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Basic Maths-Lec

This document provides notes on basic mathematics, covering topics such as algebra, fractions, indices, vectors, trigonometry, and calculus. It includes links to resources from Leeds University Library for further learning and practice questions. Additional references to Wolfram Mathworld are provided for in-depth explanations of concepts.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
15 views3 pages

Basic Maths-Lec

This document provides notes on basic mathematics, covering topics such as algebra, fractions, indices, vectors, trigonometry, and calculus. It includes links to resources from Leeds University Library for further learning and practice questions. Additional references to Wolfram Mathworld are provided for in-depth explanations of concepts.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Contents

1 Basic Skills 2
1.1 Practice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 Linear Algebra 3
2.1 Matrices and Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1.2 Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.3 Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.4 Subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.5 Multiplication by a scalar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.6 Multiplication of two matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.7 Motivation for matrix-matrix multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.8 Matrix-vector multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1.9 Special Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1.10 Scalar products and orthogonality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Linear Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Determinants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3.1 Using determinants to invert a 2 × 2 matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3 Differentiation and Integration 21


3.1 Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1.1 Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.1.2 Standard Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1.3 Product rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1.4 Chain rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1.5 Quotient rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.1.6 Stationary points in 1D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.1.7 Partial derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1.8 Stationary points in 2 dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1.9 Taylor Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2 Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2.1 Finding Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

4 Complex Numbers 32
4.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.1.1 Graphical concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.2 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.3 Complex Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.4 Addition/Subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.5 Multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.6 Conjugates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.7 Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.8 Polar Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.9 Exponential Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

1
4.10 Application to waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.10.1 Amplitude and phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.10.2 Complex solution to the wave equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

5 Error analysis 45
5.1 Plus/Minus Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.2 Propagation of errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.3 Comparison with “worst case” scenario? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.4 Normal Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.5 Central limit theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.6 Confidence Intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

1
1 Basic Skills
This document contains notes on basic mathematics. There are links to the corresponding Leeds
University Library skills@Leeds page, in which there are subject notes, videos and examples.

If you require more in-depth explanations of these concepts, you can visit the Wolfram Math-
world website:
⇒ Wolfram link (http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ )

• Algebra (Expanding brackets, Factorising) :


⇒ Library link
(http://library.leeds.ac.uk/tutorials/maths-solutions/pages/algebra/ ).

• Fractions :
⇒ Library link
(http://library.leeds.ac.uk/tutorials/maths-solutions/pages/numeracy/fractions.html).

• Indices and Powers :


⇒ Library link
(http://library.leeds.ac.uk/tutorials/maths-solutions/pages/numeracy/indices.html).

• Vectors :
⇒ Library link
(http://library.leeds.ac.uk/tutorials/maths-solutions/pages/mechanics/vectors.html).

• Trigonometry and geometry :


⇒ Library link
(http://library.leeds.ac.uk/tutorials/maths-solutions/pages/trig geom/ ).

• Differentiation and Integration :


⇒ Library link
(http://library.leeds.ac.uk/tutorials/maths-solutions/pages/calculus/ ).

1.1 Practice Questions


There are practice equations available online to accompany these notes.

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