if words[j] in self.months:
                          date = words[j-1]
                          month= words[j]
                          year = words[j+1]
                          name = words[j+3]
                          surname = words[j+4]
             if ")" in words[-1]:
                    country = words[-1].split(')')[0]
             if "(" in country:
                    country = country.split('(')[1]
             else:
                    country = words[-2].split('(')[1] + country
             return (name, surname, year, month, date, country)

6
Chapter 1 Introduction

       def parseSoupTable(self, table):


             #print "parsing table"
             images = table.findAll("img")
             over_all = str(images[0]).split("grn_bar_")[1].
split(".gif")[0]
             money_value = str(images[1]).split("SCORE_")[1].
split(".gif")[0]
             seat_comfort = str(images[2]).split("SCORE_")[1].
split(".gif")[0]
             staff_service = str(images[3]).split("SCORE_")[1].
split(".gif")[0]
             catering = str(images[4]).split("SCORE_")[1].
split(".gif")[0]
             entertainment = str(images[4]).split("SCORE_")[1].
split(".gif")[0]
             if 'YES' in str(images[6]):
                    recommend = 'YES'
             else:
                    recommend = 'NO'
             status = table.findAll("p", {"class":"text25"})
             stat = str(status[2]).split(">")[1].split("<")[0]
             return (stat, over_all, money_value, seat_comfort,
staff_service, catering, entertainment, recomend)

       def collectThoughts(self):
             #print "Collecting Thoughts"
             for al in AirLineReviewCollector.airlines:
                    count = 0
                    while count < AirLineReviewCollector.limit:
                          count = count + 1
                          url = ''

7
Chapter 1 Introduction

                          if count == 1:
                                 url = AirLineReviewCollector.
baseURl + al + ".htm"
                          else:
                                 url = AirLineReviewCollector.
baseURl + al + "_"+str(count)+
".htm"
                          soup = BeautifulSoup.BeautifulSoup
(super(AirLineReviewCollector,self).
downloadURL(url))
                          blogs = soup.findAll("p",
{"class":"text2"})
                          tables = soup.findAll("table",
{"width":"192"})
                          review_headers = soup.findAll("td",
{"class":"airport"})
                          for i in range(len(tables)-1):
                                 (name, surname, year, month,
date, country) = self.parse
SoupHeader(review_headers[i])
                                 (stat, over_all, money_value,
seat_comfort, staff_service,
catering, entertainment,
recomend) = self.parseSoup
Table(tables[i])
                                 blog = str(blogs[i]).
split(">")[1].split("<")[0]
                                 args = [al, name, surname,
year, month, date, country,
stat, over_all, money_value,
seat_comfort, staff_service,
catering, entertainment,
recomend, blog]
8
Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
man is better; sometimes the sheep is better. It all depends upon
the supply and demand.
Now these two views of life, the materialistic and the commercial,
always have prevailed in the world. Men have held them consciously
and unconsciously. At this very day there are some who profess
them, and there are many who act upon them, altho they may not
be willing to acknowledge them. They have been the parents of
countless errors in philosophy and sociology; they have bred
innumerable and loathsome vices and shames and cruelties and
oppressions in the human race. It was to shatter and destroy these
falsehoods, to sweep them away from the mind and heart of
humanity, that Jesus came into the world. We can not receive His
gospel in any sense, we can not begin to understand its scope and
purpose, unless we fully, freely, and sincerely accept His great
revelation of the true meaning and value of man as man.
We say this was His revelation. Undoubtedly it is true that Christ
came to reveal God to man. But undoubtedly it is just as true that
He came to reveal man to himself. He called Himself the Son of God,
but He called Himself also the Son of man. His nature was truly
divine, but His nature was no less truly human. He became man.
And what is the meaning of that lowly birth, in the most helpless
form of infancy, if it be not to teach us that humanity is so related to
Deity that it is capable of receiving and embodying God Himself? He
died for man. And what is the meaning of that sacrifice, if it be not
to teach us that God counts no price too great to pay for the
redemption of the human soul? This gospel of our Lord and Savior
Jesus Christ contains the highest, grandest, most ennobling doctrine
of humanity that ever has been proclaimed on earth. It is the only
certain cure for low and debasing views of life. It is the only doctrine
from which we can learn to think of ourselves and our fellow men as
we ought to think. I ask you to consider for a little while the
teachings of Jesus Christ in regard to what it means to be a man.
Suppose, then, that we come to Him with this question: How
much is a man better than a sheep? He will tell us that a man is
infinitely better, because he is the child of God, because he is
capable of fellowship with God, and because he is made for an
immortal life. And this threefold answer will shine out for us not only
in the words, but also in the deeds, and above all in the death, of
the Son of God and the Son of man.
1. Think, first of all, of the meaning of manhood in the light of the
truth that man is the offspring and likeness of God. This was not a
new doctrine first proclaimed by Christ. It was clearly taught in the
magnificent imagery of the book of Genesis. The chief design of that
great picture of the beginnings is to show that a personal Creator is
the source and author of all things that are made. But next to that,
and of equal importance, is the design to show that man is
incalculably superior to all the other works of God—that the distance
between him and the lower animals is not a difference in degree, but
a difference in kind. Yes, the difference is so great that we must use
a new word to describe the origin of humanity, and if we speak of
the stars and the earth, the trees and the flowers, the fishes, the
birds, and the beasts, as "the works" of God, when man appears we
must find a nobler name and say, "This is more than God's work; he
is God's child."
Our human consciousness confirms this testimony and answers to
it. We know that there is something in us which raises us infinitely
above the things that we see and hear and touch, and the creatures
that appear to spend their brief life in the automatic workings of
sense and instinct. These powers of reason and affection and
conscience, and above all this wonderful power of free will, the
faculty of swift, sovereign, voluntary choice, belong to a higher
being. We say not to corruption, "Thou art my father," nor to the
worm, "Thou art my mother"; but to God, "Thou art my father," and
to the great Spirit, "In thee was my life born."

Not only cunning casts in clay:


Let science prove we are, and then
What matters science unto men,
At least to me? I would not stay.
Let him, the wiser man who springs
Hereafter, up from childhood shape
His action like the greater ape;
But I was born to other things.
Frail as our physical existence may be, in some respects the most
frail, the most defenseless among animals, we are yet conscious of
something that lifts us up and makes us supreme. "Man," says
Pascal, "is but a reed, the feeblest thing in nature; but he is a reed
that thinks. It needs not that the universe arm itself to crush him. An
exhalation, a drop of water, suffice to destroy him. But were the
universe to crush him, man is yet nobler than the universe; for he
knows that he dies, and the universe, even in prevailing against him,
knows not its power."
Now the beauty and strength of Christ's doctrine of man lie, not in
the fact that He was at pains to explain and defend and justify this
view of human nature, but in the fact that He assumed it with an
unshaken conviction of its truth, and acted upon it always and
everywhere. He spoke to man, not as the product of nature, but as
the child of God. He took it for granted that we are different from
plants and animals, and that we are conscious of the difference.
"Consider the lilies," He says to us; "the lilies can not consider
themselves: they know not what they are, nor what their life means;
but you know, and you can draw the lesson of their lower beauty
into your higher life. Regard the birds of the air; they are dumb and
unconscious dependents upon the divine bounty, but you are
conscious objects of the divine care. Are you not of more value than
many sparrows?" Through all His words we feel the thrilling power of
this high doctrine of humanity. He is always appealing to reason, to
conscience, to the power of choice between good and evil, to the
noble and godlike faculties in man.
And now think for a moment of the fact that His life was
voluntarily, and of set purpose, spent among the poorest and
humblest of mankind. Remember that He spoke, not to philosophers
and scholars, but to peasants and fishermen and the little children of
the world. What did He mean by that? Surely it was to teach us that
this doctrine of the meaning of manhood applies to man as man. It
is not based upon considerations of wealth or learning or culture or
eloquence. Those are the things of which the world takes account,
and without which it refuses to pay any attention to us. A mere man,
in the eyes of the world, is a nobody. But Christ comes to humanity
in its poverty, in its ignorance, stript of all outward signs of power,
destitute of all save that which belongs in common to mankind; to
this lowly child, this very beggar-maid of human nature, comes the
king, and speaks to her as a princess in disguise, and lifts her up
and sets a crown upon her head. I ask you if this simple fact ought
not to teach us how much a man is better than a sheep.
2. But Christ reveals to us another and a still higher element of
the meaning of manhood by speaking to us as beings who are
capable of holding communion with God and reflecting the divine
holiness in our hearts and lives. And here also His doctrine gains
clearness and force when we bring it into close connection with His
conduct. I suppose that there are few of us who would not be ready
to admit at once that there are some men and women who have
high spiritual capacities. For them, we say, religion is a possible
thing. They can attain to the knowledge of God and fellowship with
Him. They can pray, and sing praises, and do holy work. It is easy
for them to be good. They are born good. They are saints by nature.
But for the great mass of the human race this is out of the question,
absurd, impossible. They must dwell in ignorance, in wickedness, in
impiety.
But to all this Christ says, "No!" No, to our theory of perfection for
the few. No, to our theory of hopeless degradation for the many. He
takes His way straight to the outcasts of the world, the publicans
and the harlots and sinners, and to them He speaks of the mercy
and the love of God and the beauty of the heavenly life; not to cast
them into black despair, not because it was impossible for them to
be good and to find God, but because it was divinely possible. God
was waiting for them, and something in them was waiting for God.
They were lost. But surely they never could have been lost unless
they had first of all belonged to God, and this made it possible for
them to be found again. They were prodigals. But surely the prodigal
is also a child, and there is a place for him in the Father's house. He
may dwell among the swine, but he is not one of them. He is
capable of remembering his Father's love. He is capable of
answering his Father's embrace. He is capable of dwelling in his
Father's house in filial love and obedience.
This is the doctrine of Christ in regard to fallen and disordered and
guilty human nature. It is fallen, it is disordered, it is guilty; but the
capacity of reconciliation, of holiness, of love to God, still dwells in it,
and may be quickened into a new life. That is God's work, but God
Himself could not do it if man were not capable of it.
Do you remember the story of the portrait of Dante which is
painted upon the walls of Bargello, at Florence? For many years it
was supposed that the picture had utterly perished. Men had heard
of it, but no one living had seen it. But presently came an artist who
was determined to find it again. He went into the place where
tradition said that it had been painted. The room was used as a
storehouse for lumber and straw. The walls were covered with dirty
whitewash. He had the heaps of rubbish carried away. Patiently and
carefully he removed the whitewash from the wall. Lines and colors
long hidden began to appear; and at last the grave, lofty, noble face
of the poet looked out again upon the world of light.
"That was wonderful," you say, "that was beautiful!" Not half so
wonderful as the work which Christ came to do in the heart of man
—to restore the forgotten likeness of God and bring the divine image
to the light. He comes to us with the knowledge that God's image is
there, tho concealed; He touches us with the faith that the likeness
can be restored. To have upon our hearts the impress of the divine
nature, to know that there is no human being in whom that treasure
is not hidden and from whose stained and dusty soul Christ can not
bring out that reflection of God's face—that, indeed, is to know the
meaning of manhood, and to be sure that a man is better than a
sheep!
3. There is yet one more element in Christ's teaching in regard to
the meaning of manhood, and that is His doctrine of immortality.
This truth springs inevitably out of His teaching in regard to the
origin and capacity of human nature. A being formed in the divine
image, a being capable of reflecting the divine holiness, is a being so
lofty that he must have also the capacity of entering into a life which
is spiritual and eternal, and which leads onward to perfection. All
that Christ teaches about man, all that Christ offers to do for man,
opens before him a vast and boundless future.
The idea of immortality runs through everything that Jesus says
and does. Never for a moment does He speak to man as a creature
who is bound to this present world. Never for a moment does He
forget, or suffer us to forget, that our largest and most precious
treasures may be laid up in the world to come. He would arouse our
souls to perceive and contemplate the immense issues of life.
The perils that beset us here through sin are not brief and
momentary dangers, possibilities of disgrace in the eyes of men, of
suffering such limited pain as our bodies can endure in the
disintegrating process of disease, of dying a temporal death, which
at the worst can only cause us a few hours of anguish. A man might
bear these things, and take the risk of this world's shame and
sickness and death, for the sake of some darling sin. But the truth
that flashes on us like lightning from the word of Christ is that the
consequence of sin is the peril of losing our immortality. "Fear not
them which kill the body," said he, "but are not able to kill the soul;
but rather fear him which is able to destroy both soul and body in
hell."
On the other hand, the opportunities that come to us here
through the grace of God are not merely opportunities of temporal
peace and happiness. They are chances of securing endless and
immeasurable felicity, wealth that can never be counted or lost,
peace that the world can neither give nor take away. We must
understand that now the kingdom of God has come near unto us. It
is a time when the doors of heaven are open. We may gain an
inheritance incorruptible, and undefiled, and that fadeth not away.
We may lay hold not only on a present joy of holiness, but on an
everlasting life with God.
It is thus that Christ looks upon the children of men: not as herds
of dumb, driven cattle, but as living souls moving onward to eternity.
It is thus that He dies for men: not to deliver them from brief
sorrows, but to save them from final loss and to bring them into bliss
that knows no end. It is thus that He speaks to us, in solemn words
before which our dreams of earthly pleasure and power and fame
and wealth are dissipated like unsubstantial vapors: "What shall it
profit a man if he gain the whole world and lose his own soul? Or
what shall a man give in exchange for his soul?"
There never was a time in which Christ's doctrine of the meaning
of manhood was more needed than it is to-day. There is no truth
more important and necessary for us to take into our hearts, and
hold fast, and carry out in our lives. For here we stand in an age
when the very throng and pressure and superfluity of human life
lead us to set a low estimate upon its value. The air we breathe is
heavy with materialism and commercialism. The lowest and most
debasing views of human nature are freely proclaimed and
unconsciously accepted. There is no escape, no safety for us, save in
coming back to Christ and learning from Him that man is the child of
God, made in the divine image, capable of the divine fellowship, and
destined to an immortal life. I want to tell you just three of the
practical reasons why we must learn this.
(1) We need to learn it in order to understand the real meaning,
and guilt, and danger, and hatefulness of sin.
Men are telling us nowadays that there is no such thing as sin. It
is a dream, a delusion. It must be left out of account. All the evils in
the world are natural and inevitable. They are simply the secretions
of human nature. There is no more shame or guilt connected with
them than with the malaria of the swamp or the poison of the
nightshade.
But Christ tells us that sin is real, and that it is the enemy, the
curse, the destroyer of mankind. It is not a part of man as God
made him; it is a part of man as he has unmade and degraded
himself. It is the marring of the divine image, the ruin of the glorious
temple, the self-mutilation and suicide of the immortal soul. It is sin
that casts man down into the mire. It is sin that drags him from the
fellowship of God into the company of beasts. It is sin that leads him
into the far country of famine, and leaves him among the swine, and
makes him fain to fill his belly with the husks that the swine do eat.
Therefore we must hate sin, and fear it, and abhor it, always and
everywhere. When we look into our own heart and find sin there, we
must humble ourselves before God and repent in sackcloth and
ashes. Every sin that whispers in our heart is an echo of the world's
despair and misery. Every selfish desire that lies in our soul is a seed
of that which has brought forth strife, and cruelty, and murder, and
horrible torture, and bloody war among the children of men. Every
lustful thought that defiles our imagination is an image of that which
has begotten loathsome vices and crawling shames throughout the
world. My brother-men, God hates sin because it ruins man. And
when we know what that means, when we feel that same poison of
evil within us, we must hate sin as He does, and bow in penitence
before Him, crying, "God, be merciful to me a sinner."
(2) We need to learn Christ's doctrine of the meaning of manhood
in order to help us to love our fellow men.
This is a thing that is easy to profess, but hard, bitterly hard, to
do. The faults and follies of human nature are apparent. The
unlovely and contemptible and offensive qualities of many people
thrust themselves sharply upon our notice and repel us. We are
tempted to shrink back, wounded and disappointed, and to relapse
into a life that is governed by disgusts. If we dwell in the
atmosphere of a Christless world, if we read only those newspapers
which chronicle the crimes and meannesses of men, or those
realistic novels which deal with the secret vices and corruptions of
humanity, and fill our souls with the unspoken conviction that virtue
is an old-fashioned dream, and that there is no man good, no
woman pure, I do not see how we can help despising and hating
mankind. Who shall deliver us from this spirit of bitterness? Who
shall lead us out of this heavy, fetid air of the lazar-house and the
morgue?
None but Christ. If we will go with Him, He will teach us not to
hate our fellow men for what they are, but to love them for what
they may become. He will teach us to look, not for the evil which is
manifest, but for the good which is hidden. He will teach us not to
despair, but to hope, even for the most degraded of mankind. And
so, perchance, as we keep company with Him, we shall learn the
secret of that divine charity which fills the heart with peace and joy
and quiet strength. We shall learn to do good unto all men as we
have opportunity, not for the sake of gratitude or reward, but
because they are the children of our Father and the brethren of our
Savior. We shall learn the meaning of that blest death on Calvary,
and be willing to give ourselves as a sacrifice for others, knowing
that he that turneth a sinner from the error of his ways shall save a
soul from death and cover a multitude of sins.
(3) Finally, we need to accept and believe Christ's doctrine of the
meaning of manhood in order that it may lead us personally to God
and a higher life.
You are infinitely better and more precious than the dumb beasts.
You know it, you feel it; you are conscious that you belong to
another world. And yet it may be that there are times when you
forget it and live as if there was no God, no soul, no future life. Your
ambitions are fixt upon the wealth that corrodes, the fame that
fades. Your desires are toward the pleasures that pall upon the
senses. You are bartering immortal treasure for the things which
perish in the using. You are ignoring and despising the high meaning
of your manhood. Who shall remind you of it, who shall bring you
back to yourself, who shall lift you up to the level of your true being,
unless it be the Teacher who spake as never man spake, the Master
who brought life and immortality to light.
Come, then, to Christ, who can alone save you from the sin that
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alone can make you good men and true, living in the power of an
endless life. Come, then, to Christ, that you may have fellowship
with Him and realize all it means to be a man.
END OF VOL. IX.
THE
HOUR-GLASS STORIES
THE SANDALS
By Rev. Zelotes Grenell. A beautiful little idyl of sacred story
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THE COURTSHIP OF SWEET
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By Ellen V. Talbot. A brisk little love story incidental to "The
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THE HERR DOCTOR
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effort toward capturing a titled husband.
ESARHADDON
By Count Leo Tolstoy. Three allegorical stories illustrating
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all forms of life.
Small 12mo, Dainty Cloth Binding, Illustrated.
40 cents each
FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, Pubs.
NEW YORK and LONDON

THE
HOUR-GLASS
STORIES
THE CZAR'S GIFT
By William Ordway Partridge. How freedom was obtained for an
exiled brother.
THE EMANCIPATION OF
MISS SUSANA
An entrancing love story that ends in a most romantic marriage.
THE OLD DARNMAN
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England boy and girl, in which the "lost bride" is the occasion
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BALM IN GILEAD
By Florence Morse Kingsley. A very touching story of a mother's
grief over the loss of her child of tender years, and her search
for comfort, which she finds at last in her husband's loyal
Christian faith.
MISERERE
By Mabel Wagnalls. The romantic story of a sweet voice that
thrilled great audiences in operatic Paris, Berlin, etc.
PARSIFAL
By H. R. Haweis. An intimate study of the great operatic
masterpiece.
THE TROUBLE WOMAN
By Clara Morris. A pathetic little story full of heart interest.
Small 12mo, Dainty Cloth Binding, Illustrated.
40 cents each
FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, Pubs.
NEW YORK and LONDON

"There is a world of sense and practical truth in this valuable


book."—The Brooklyn Eagle.

A Bundle of Letters
To Busy Girls.
By Miss Grace E. Dodge,
(Member of the New York Board of Education).
————
"These Twelve Letters are all on 'Practical Matters' which
enter into the life of all our 'Girls.'... All is subordinated to
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16mo. Cloth. Price, 30 Cents. Half Cloth, Fancy Sides,
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FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, Publishers
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Wives! Husbands! Sweethearts!

Dr. Talmage

... IN ...

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TELLS ALL ABOUT
The Choice of a Wife Costume and Morals
Choice of a Husband Plain Talk
Clandestine Marriages Easy Divorce
Duties of Husbands to Motherhood
Wives Heredity
Duties of Wives to Paradisaic Women
Husbands Influence of Sisters over Brothers
Boarding-house and Martyrs of the Kitchen
Hotel Life vs. The Home The Old Folks' Visit.
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FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, Publishers,
NEW YORK and LONDON

FOOTNOTES:
[1] Reprinted by permission of A. C. Armstrong & Son, from
"Sermons and Addresses" by John A. Broadus. Copyright, 1886.
[2] From "The Anglican Pulpit." Reprinted by permission of the
publishers, Messrs. Hodder & Stoughton.
[3] Reprinted by permission of Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co.,
from Bishop Spalding's "Religion, Agnosticism and Education."
[4] Copyright, 1905, by The Homiletic Review, New York.
[5] Copyright, 1906, by the American Tract Society. Reprinted
by permission.
[6] Reprinted by permission of the publishers, A. C. Armstrong
& Son.
[7] Copyright, 1901, by The Homiletic Review, New York.
[8] By permission of Dr. Van Dyke and the publishers. From
"The Culture of Christian Manhood." Edited by W. H. Sallmon.
Copyright, 1897, by Fleming H. Revell Co.

Transcriber's note:

Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. Irregularities and
inconsistencies in the text have been retained as printed.
Missing page numbers are page numbers that were not shown in the original text.
Mismatched quotes are not fixed if it's not sufficiently clear where the missing quote
should be placed.
Page 125: "standing on the basis of the hormonious testimony" ... The transcriber has
replaced "hormonious" with "harmonious".
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