Unit -1:

1. Basic terminology, Classification and examples-

Open loop and closed loop control systems

2. Mathematical modeling of mechanical translational system ,

Mechanical systems

3. Rotational system,

Mathematical modelling and impulse response

4. Electrical system

Transfer function
Transfer function through BDR

5. Block diagram algebra

Block diagram reduction rules

6. Signal flow graph and Mason’s gain formula

Signal flow graph, mason gain formula

7. Feedback characteristics, effect of feedback

8. Positive vs negative feedback, feed forward system

Effect of feedback.

Unit -2 :

1. Steady state errors and error constants

Steady state error

Static error constants

 Dynamic error constants

2. Time response of first and second order systems

Standard signals, First order time response,

Second order time response , Time domain specifications

Second order time response

3. Time domain specifications

Time domain specifications
4. System performance using PID controllers

Effect P,PI,PID controllers

5. Stability need: BIBO stability

6. Characteristic equation: location of roots in s plane for stability

7. Routh Hurwitz stability criterion
8. Root locus technique: construction of root loci(simple problems)

LC1 : Open loop and closed loop control systems

SAQAL1What is control system?
SAQAL2Explain the need of feedback in a control system.
Distinguish a system and a control system

AL1

Define control system. What are the advantages and disadvantages of open loop control system.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of closed loop control system
Make use of one practical example to explain the open loop and closed loop control system with an
example.
AL2
Evaluate the performance of temperature controlling system when it is designed with feedback and
without feedback.
 LC2 :Mechanical systems
Analyze the system parameters to achieve the desired output
and how it is related with transfer function?
Analyze a mechanical translational system with masses,
springs, and dampers. Develop the equations of motion and
convert them into a transfer function.

What is analogous system?

Recall the Force - Current and Torque - Voltage analogy.
 Explain the translation motion in mechanical system
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Transfer function

LC3:Mathematical modelling and impulse response

Define the mathematical modelling.
What is mathematical modelling and write the necessity of mathematical modelling in control
system.
Illustrate the requirements of transfer function approach.
Relate the translation and rotational motion of mechanical systems.
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 LC4:Transfer functions
Define the transfer function
Define transfer function and what are the advantages and disadvantages of transfer function
approach.
Illustrate the uses of negative feedback over the positive feedback.

Transfer function through BDR

 Assess the importance of block diagram representation while finding the transfer function for any
physical system

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Outline the chain node
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 LC5:Block diagram reduction rules

Define the summing point.

Recall the Associative law, blocks in series and blocks in parallel rules in block diagram reduction
technique with example.
Outline the take-off point.
Demonstrate the shifting take off point before and after the summing block rule in block diagram
reduction technique with example
Choose an example to explain the shifting take off point and summing point before and after the
block rule in block diagram reduction technique.
LC6:Signal flow graph and mason’s gain formula
Discover the need of dummy nodes in Signal flow graph
Analyze the importance of dummy nodes while finding the transfer function with example.
Recall the Mason’s gain formula.
Explain the advantages of signal flow graphs
 LC7,LC8: Effect of feedback

Analyze the transfer function of a mechanical system if it is having only one object with mass M and
two objects are connected together with different masses M1 and M2.
Analyze the sensitivity of the transfer function with respect to forward path transfer function in an
open loop control system.
Examine the sensitivity of the transfer function with respect to feedback path transfer function in a
closed loop control system
Assess the sensitivity of the transfer function with respect to forward path transfer function in a closed
loop control system.
Compare the positive and negative feedback systems.

Recall the effect of feedback on stability of a system.

Outline the sensitivity
Demonstrate the effect of feedback on sensitivity of a system.
Select the type of feedback which makes system as unstable
Apply the knowledge of feedback mechanism to explain effect of feedback on noise in a system with
example

UNIT – 2
LC1 :
Steady state error
Explain the importance of Type of system and input on steady error with examples
What is steady-state error, and how is it calculated for a step input in a Type 1 system.
Show that steady state error is depend on the system Type
Explain how steady-state error is used to measure a system's accuracy in tracking input signals. What
factors influence the magnitude of the steady-state error in a control system?
Show that steady state error is depend on the open loop gain and input.
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Static error constants

Define static error constants in the context of control systems. What role do they play in determining
steady-state error?
Show that acceleration error coefficient is inversely proportional to steady state error
Relate the system type with the static error constant.
Classify and compare the steady state error coefficients
Develop a relation between the positional error coefficient and steady state error.

Dynamic error constants

List the advantages of dynamic error coefficient method over a static error coefficient method and
find dynamic error coefficient
Explain the dynamic error constants how do they differ from static error constants.
Outline the disadvantages of static error calculation using static error coefficient method over the
dynamic error coefficient method
Identify the differences between dynamic and static error constants.
Develop the expression for steady state error with dynamic error coefficients
 LC2
Standard signals first order time response
Examine the role of energy storing element on system time constant
of first order system.
Analyze the statement " First order system not have damping ratio"
Evaluate the suitability of using a step input versus a ramp input to
test the transient response of a first-order system. Which input
provides more useful information about the system's stability
Define a step input signal and provide its mathematical representation.
Show that the step response of first-order systems grows exponentially in nature
Compare the various test signals.
Outline the standard testing signals with neat diagrams
Construct the Characteristic equation and identify the poles and zeros of first order system in S-
plane

Second order time response , Time domain specifications

Distinguish between undamped, critically damped, and underdamped systems.
Examine the location of poles of standard II order system has damped oscillations 4.29rad/sec,
damping ratio 0.51.
Classify the nature of damping, when natural frequency is 4rad/sec and settling time doubled with
a tolerance 2%

Compare the transient responses of two systems with different damping ratios but the same
 natural frequency. How do these differences affect the overshoot and settling time of each system
A system has been designed with a desired settling time of 2 seconds. After implementing the
design, the actual settling time observed is 3 seconds. Evaluate the potential reasons for this
discrepancy by analyzing the system's time domain specifications and design parameters
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Given two second-order systems, one with a damping ratio of 0.5 and another with 0.7, evaluate which
system would provide a better balance between overshoot and settling time for a critical application.
Justify answer

LC3
Servomotors ,time domain specifications
Consider two servomotors: one with a higher torque constant and
another with a lower torque constant. Evaluate which servomotor
would be more suitable for an application requiring quick position
adjustments with minimal overshoot. Justify your recommendation.
List the requirement of good servomotors for good control
performance
Consider two servomotors: one with a higher torque constant and
another with a lower torque constant. Evaluate which servomotor
would be more suitable for an application requiring quick position
adjustments with minimal overshoot. Justify your recommendation.

Explain the basic working principle of a DC servomotor and its role in

control systems
Compare the DC and AC servomotors along with characteristics
Develop the torue-slip characteristics of AC servo motor
Construct the block diagram of Field controlled DC servomotor.
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 LC4
Effect P,PI,PID controllers
what is PID controller, Find the Transfer function and show its block diagram.
Outline the primary advantage of using a PI controller over a P controller?
Compare PD & PI controllers

Choose a controller among P,PI, PID that provides a faster response and zero steady-
state error.
Develop the block diagram and Transfer function of PI controller
Compare the different linear controllers.

LC5
Concept of stability
What is stability?

Define a (a) Stable system

(b) Asymptotically stable system
(c) Conditionally stable system

LC6
LOCATION OF ROOTS N SPLANE FOR STABILITY
Explain how location of the closed loop poles in s-plane relates to stability.
Explain the stability conditions based on the location of closed loop poles in s-plan

Explain how location of the closed loop poles in s-plane relates to stability.

LC7
Routh-Hurwitz Criterion
What is the necessary and sufficient condition for a system to be stable in Routh
Hurwitz criterion?
Explain how you decide the stability of a system using Routh-Hurwitz criterion.
What is the procedure to construct Routh array? What is the necessary and sufficient
condition for stability using Routh array?
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In the formation of the Routh array, a row of all zeros has been observed, and no root is lying in the
right hand side of the s-plane. Examine the stability of the closed loop system

Special conditions in Routh array

What is Auxiliary polynomial?
Explain the special conditions in Routh Hurwitz Criterion?
What are the special cases in Routh Hurwitz criterion? How to determine stability in
those cases?
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LC8
Construction of root loci
 What is the formula to calculate centroid?
Explain the procedure to construct root locus on real axis.
List out the steps to construct root locus
Explain the procedure to find
(a) angle of departure from a complex pole and angle of arrival at complex zero
(b) break away points
While constructing root locus.
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UNIT 5
Lc1 :Different types of manometers

What is a manometer and what is its primary function?

Explain the working of a differential manometer and where it is typically used in industry.
Make use of a neat diagram,Explain the working principle of a U-tube manometer .

LC2 :Elastic transducers, diaphragm

What is the primary function of a diaphragm in a pressure sensor?

Explain how diaphragm thickness and material properties affect the sensitivity of an
elastic transducer.
Organize the dynamic response of a diaphragm under rapidly changing pressure
conditions.
LC3:Bellows, bourdon tube

Recall the construction and operation of a bellows element.

Explain the working principle of a Bourdon tube with a simple diagram.
Choose, In high-vibration environments, which is more reliable: a Bourdon tube or a
bellows? .

LC4:Resistive pressure transducers

What happens to the resistance of a strain gauge when it is stretched?
Explain the working principle of a resistive pressure transducer using a strain gauge.
A strain gauge has a gauge factor of 2 and experiences a strain of 0.001. If the original
resistance is 120 Ω, Solve the change in resistance.

LC5:Inductive pressure transducers

What principle does an inductive pressure transducer operate on?

Explain the role of an oscillator circuit in an inductive transducer system.
Identify the effect of temperature on the accuracy of inductive pressure transducers.
LC6:Capacitive pressure transducers

What type of materials are typically used for the diaphragm in capacitive sensors?
Explain how a change in pressure causes a change in capacitance in a capacitive
transducer.
A capacitive sensor has an initial plate distance of 0.5 mm and area of 2 cm². Solve the
capacitance with air as the dielectric (ε₀ = 8.85 × 10⁻¹² F/m).

LC 7:Load cell, high- and low-pressure measurement

Recall How does a load cell convert force into an electrical signal?
Explain the working principle of a strain gauge load cell.
Identify the impact of temperature changes on the accuracy of load cells and pressure
transducers.

LC8:Proving ring, hydraulic and pneumatic load cell

What is a proving ring, and what is its purpose in force measurement?

Explain the working principle of a proving ring and how it is used for calibration.
Organize, How does the force applied to a proving ring cause deformation, and how is
this deformation measured?