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Assignment-2 ML Solution by Loknath Regmi

The document outlines key concepts in machine learning, focusing on the differences between regression and classification, the workflow of supervised learning models, and various regression techniques. It details the steps involved in building a supervised learning model, including data collection, preprocessing, model selection, training, evaluation, and prediction. Additionally, it discusses the importance of hyperparameter tuning and the main components of a supervised learning system.

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Lok Regmi
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14 views6 pages

Assignment-2 ML Solution by Loknath Regmi

The document outlines key concepts in machine learning, focusing on the differences between regression and classification, the workflow of supervised learning models, and various regression techniques. It details the steps involved in building a supervised learning model, including data collection, preprocessing, model selection, training, evaluation, and prediction. Additionally, it discusses the importance of hyperparameter tuning and the main components of a supervised learning system.

Uploaded by

Lok Regmi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment-2 Machine Learning(ML)

NAME: Loknath Regmi ROLL NO: 24 SEMESTER: 6th DATE: 2082/02/21

1. Differentiate between regression and classification with suitable real-world


examples.
2. Explain the workflow of a supervised learning model. What are the main
components?
3. Describe the working of simple linear regression. Derive the formula for the
regression line using least squares.
4. Explain multiple linear regression. How is it different from simple linear
regression?
5. What is polynomial regression? How does it handle non-linear data? Give an
example.
6. Explain the concept of regularization in regression. Why is it needed?
7. Differentiate between Ridge and Lasso regression. When would you prefer one
over the other?
8. Explain the bias-variance tradeoff with the help of diagrams and examples.
9. Describe the working of Support Vector Regression (SVR). How is it different
from traditional linear regression?
10. Explain logistic regression. Derive the sigmoid function and describe its
significance.
11. Differentiate between binary and multi-class classification in logistic
regression. How is multi-class handled?
12. Discuss the K-Nearest Neighbors algorithm. What are its advantages and
limitations?
13. How does the choice of 'k' affect the performance of the KNN algorithm?
14. What is a hyperplane in SVM? Explain the role of support vectors in
classification.
15. Describe the use of kernel tricks in SVM. Compare linear, polynomial, and
RBF kernels.
16. How does SVM handle linear and non-linear classification problems? Illustrate
with examples.
17. Explain the process of constructing a decision tree. How is information gain
used?
18. What is pruning in decision trees? Why is it important?
19. Describe the ensemble method of Bagging with an example. How does it
improve model performance?
20. Explain Random Forests. How do they address overfitting in decision trees?
1. Differentiate between Regression and Classification with Suitable Real-
world Examples.

=> Machine Learning problems are broadly categorized


into Regression and Classification based on the type of output they predict.

What is Regression?
 Definition: Regression is a supervised learning technique used to predict a continuous
numerical value based on input features.
 Goal: To estimate a function that maps input variables to a continuous output.
 Real-world Examples:
 Predicting house prices based on size, location, and number of rooms.
 Forecasting temperature for the next day.
 Estimating the amount of rainfall.
 Predicting sales revenue for a company.

What is Classification?
 Definition: Classification is a supervised learning technique used to predict discrete
class labels or categories.
 Goal: To assign input data points to one of several predefined classes.
 Real-world Examples:
 Email spam detection (spam or not spam).
 Medical diagnosis (cancerous or non-cancerous).
 Handwriting recognition (digits 0-9).
 Sentiment analysis (positive, negative, neutral).
Detailed Comparison Table between Regression and Classification:

Aspect Regression Classification

Output Type Continuous numerical values Discrete categories or class labels

Goal Predict a quantity or value Assign data points to categories

Example Task Predicting house prices, temperature Email spam detection, image recognition

Nature of Output Real numbers (e.g., 250,000 dollars) Classes or labels (e.g., Spam or Not Spam)

Linear Regression, Polynomial Regression, Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, SVM,


Common Algorithms SVR KNN

Evaluation Metrics Mean Squared Error (MSE), R-squared Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-score

Output
Interpretation Exact numerical prediction Probability or direct class label prediction

Use Case Examples Stock price prediction, weather forecasting Disease diagnosis, customer segmentation

Summary
 Regression is used when the target variable is continuous and numeric.
 Classification is used when the target variable is categorical.
 Both are supervised learning methods but solve fundamentally different types of
problems.
 The choice depends on the problem statement and the nature of the output variable.
2. Explain the Workflow of a Supervised Learning Model. What Are the Main
Components?
=> Supervised learning is a core approach in machine learning where a model learns to map
inputs to outputs using labeled data. The workflow involves several structured steps, each crucial
for building an effective predictive model.

Step-by-Step Workflow of a Supervised Learning Model


1. Data Collection
 Gather a dataset that contains both input features (independent variables) and
corresponding correct outputs (labels or target variables).
 Example: A dataset of houses with features like area, number of rooms, and prices.
2. Data Preprocessing
 Cleaning: Remove or fill missing values, correct errors, and handle outliers.
 Feature Engineering: Create new features or modify existing ones to improve model
performance.
 Encoding: Convert categorical variables into numerical format (e.g., one-hot encoding).
 Scaling/Normalization: Adjust feature values to a common scale if needed.
3. Splitting the Dataset
 Divide the data into at least two sets:
 Training Set: Used to train the model (usually 70–80% of data).
 Test Set: Used to evaluate the model’s performance on unseen data (usually 20–
30%).
 Sometimes, a validation set is also used for tuning model parameters.
4. Model Selection
 Choose an appropriate algorithm based on the problem type (regression or classification)
and data characteristics.
 Examples: Linear Regression, Decision Trees, Support Vector Machines, etc.
5. Training the Model
 Feed the training data into the chosen algorithm.
 The model learns the relationship between inputs and outputs by minimizing a loss
function (e.g., mean squared error for regression, cross-entropy for classification).
6. Model Evaluation
 Test the trained model on the test set.
 Use evaluation metrics suitable for the task:
 Regression: Mean Squared Error (MSE), R-squared.
 Classification: Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-score.
7. Hyperparameter Tuning
 Adjust the model’s hyperparameters (like learning rate, number of neighbors, tree depth)
to optimize performance.
 Often done using techniques like grid search or cross-validation.
8. Prediction
 Use the final trained and validated model to predict outputs for new, unseen data.

Main Components of a Supervised Learning System


1. Input Features (X): The independent variables or predictors.
2. Labels/Target Variable (Y): The correct output for each input.
3. Model: The algorithm or mathematical function that maps inputs to outputs.
4. Loss Function: Measures how well the model’s predictions match the actual labels.
5. Optimization Algorithm: Adjusts the model parameters to minimize the loss function.
6. Evaluation Metric: Quantifies the model’s performance on test data.
Summary Table: Supervised Learning Workflow and Components

Step/Component Description

Data Collection Gather labeled data (features + labels)

Data Preprocessing Clean, encode, and scale data

Data Splitting Divide into training, validation, and test sets

Model Selection Choose suitable algorithm (e.g., regression, classification)

Model Training Fit model to training data, learn parameters

Model Evaluation Assess model performance using test data and suitable metrics

Hyperparameter Tuning Optimize model settings for best results

Prediction Use trained model to predict outcomes for new data

Main Components Features, Labels, Model, Loss Function, Optimizer, Evaluation Metric

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