Shell Programming

tsaimh (2022-2023, CC BY-SA)

lctseng (2019-2021, CC BY-SA)
? (1996-2018)
國立陽明交通大學資工系資訊中心
Information Technology Center, Department of Computer Science, NYCU
Why Shell Programming
● Just like coding in C/C++
○ Variables
○ If-else
○ Loop
○ Read from keyboard
○ Output to screen
○ Execute other commands
■ In C/C++: system()
● Using shell syntax

2
Outline
● Variable pre-operations
● args, argc in Shell Scripts
● Arithmetic and Logics
○ Test commands
● Control Structures: if-else, switch-case, for/while loops
● Input/output: Read from keyboard
● Defining Functions & Parsing Arguments
● Error Handling and Debug tool (sh -x)
● Regular Expression
● Advanced scripting: sed and awk
● A Shell Script Sample: Failure Detection on Servers 3
Bourne Shell
● We use Bourne Shell in this slide
● Check your login shell
$ echo $SHELL
/bin/tcsh

● Print the current shell

$ ps -p $$
3463 0 S 0:00.01 tcsh
$ sh
$ ps -p $$
3474 0 S 0:00.00 sh

4
Sample script
● Print "Hello World" 3 times
#!/bin/sh
# ^ shebang: tell the system which interpreter to use

for i in `seq 1 3` ; do
echo "Hello world $i" # the body of the script
done

● Output
$ chmod +x test.sh # grant execution permission
$ ./test.sh # execute the script. Must specify the directory(./)

5
Executable script
● Shebang (#!), or called Shabang
○ Sharp (#) + Bang (!)
■ or Hash Bang
○ Specify which interpreter is going to execute this script
○ Many interpreted language uses # as comment indicators
○ The first widely known appearance of this feature was on BSD

6
Executable script
● Shebang examples
○ #!/bin/sh
○ #!/bin/sh -x
○ #!/bin/bash
○ #!/usr/local/bin/bash
○ #!/usr/bin/env bash
○ #!/usr/bin/env python
● Execution
○ $ sh test.sh
■ Can execute without shebang
○ $ chmod a+x test.sh
○ $ ./test.sh 7
Shell variables (1)
● Assignment
Syntax Scope
Variable my=test Process
Local variable local my=test Function
Environment variable export my Process and sub-process

● Example
$ export PAGER=/usr/bin/less
$ current_month=`date +%m`
$ myFun() { local arg1="$1" }

8
Shell variables (2)
● There are two ways to call variable
○ $ echo "$PAGER"
○ $ echo "${PAGER}" <= Why?
■ Use {} to avoid ambiguity
● Example
$ temp_name="haha" && temp="hehe" # No Space Beside "="
$ echo $temp
hehe
$ echo $temp_name
haha
$ echo ${temp}_name
hehe_name
$ echo ${temp_name}
haha 9
Quotation marks
Quotes Description Example
Single quote, Preserves the

'' literal value of each character

within the quotes
$ echo 'echo $USER'
echo $USER

"" Double quote, Parse special

character, like: $ ` \
$ echo "echo $USER"
echo tsaimh

$ echo `echo $USER`

`` Back quotes, The stdout of the tsaimh

command $ echo now is `date`
now is Sat Aug 15 03:56:54 CST 2022

10
 Shell variable operator (1)
● sh(1): Parameter Expansion
Operator Description
${var:=value} If "Bad", use the given value and assign to var.
${var:+value} If "Good", use the given value. Otherwise, null is used but not assign to var.
=> Replace if "Good", not assign to var.
${var:-value} If "Good", use the value of var. Otherwise, use the given value but not assign to var
=> Replace if "Bad", not assign to var.
${var:?value} If "Bad", print given value (stderr) and shell exits (The command stops
immediately).

○ Good: var is set and is not null.

○ Bad: var is not set or the value is null.
■ Bad == not Good 11
Shell variable operator (2)
● Script ● Result
#!/bin/sh 01 hehe
var1="haha" 02 haha
echo "01" ${var1:+"hehe"} 03
echo "02" ${var1} 04
echo "03" ${var2:+"hehe"}
05 haha
echo "04" ${var2}
echo "05" ${var1:="hehehe"} 06 haha
echo "06" ${var1} 07 hehehe
echo "07" ${var2:="hehehe"} 08 hehehe
echo "08" ${var2} 09 haha
echo "09" ${var1:-"he"} 10 haha
echo "10" ${var1} 11 he
echo "11" ${var3:-"he"} 12
echo "12" ${var3} 13 haha
echo "13" ${var1:?"hoho"}
14 haha
echo "14" ${var1}
echo "15" ${var3:?"hoho"}
hoho
echo "16" ${var3} (program exited)
12
Shell variable operator (3)
Operator Description
${#var} String length
${var#pattern} Remove the smallest prefix These operators do not change
${var##pattern} Remove the largest prefix the value of var
${var%pattern} Remove the smallest suffix
${var%%pattern} Remove the largest suffix

● Script ● Result
#!/bin/sh 32
var="Nothing happened end closing end" happened end closing end
echo ${#var} end
echo ${var#*ing} Nothing happened end closing
echo ${var##*ing} Nothing happened
echo ${var%end*}
echo ${var%%end*} 13
Predefined shell variables
● Environment Variables
● Other useful variables
○ Similar to C program's "int main(argc, argv)" – arguments of
program
○ e.g. ls –a ~

14
Predefined shell variables
● Example:
○ ls –a ~ sh Description
$# Number of positional arguments (start from 0)

$0 Command name (Ex: What command user exec your script)

$1, $2, .. Positional arguments

$* / $@ ● List of positional arguments (useful in for loop)

● ${*:2} : Get the list of argument after $2

$? Return code from last command

$$ Process number of current command (pid)

$! Process number of last background command

15
Usage of $* and $@
● The difference between $* and $@
○ $* : all arguments are formed into a long string
○ $@ : all arguments are formed into separated strings
● Examples: test.sh
for i in "$*" ; do for i in "$@" ; do
echo "In loop: $i" echo "In loop: $i"
done done
% test.sh 1 2 3
% test.sh 1 2 3 In loop: 1
In loop: 1 2 3 In loop: 2
In loop: 3
16
The "test" command
● Checking file status, string, numbers, etc
● test(1)
○ test expression
○ [ expression ]
● Test and return 0 (true) or 1 (false) in $?
○ test -e News ; echo $?
■ If there exist the file named "News"
○ test "haha" = "hehe" ; echo $?
■ Whether "haha" equal "hehe"
○ test 10 -eq 11 ; echo $?
■ Whether 10 equal 11
17
Test command – File test
● -e file
○ True if file exists (regardless of type)
● -s file
○ True if file exists and has size greater than zero
● -d file
○ True if file exists and is a directory
● -f file
○ True if file exists and is a regular file

18
Test command – File test
● -L file
○ True if file exists and is a symbolic link
● -r file
○ True if file exists and is readable
● -w file
○ True if file exists and is writable
● -x file
○ True if file exists and is executable

19
Test command – File test
● file1 -nt file2
○ True if file1 exists and is newer than file2
● file1 -ot file2
○ True if file1 exists and is older than file2
● file1 -ef file2
○ True if file1 and file2 exist and refer to the same file

20
Test command – String test
● -z string
○ True if the length of string is zero
● -n string
○ True if the length of string is nonzero
● string
○ True if string is not the null string
● s1 = s2 (though some implementation recognize ==)
○ True if the strings s1 and s2 are identical
● s1 != s2
○ True if the strings s1 and s2 are not identical
● s1 < s2
○ True if string s1 comes before s2 based on the binary value of their characters
(lexicographical order)
● s1 > s2
○ True if string s1 comes after s2 based on the binary value of their characters 21
Test command – Number comparison
● Number comparison with “>”

$ test 14 > 123 ; echo $?

0 # True

● The correct way is to use “-gt” (greater-than)

$ test 14 -gt 123 ; echo $?
1 # False

22
Test command – Number test
● n1 -eq n2 ==, !=, >, <, >=, <= fashion does not apply here
○ True if the integers n1 and n2 are algebraically equal
● n1 -ne n2
○ True if the integers n1 and n2 are not algebraically equal
● n1 -gt n2
○ True if the integer n1 is algebraically greater than the integer n2
● n1 -ge n2
○ True if the integer n1 is algebraically greater than or equal to the integer n2
● n1 -lt n2
○ True if the integer n1 is algebraically less than the integer n2
● n1 -le n2
○ True if the integer n1 is algebraically less than or equal to the integer n2
23
Test Command – Combination
● ! expression
○ True if expression is false.
○ $ [ ! A == B ] => Test expression, invert the internal result
○ $ ! [ A == B ] => Invert the whole test command result
● expression1 -a expression2
○ True if both expression1 and expression2 are true.
○ $ [ A == B –a C == D ]
● expression1 -o expression2
○ True if either expression1 or expression2 are true.
○ The -a operator has higher precedence than the -o operator.
○ $ [ A == B –o C == D ]

24
Test Command – Combination Example
● ! [ "A" = "A" -o 1 -eq 1 ]
○ false
● [ ! "A" = "A" -o 1 -eq 1 ]
○ true

25
Test Command – In Script
● Add space beside = <= != [ ]…
○ $ [A=B] # error
○ $ [ A=B ] # error
○ $ [A = B] # error
● If the var may be null or may not be set, add ""
○ $ [ $var = "A" ] may be parsed to [ = "A" ] and cause syntax error!!
○ $ [ "$var" = "A" ] become [ "" = "A" ]

if [ "$var" = "hehe" ] ; then

echo '$var equals hehe'
else
echo '$var doesn't equal hehe'
fi
26
expr command (1)
● Another way to combine test results
● AND, OR, NOT (&&, ||, !)

[ 1 -eq 2 ] || [ 1 -eq 1 ] ; echo $? [ 1 -eq 2 ] && [ 1 -eq 1 ] ; echo $?

0 1
[ 1 -eq 1 ] || [ 1 -eq 2 ] ; echo $? ! [ 1 -eq 2 ] ; echo $?
0 0
[ 1 -eq 1 ] && [ 1 -eq 2 ] ; echo $? [ ! 1 -eq 2 ] ; echo $?
1 0

27
expr command (2)
● $ expr1 && expr2
○ if expr1 is false then expr2 won't be evaluate
● $ expr1 || expr2
○ if expr1 is true then expr2 won't be evaluate
● Ex:
○ $ [ -e SomeFile ] && rm SomeFile
○ $ checkSomething || exit 1

28
Arithmetic Expansion
echo $(( 1 + 2 )) 3
a=8 // a=8
a=$(( $a + 9 )) // a=17
a=$(( $a + 17 )) // a=34
a=$(( $a + 9453 )) // a=9487
echo $a 9487

29
if-then-else structure
if [ test conditions ] ; then
command-list
elif [ test conditions ] ; then
command-list
else
command-list
fi
# Or in one line
if [ a = a ]; then echo "Yes"; else echo "No"; fi

30
switch-case structure (1)
case $var in case $sshd_enable in
value1) [Yy][Ee][Ss])
action1
;; action1
value2) ;;
action2 [Nn][Oo])
;; action2
value3|value4)
;;
action3
;; *)
*) ???
default-action ;;
;; esac
esac
31
For loop
for var in var1 var2 …; do a=""
action for var in `ls`; do
done a="$a $var"
done
echo $a

for i in A B C D E F G; do
mkdir $i;
done

32
While loop
while [ expression ] ; do
action
done

break
continue

while read name ; do

echo "Hi $name"
done

33
Read from stdin
#!/bin/sh
echo -n "Do you want to 'rm -rf /' (yes/no)? "
read answer # read from stdin and assign to variable
case $answer in
[Yy][Ee][Ss])
echo "Hahaha"
;;
[Nn][Oo])
echo "No~~~"
;;
*)
echo "removing..."
;;
esac
34
Create tmp file/dir
● TMPDIR=`mktemp –d tmp.XXXXXX`
● TMPFILE=`mktemp ${TMPDIR}/tmp.XXXXXX`
● echo "program output" >> ${TMPFILE}

35
functions (1)
● Define function
function_name ( ) {
command_list
}
● Removing function definition
unset function_name
● Function execution
function_name
● Function definition is local to the current shell
● Define the function before first use
36
functions (2) - scoping
func() { func() {
# global variable # local variable
echo $a local a="bar"
a="bar" echo $a
} }
a="foo" a="foo"
func func
echo $a echo $a

foo bar
bar foo

37
functions (3) - arguments check
func() {
if [ $# -eq 2 ] ; then
echo $1 $2
else
echo "Wrong"
fi
}
func
func hi
func hello world

Wrong
Wrong
hello world
38
functions (4) - return value
func() {
if [ $# -eq 2 ] ; then
return 2
else
return 0
fi
}
func
echo $?
func hello world
echo $?

0
2 39
Scope
● Local var can only be read and written inside the function.
● Subprocess can only read the environment variable, the
modification of the variable will NOT be effective to the current
process. (Subprocess may include some PIPE execution)
● If something wrong, try to print every variable.
#!/bin/sh 10 20 #!/bin/sh
a=10 10 21 a=10
export b=20 10 22 export b=20
cat test.sh | while read line; do 10 23 cat test.sh | while read line; do
echo "$a $b $line" 10 24 echo "$a $b $line"
b=$((b+1)) 10 25 b=$((b+1))
done 10 26 done
echo b is $b 10 27 echo b is $b
b is 20 40
test.sh
Parsing arguments
● Use getopts
#!/bin/sh $ ./test.sh -a -b -c -f hi
echo "Initial OPTIND: $OPTIND" Initial OPTIND: 1
while getopts abcf: op ; do 2-th arg
echo "${OPTIND}-th arg" one of ABC
3-th arg
case $op in one of ABC
a|b|c) 4-th arg
echo "one of ABC" ;; one of ABC
f) 6-th arg
echo $OPTARG ;; hi
*)
echo "Default" ;; ● ":" means additional arg.
esac ● $OPTARG: content of additional arguments
done
● $OPTIND: index of the next argument
○ Need manually reset for the second call
41
Handling Error Conditions
● Internal error
○ Program crash
○ Failing to perform sub commands
○ Invalid input
○ Syntax error
● External error
○ Signal from OS
■ The system telling you that some system-level event has occurred
○ Ctrl+C
■ SIGINT

42
Handling Error Conditions –
Internal Error cut: you must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fields
Try 'cut --help' for more information.

● Example:
○ Handling the errors by yourself
program name
#!/bin/sh
UsageString="Usage: $0 -man=val1 -woman=val2"

if [ $# != 2 ] ; then
echo "$UsageString"
else How about c but not -c?
echo "ok!"
man=`echo $1 | cut -c 6-`
woman=`echo $2 | cut -c 8-`
echo "Man is ${man}"
echo "Woman is ${woman}"
fi
43
Handling Error Conditions –
External Error (1)
● Using trap in Bourne shell
○ To handle events like Ctrl+C (SIGINT, signal number is 2)
○ trap [command-list] [signal-list]
■ Perform command-list when receiving any signal in signal-list

trap "rm tmp*; exit 0" 1 2 3 14 15

trap "" 1 2 3 # Ignore signal 1 2 3

44
Handling Error Conditions –
External Error (2) Catch: perform something when trapped
Block: prevent system actions
# Name Description Default Catch Block Dump Core
1 SIGHUP Hangup Terminate ✔ ✔ ❌

2 SIGINT Interrupt (^C) Terminate ✔ ✔ ❌

3 SIGQUIT Quit Terminate ✔ ✔ ✔

9 SIGKILL Kill Terminate ❌ ❌ ❌

10 SIGBUS Bus error Terminate ✔ ✔ ✔

11 SIGSEGV Segmentation fault Terminate ✔ ✔ ✔

15 SIGTERM Soft. termination Terminate ✔ ✔ ❌

17 SIGSTOP Stop Stop ❌ ❌ ❌

18 SIGTSTP Stop from tty (^Z) Stop ✔ ✔ ❌

19 SIGCONT Continue after stop Ignore ✔ ❌ ❌

45
Debugging Shell Script
－Debug tools in sh Print out the substitution results
● Example: ● Result:
Debug Mode
#!/bin/sh -x + var1=haha
+ echo 01 hehe
01 hehe
+ echo 02 haha
var1="haha" 02 haha
echo "01" ${var1:+"hehe"} + echo 03
03
echo "02" ${var1} + echo 04
echo "03" ${var2:+"hehe"} 04
+ echo 05 haha
echo "04" ${var2} 05 haha
echo "05" ${var1:="hehehe"} + echo 06 haha
06 haha
echo "06" ${var1} + echo 07 hehehe
echo "07" ${var2:="hehehe"} 07 hehehe
+ echo 08 hehehe
echo "08" ${var2} 08 hehehe
+ echo 09 haha
echo "09" ${var1:-"he"} 09 haha
echo "10" ${var1} + echo 10 haha
10 haha
echo "11" ${var3:-"he"} + echo 11 he
echo "12" ${var3} 11 he
+ echo 12
echo "13" ${var1:?"hoho"} 12
echo "14" ${var1} + echo 13 haha
13 haha
echo "15" ${var3:?"hoho"} + echo 14 haha
14 haha
echo "16" ${var3} hoho
46
ShellCheck
● Find potential bugs in your shell scripts
○ https://www.shellcheck.net/
● In FreeBSD
○ devel/hs-ShellCheck
○ pkg install hs-ShellCheck

47
Regular Expression
Pattern Matching

國立陽明交通⼤學資⼯系資訊中⼼
Information Technology Center, Department of Computer Science, NYCU
Regular Expression (1)
● Informal definition
○ Basis:
■ A single character "a" is a R.E.
○ Hypothesis
■ If r and s are R.E.
○ Inductive
■ Union: r + s is R.E
● Ex: a + b
■ Concatenation: rs is R.E.
● Ex: ab
■ Kleene closure: r* is R.E.
● Ex: a*
49
Regular Expression (2)
● Pattern-matching operator Description
○ Special operators . Any single character
[] Any character in []
[^] Any character not in []
^ start of a line
$ end of a line
* zero or more
? zero or one
+ one or more
{m,n} At least m times and at most n times
{m,} At least m times.
{m} Exactly m times.
\ Escape character
50
Regular Expression (3)
● Examples
○ r.n
■ Any 3-character string that start with r and end with n
● r1n, rxn, r&n will match
● r1xn, axn will not match
○ ..Z..
■ Any 5-character strings that have Z as 3rd character
● aeZoo, 12Zos will match
● aeooZ, aeZoom will not match
○ r[a-z]n
■ Any 3-character string that start with r and end with n and the 2nd character is
an alphabet
■ rxn will match
■ r1n, r&n will not match 51
Regular Expression (4)
● Examples
○ ^John
■ Any string starts with John
● John Snow -> will match
● Hi John -> will not match
○ [Ee][Nn][Dd]$
■ Any string ends with any combination of "end"
○ [A-Za-z0-9]+
■ String of characters

52
Regular Expression (5)
● Utilities using RE
○ grep
○ awk
○ sed
○ find
● Different tools, different RE
○ BRE (Basic)
○ ERE (Extended)
○ PCRE (Perl Compatible)
○ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression#Standards

53
Advanced scripting
- sed and awk
Details on using sed and awk…

國立陽明交通⼤學資⼯系資訊中⼼
Information Technology Center, Department of Computer Science, NYCU
sed – Stream EDitor (1)
● sed(1)
○ sed -e "command" -e "command"… file
○ sed -f script-file file
■ Sed will (1) read the file line by line and (2) do the commands,
then (3) output to stdout
■ e.g. sed -e '1,10d' -e 's/yellow/black/g' yel.dat
● Command format
○ [address1[,address2]]function[argument]
■ From address 1 to address 2
■ Do what action
● Address format
○ n → line number
○ /R.E./ → the line that matches R.E
55
sed – Stream EDitor (2)
● Address format
○ Example of address format
■ sed -e 10d
■ sed -e /man/d
■ sed -e 10,100d
■ sed -e 10,/man/d
● Delete line from line 10 to the line contain "man"

56
sed – Stream Editor
Function: print (1)
● print
○ Syntax:
■ [addr1, addr2]p
● Ex:
○ sed -n -e ‘/^tsaimh/p' # Print out the lines that begins with tsaimh

-n: By default, each line of input is echoed to the standard output after
all of the commands have been applied to it. The -n option suppresses
this behavior.

57
sed – Stream Editor
Function: print (2)
hello
tsaimh
world
input.txt

● sed -e ‘/^tsaimh/p' input.txt ● sed -n -e ‘/^tsaimh/p' input.txt

hello tsaimh
tsaimh
tsaimh
world
Output Output

58
sed – Stream Editor
Function: substitution (1)
● substitution
○ Syntax
■ s/pattern/replace/flags
○ Flags
■ N: Make the substitution only for the N'th occurrence
■ g: replace all matches
■ p: print the matched and replaced line
■ w: write the matched and replaced line to a file

59
sed – Stream Editor
Function: substitution (2)
● Example:
file.txt
○ sed -e ‘s/tsaimh/TSAIMH/2' file.txt I am jon
I am jon I am john
I am john I am tsaimh
I am tsaimh I am tsaimh
I am tsaimh I am nothing
I am nothing
○ sed -e ‘s/tsaimh/TSAIMH/g' file.txt
I am jon
I am john
I am TSAIMH
I am TSAIMH
I am nothing

60
sed – Stream Editor
Function: substitution (3)
● Example:
file.txt
○ sed -e ‘s/tsaimh/TSAIMH/p' file.txt I am jon
I am jon I am john
I am john I am tsaimh
I am TSAIMH I am tsaimh
I am TSAIMH I am nothing
I am TSAIMH
I am TSAIMH
I am nothing
○ sed -n -e ‘s/tsaimh/TSAIMH/p' file.txt
I am TSAIMH
I am TSAIMH
○ sed -e ‘s/tsaimh/TSAIMH/w wfile' file.txt
○ cat wfile
I am TSAIMH
I am TSAIMH
61
sed – Stream Editor
Function: delete
● delete
○ Syntax:
■ [address]d
● Ex:
○ sed -e 10d
○ sed -e /man/d
○ sed -e 10,100d
○ sed -e 10,/man/d

62
sed – Stream EDitor
Function: append, insert, change
● Function
○ append
■ append after the line
○ insert
■ insert before the line
○ change
■ replace whole line sed.src
/tsaimh/i \
● Example: Meet tsaimh, Hello I am jon
○ sed -f sed.src file.txt I am john
I am jon Meet tsaimh, Hello
I am john I am tsaimh
I am tsaimh Meet tsaimh, Hello
I am tsaimh I am tsaimh
I am nothing I am nothing
file.txt Result
63
sed – Stream EDitor
Example: split lines into multiple files
● cat host.txt | sed -e '/cs/w cs_host.txt' -e '/google/w google_host.txt'

bsd1.cs.nctu.edu.tw
www.google.com linux3.cs.nctu.edu.tw
bsd1.cs.nctu.edu.tw cs.nctu.edu.tw
linux3.cs.nctu.edu.tw cs_host.txt
store.google.com
cs.nctu.edu.tw
host.txt
www.google.com
store.google.com

google_host.txt

64
awk
● awk(1)
○ awk [-F fs] [ 'awk_program' | -f program_file] [data_file ……]
■ awk will read the file line by line and evaluate the pattern, then do the
action if the test is true
■ Ex:
● awk '{print "Hello World"}' file
● awk '{print $1}' file
● Program structure Amy 32 0800995995 nctu.csie
○ pattern { action } $1 $2 $3 $4
○ missing pattern means always matches
○ missing { action } means print the line
65
awk – Pattern formats
● pattern formats
○ Regular expression
■ awk '/[0-9]+/ {print "This is an integer" }'
■ awk '/[A-Za-z]+/ {print "This is a string" }'
■ awk '/^$/ {print "this is a blank line."}'
○ BEGIN
■ before reading any data
● awk ' BEGIN {print "Nice to meet you"}'
○ END
■ after the last line is read
● awk ' END {print "Bye Bye"}'

66
awk – action format
● Actions
○ Print
■ Assignment
■ if( expression ) statement [; else statement2]
● awk ' { if( $2 ~ /am/ ) print $1}' file
■ while( expression ) statement variable usage: no need for "$"

● awk 'BEGIN {count=0} /tsaimh/ {while (count < 3) {print

count;count++}}' file
● awk 'BEGIN {count=0} /tsaimh/ {while (count < 3) {print
count;count++};count=0}' file
reset count after printing
■ for ( init ; test ; incr ) action
● awk '{for (i=0;i<3;i++) print i}' file
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awk – built-in variables (1)
● $0, $1, $2, ...
○ Column variables
● NF
○ Number of fields in current line
● NR
○ Number of line processed
● FILENAME
○ the name of the file being processed
● FS
○ Field separator, set by -F
● OFS
○ Output field separator 68
awk – built-in variables (2)
● Ex:
○ awk 'BEGIN {FS=":"} /tsaimh/ {print $3}' /etc/passwd
■ 1002
○ awk 'BEGIN {FS=":"} /^tsaimh/{print $3 $6}' /etc/passwd
■ 1002/home/tsaimh
○ awk 'BEGIN {FS=":"} /^tsaimh/{print $3 " " $6}' /etc/passwd
■ 1002 /home/tsaimh
○ awk 'BEGIN {FS=":" ;OFS="=="} /^tsaimh/{print $3 ,$6}' /etc/passwd
■ 1002==/home/tsaimh

tsaimh:*:1002:20:Meng-Hsun Tsai:/home/tsaimh:/bin/tcsh

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Shell Script Examples

國立陽明交通⼤學資⼯系資訊中⼼
Information Technology Center, Department of Computer Science, NYCU
check alive(1)
● ping
$ /sbin/ping -c 3 bsd1.cs.nctu.edu.tw

PING bsd1.cs.nctu.edu.tw (140.113.235.131): 56 data bytes

64 bytes from 140.113.235.131: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.044 ms
64 bytes from 140.113.235.131: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.068 ms
64 bytes from 140.113.235.131: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.056 ms

--- bsd1.cs.nctu.edu.tw ping statistics ---

3 packets transmitted, 3 packets received, 0.0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 0.044/0.056/0.068/0.010 ms

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check alive(2)
#!/bin/sh
# [Usage] isAlive.sh bsd1.cs.nctu.edu.tw

Usage="[Usage] $0 host"
temp="$1.ping"
Admin=”tsaimh fs"
count="3"
default 10 times
if [ $# != 1 ] ; then Grep "tran…"
echo $Usage write to the temp file
else
/sbin/ping -c ${count:=10} $1 | /usr/bin/grep 'transmitted' > $temp
Lost=`awk -F" " '{print $7}' $temp | awk -F"." '{print $1}' `

if [ ${Lost:=0} -ge 50 ] ; then

• awk on $temp using space as
mail -s "$1 failed" $Admin < $temp delimeter
fi • How many % packet loss?
/bin/rm $temp Mail and del. $temp
fi 72
Reference
● awk(1)
● sed(1)
● http://www.grymoire.com/Unix/Awk.html
● http://www.grymoire.com/Unix/Sed.html
● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression

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