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100% found this document useful (2 votes)
32 views56 pages

(Ebook PDF) Database Processing Fundamentals, Design, and Implementation, 15th Edition Instant Download

The document is an overview of the 15th edition of the eBook 'Database Processing: Fundamentals, Design, and Implementation' by David M. Kroenke and others, which covers essential topics in database processing, design, and implementation. It includes links to download various editions and related database eBooks. The content is structured into parts covering SQL, database design, implementation, and multiuser database management.

Uploaded by

gmffltwd0439
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Kroenke 40th Anniversary Edition
Auer
Vandenberg
Yoder
D ATA B A S E P R O C E S S I N G
FUNDAMENTALS, DESIGN, AND IMPLEMENTATION

D ATA B A S E P R O C E S S I N G
FUNDAMENTALS, DESIGN, AND IMPLEMENTATION

FIFTEENTH
David M. Kroenke David J. Auer Scott L. Vandenberg Robert C. Yoder
www.pearson.com
EDITION

FIFTEENTH EDITION
vi Contents

SQL Enhancements for Querying a Single Table 66


Reading Specified Rows from a Single Table 66 • Reading Specified Columns and Rows from a
Single Table 70 • Sorting the SQL Query Results 70 • SQL WHERE Clause Options 73
Performing Calculations in SQL Queries 80
Using SQL Built-in Aggregate Functions 81 • SQL Expressions in SQL SELECT Statements 85
Grouping Rows in SQL SELECT Statements 88
Querying Two or More Tables with SQL 93
Querying Multiple Tables with Subqueries 93 • Querying Multiple Tables with Joins 96
• Comparing Subqueries and Joins 102 • The SQL JOIN ON Syntax 102 • SQL Queries
on Recursive Relationships 106 • Outer Joins 107 • Using SQL Set Operators 111
Summary 115 • Key Terms 116 • Review Questions 117 • Exercises 124
• Case Questions 129 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 133
• Morgan Importing Project Questions 140

PART 2 ■ Database Design 145

Chapter 3: The Relational Model and Normalization 146


Chapter Objectives 146
Relational Model Terminology 148
Relations 148 • Characteristics of Relations 149 • Alternative Terminology 151
• To Key, or Not to Key—That Is the Question! 152 • Functional Dependencies 152
• Finding Functional Dependencies 154 • Keys 157
Normal Forms 161
Modification Anomalies 161 • A Short History of Normal Forms 162 • Normalization
Categories 163 • From First Normal Form to Boyce-Codd Normal Form Step by Step 164
• Eliminating Anomalies from Functional Dependencies with BCNF 167 • Eliminating
Anomalies from Multivalued Dependencies 177 • Fifth Normal Form 181 • Domain/Key
Normal Form 181
Summary 181 • Key Terms 182 • Review Questions 183 • Exercises 185
• Case Questions 186 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 187
• Morgan Importing Project Questions 189

Chapter 4: Database Design Using Normalization 191


Chapter Objectives 191
Assess Table Structure 192
Designing Updatable Databases 193
Advantages and Disadvantages of Normalization 193 • Functional Dependencies 194
• Normalizing with SQL 194 • Choosing Not to Use BCNF 196 • Multivalued
Dependencies 196
Designing Read-Only Databases 197
Denormalization 197 • Customized Duplicated Tables 198
Common Design Problems 200
The Multivalue, Multicolumn Problem 200 • Inconsistent Values 202 • Missing
Values 203 • The General-Purpose Remarks Column 204
Summary 205 • Key Terms 206 • Review Questions 206 • Exercises 208
• Case Questions 209 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 209
• Morgan Importing Project Questions 210

Chapter 5: Data Modeling with the Entity-Relationship Model 212


Chapter Objectives 212
The Purpose of a Data Model 213

A01_KROE2749_15_SE_FM.indd 6 14/12/17 4:03 PM


Contents vii

The Entity-Relationship Model 213


Entities 214 • Attributes 214 • Identifiers 214 • Relationships 215 • Maximum
Cardinality 217 • Minimum Cardinality 218 • Entity-Relationship Diagrams and Their
Versions 219 • Variations of the E-R Model 219 • E-R Diagrams Using the IE Crow’s Foot
Model 220 • Strong Entities and Weak Entities 222 • ID-Dependent Entities 222
• Non–ID-Dependent Weak Entities 223 • The Ambiguity of the Weak Entity 224
• Subtype Entities 225
Patterns in Forms, Reports, and E-R Models 227
Strong Entity Relationship Patterns 228 • ID-Dependent Relationship Patterns 231
• Mixed Identifying and Nonidentifying Relationship Patterns 238 • The For-Use-By Subtype
Pattern 241 • Recursive Relationship Patterns 242
The Data Modeling Process 245
The College Report 246 • The Department Report 247 • The Department/Major
Report 249 • The Student Acceptance Letter 249
Summary 252 • Key Terms 253 • Review Questions 253 • Exercises 256
• Case Questions 262 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 265
• Morgan Importing Project Questions 265

Chapter 6: Transforming Data Models into Database Designs 267


Chapter Objectives 267
The Purpose of a Database Design 268
Create a Table for Each Entity 268
Selecting the Primary Key 268 • Specifying Alternate Keys 271 • Specifying Column
Properties 271 • Verify Normalization 278
Create Relationships 279
Relationships Between Strong Entities 279 • Relationships Using ID-Dependent
Entities 283 • Relationships with a Weak Non–ID-Dependent Entity 287 • Relationships in
Mixed Entity Designs 288 • Relationships Between Supertype and Subtype Entities 289
• Recursive Relationships 290 • Representing Ternary and Higher-Order Relationships 292
• Relational Representation of the Highline University Data Model 295
Design for Minimum Cardinality 296
Actions when the Parent Is Required 297 • Actions when the Child Is
Required 299 • Implementing Actions for M-O Relationships 300 • Implementing Actions
for O-M Relationships 301 • Implementing Actions for M-M Relationships 301 • Designing
Special Case M-M Relationships 302 • Documenting the Minimum Cardinality Design 302
• An Additional Complication 304 • Summary of Minimum Cardinality Design 304
The View Ridge Gallery Database 305
View Ridge Gallery Database Summary of Requirements 305 • The View Ridge
Data Model 306 • Database Design with Data Keys 307 • Minimum Cardinality
Enforcement for Required Parents 308 • Minimum Cardinality Enforcement for the Required
Child 310 • Column Properties for the View Ridge Database Design Tables 311
Summary 313 • Key Terms 316 • Review Questions 316 • Exercises 318
• Case Questions 319 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 321
• Morgan Importing Project Questions 321

PART 3 ■ Database Implementation 323

Chapter 7: SQL for Database Construction and Application


Processing 324
Chapter Objectives 324
The Importance of Working with an Installed DBMS Product 325
The View Ridge Gallery Database 325
SQL DDL and DML 325

A01_KROE2749_15_SE_FM.indd 7 14/12/17 4:03 PM


viii Contents

Managing Table Structure with SQL DDL 327


Creating the VRG Database 327 • Using SQL Scripts 327 • Using the SQL CREATE
TABLE Statement 328 • Variations in SQL Data Types and SQL/PSM 329 • Creating the
VRG Database ARTIST Table 329 • Creating the VRG Database WORK Table and the 1: N
ARTIST-to-WORK Relationship 332 • Implementing Required Parent Rows 333
• Implementing 1:1 Relationships 334 • Casual Relationships 334 • Creating Default
Values and Data Constraints with SQL 335 • Creating the VRG Database Tables 336
• The SQL ALTER TABLE Statement 340 • The SQL DROP TABLE Statement 340
• The SQL TRUNCATE TABLE Statement 341 • The SQL CREATE INDEX
Statement 341
SQL DML Statements 342
The SQL INSERT Statement 342 • Populating the VRG Database Tables 343 • The
SQL UPDATE Statement 349 • The SQL MERGE Statement 350 • The SQL DELETE
Statement 351
Using SQL Views 352
Using SQL Views to Hide Columns and Rows 355 • Using SQL Views to Display Results of
Computed Columns 356 • Using SQL Views to Hide Complicated SQL Syntax 357
• Layering Built-in Functions 358 • Using SQL Views for Isolation, Multiple Permissions, and
Multiple Triggers 360 • Updating SQL Views 361
Embedding SQL in Program Code 362
SQL/Persistent Stored Modules (SQL/PSM) 364 • Using SQL User-Defined
Functions 364 • Using SQL Triggers 367 • Using Stored Procedures 373 • Comparing
User-Defined Functions, Triggers, and Stored Procedures 376
Summary 378 • Key Terms 380 • Review Questions 381 • Exercises 391
• Case Questions 395 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 409
• Morgan Importing Project Questions 416

Chapter 8: Database Redesign 424


Chapter Objectives 424
The Need for Database Redesign 425
SQL Statements for Checking Functional Dependencies 425
What Is a Correlated Subquery? 426
How Do I Analyze an Existing Database? 431
Reverse Engineering 432 • Dependency Graphs 433 • Database Backup and Test
Databases 433
Changing Table Names and Table Columns 434
Changing Table Names 434 • Adding and Dropping Columns 436 • Changing a Column
Data Type or Column Constraints 437 • Adding and Dropping Constraints 438
Changing Relationship Cardinalities 438
Changing Minimum Cardinalities 438 • Changing Maximum Cardinalities 439
Adding and Deleting Tables and Relationships 442
Forward Engineering 443
Summary 443 • Key Terms 445 • Review Questions 445 • Exercises 447
• Case Questions 448 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 449
• Morgan Importing Project Questions 450

PART 4 ■ Multiuser Database Processing 453

Chapter 9: Managing Multiuser Databases 454


Chapter Objectives 454
The Importance of Working with an Installed DBMS Product 455
Database Administration 455
Managing the Database Structure 456

A01_KROE2749_15_SE_FM.indd 8 14/12/17 4:03 PM


Contents ix

Concurrency Control 457


The Need for Atomic Transactions 458 • Resource Locking 461 • Optimistic Versus
Pessimistic Locking 463 • SQL Transaction Control Language and Declaring Lock
Characteristics 464 • Implicit and Explicit COMMIT TRANSACTION 466 • Consistent
Transactions 466 • Transaction Isolation Level 467 • SQL Cursors 468
Database Security 470
Processing Rights and Responsibilities 470 • DBMS Security 471 • DBMS Security
Guidelines 472 • Application Security 474 • The SQL Injection Attack 475
Database Backup and Recovery 475
Recovery via Reprocessing 476 • Recovery via Rollback/Rollforward 476
Managing the DBMS 479
Maintaining the Data Repository 480
Summary 481 • Key Terms 482 • Review Questions 483 • Exercises 484
• Case Questions 485 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 486
• Morgan Importing Project Questions 488

Chapter 10: Managing Databases with Microsoft SQL Server 2017,


Oracle Database, and MySQL 5.7 490
Chapter Objectives 490
Installing the DBMS 491
Using the DBMS Database Administration and Database Development Utilities 492
Creating a Database 492
Creating and Running SQL Scripts 492
Reviewing the Database Structure in the DBMS GUI Utility 493
Creating and Populating the View Ridge Gallery VRG Database Tables 493
Creating SQL Views for the View Ridge Gallery VRG Database 493
Importing Microsoft Excel Data into a Database Table 493
Database Application Logic and SQL/Persistent Stored Modules (SQL/PSM) 493
DBMS Concurrency Control 494
DBMS Security 494
DBMS Database Backup and Recovery 494
Other DBMS Topics Not Discussed 494
Choose Your DBMS Product(s)! 495
Summary 495 • Key Terms 496 • Exercises 496

ONLINE CHAPTER: SEE PAGE 495 FOR INSTRUCTIONS


Chapter 10A: Managing Databases with Microsoft SQL
Server 2017
Chapter Objectives
The Microsoft SQL Server 2017 DBMS
Installing Microsoft SQL Server 2017
Installing Microsoft SQL Server 2017 Required Software • Installing the Microsoft
SQL Server 2017 DBMS • Installing Microsoft SQL Server 2017 Reporting
Services
Microsoft SQL Server 2017 Utilities
SQL CMD and Microsoft PowerShell • Microsoft SQL CLR • The Microsoft SQL Server
Management Studio
Using Microsoft SQL Server 2017
Creating a Microsoft SQL Server 2017 Database
Microsoft SQL Server 2017 SQL Statements and SQL Scripts
Using Existing SQL Scripts • Using a Single SQL Script to Store Multiple SQL Commands
Implementing the View Ridge Gallery VRG Database in Microsoft SQL Server 2017

A01_KROE2749_15_SE_FM.indd 9 15/12/17 4:00 PM


x Contents

Using SQL Scripts to Create and Populate Database Tables • Creating the View Ridge
Gallery VRG Database Table Structure • Reviewing Database Structures in the SQL
Server GUI Display • Indexes • Populating the VRG Database Tables with Data
• Creating SQL Views
Importing Microsoft Excel Data into a Microsoft SQL Server Database Table
Microsoft SQL Server 2017 Application Logic
Transact-SQL • User-Defined Functions • Stored Procedures • Triggers
Microsoft SQL Server 2017 Concurrency Control
Transaction Isolation Level • Cursor Concurrency • Locking Hints
Microsoft SQL Server 2017 Security
SQL Server 2017 Database Security Settings
Microsoft SQL Server 2017 Backup and Recovery
Backing Up a Database • SQL Server Recovery Models • Restoring a Database
• Database Maintenance Plans
Topics Not Discussed in This Chapter
Summary • Key Terms • Review Questions • Exercises • Case Questions
• The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions • Morgan Importing Project
Questions

ONLINE CHAPTER: SEE PAGE 495 FOR INSTRUCTIONS


Chapter 10B: Managing Databases with Oracle Database
Chapter Objectives
The Oracle Corporation Oracle Database DBMS
Installing Oracle Database
Installing a Loopback Adapter • Oracle Database, Java, JavaScript, and the Adobe
Flash Player • Oracle Database 12c Release 2 Documentation • Downloading Oracle
Database • Installing Oracle Database 12c Release 2 with the Oracle Universal
Installer (OUI) • Installing Oracle Database Express Edition 11g Release 2 (Oracle
Database XE)
Oracle Database Administration and Development Tools
The Oracle Database 12c Release 2 Configuration Assistant • The Oracle Enterprise Manager
Database Express 12c Database Administration Utility • The Oracle Database XE 11.2
Database Administration Utility
Oracle Database Tablespaces
Oracle Database Security
User Privileges • Creating a User Account • Creating a Role
Oracle Database Application Development Tools
Oracle SQL*Plus • Oracle SQL Developer • Creating a Workspace for the SQL Developer
Files • Oracle Database Schemas
Creating and Using an Oracle Database Database
Creating a Database in Oracle Database • Oracle Database SQL Statements and SQL
Scripts • Using Existing SQL Scripts • Using a Single SQL Script to Store Multiple SQL
Commands
Implementing the View Ridge Gallery VRG Database in Oracle Database
Using SQL Scripts to Create and Populate Database Tables • Creating the View Ridge
Gallery VRG Database Table Structure • Transaction COMMIT in Oracle Database
• Reviewing Database Structures in the SQL Developer GUI Display • Indexes
• Populating the VRG Tables • Creating SQL Views
Importing Microsoft Excel Data into an Oracle Database Table
Oracle Database Application Logic
Oracle Database PL/SQL • User-Defined Functions • Stored Procedures
• Triggers

A01_KROE2749_15_SE_FM.indd 10 15/12/17 4:00 PM


Contents xi

Oracle Database Concurrency Control


Read-Committed Transaction Isolation Level • Serializable Transaction Isolation Level
• Read-Only Transaction Isolation • Additional Locking Comments
Oracle Database Backup and Recovery
Oracle Database Recovery Facilities • Types of Failure
Topics Not Discussed in This Chapter
Summary • Key Terms • Review Questions • Exercises • Case Questions
• The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions • Morgan Importing
Project Questions

ONLINE CHAPTER: SEE PAGE 495 FOR INSTRUCTIONS


Chapter 10C: Managing Databases with MySQL 5.7
Chapter Objectives
The MySQL 5.7 DBMS
Installing MySQL Community Server 5.7
The MySQL Installer • MySQL Storage Engines
The MySQL Utilities
The MySQL Command-Line Client • The MySQL Workbench GUI Utility • Creating a
Workspace for the MySQL Workbench Files
Creating and Using a MySQL Database
Creating a Database in MySQL • Setting the Active Database in MySQL • MySQL SQL
Statements and SQL Scripts • Using Existing SQL Scripts • Using a Single SQL Script to
Store Multiple SQL Commands
Implementing the View Ridge Gallery VRG Database in MySQL 5.7
Creating the VRG Database • Using SQL Scripts to Create and Populate Database Tables
• Creating the View Ridge Database Table Structure • Reviewing Database Structures in the
MySQL GUI Display • Indexes • Populating the VRG Tables with Data • Transaction
COMMIT in MySQL • Creating SQL Views
Importing Microsoft Excel Data into a MySQL 5.7 Database Table
MySQL Application Logic
MySQL SQL/PSM Procedural Statements • User-Defined Functions • Stored
Procedures • Triggers • A Last Word on MySQL Stored Procedures and Triggers
Concurrency Control
MySQL 5.7 Security
Creating a New User • MySQL Database Security Settings
MySQL 5.7 DBMS Backup and Recovery
Backing Up a MySQL Database • Restoring a MySQL Database
Topics Not Discussed in This Chapter
Summary • Key Terms • Review Questions • Exercises • Case Questions
• The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions • Morgan Importing
Project Questions

PART 5 ■ Database Access Standards 497

Chapter 11: The Web Server Environment 498


Chapter Objectives 498
A Web Database Application for the View Ridge Gallery 500
The Web Database Processing Environment 501
Database Server Access Standards 502
The ODBC Standard 503
ODBC Architecture 504 • Conformance Levels 505 • Creating an ODBC Data Source
Name 506

A01_KROE2749_15_SE_FM.indd 11 14/12/17 4:03 PM


xii Contents

The Microsoft .NET Framework and ADO.NET 512


OLE DB 514 • ADO and ADO.NET 518 • The ADO.NET Object Model 518
The Java Platform 523
JDBC 523 • Java Server Pages (JSP) and Servlets 525 • Apache Tomcat 525
Web Database Processing with PHP 527
Web Database Processing with PHP and the NetBeans IDE 527 • Getting Started with
HTML Web Pages 530 • The index.html Web Page 530 • Creating the index.html Web
Page 530 • Using PHP 533
Web Page Examples with PHP 540
Example 1: Updating a Table 541 • Example 2: Using PHP Data Objects (PDO) 545
• Example 3: Invoking a Stored Procedure 546 • Challenges for Web Database
Processing 553 • SQL Injection Attacks 554
Extensible Markup Language (XML) 555
The Importance of XML 555 • XML as a Markup Language 556
Creating XML Documents from Database Data 557
Using the SQL SELECT … FOR XML Statement 557
Summary 559 • Key Terms 561 • Review Questions 562 • Exercises 565
• Case Questions 567 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 567
• Morgan Importing Project Questions 568

Chapter 12: Data Warehouses, Business Intelligence Systems,


and Big Data 569
Chapter Objectives 569
Business Intelligence Systems 571
The Relationship Between Operational and BI Systems 571
Reporting Systems and Data Mining Applications 571
Reporting Systems 572 • Data Mining Applications 573
Data Warehouses and Data Marts 573
Components of a Data Warehouse 573 • Data Warehouses Versus Data Marts 577
• Dimensional Databases 578
Reporting Systems 586
RFM Analysis 586 • OLAP 588
Data Mining 597
Distributed Database Processing 599
Types of Distributed Databases 599 • Challenges of Distributed Databases 600
Object-Relational Databases 601
Virtualization 602
Cloud Computing 603
Big Data and the Not Only SQL Movement 607
Column Family Databases 608 • MapReduce 610 • Hadoop 610
Summary 611 • Key Terms 613 • Review Questions 614 • Exercises 616
• Case Questions 617 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project
Questions 618 • Morgan Importing Project Questions 619

Appendices

ONLINE APPENDICES: SEE PAGE 620 FOR INSTRUCTIONS


Appendix A: Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
Chapter Objectives
What Is the Purpose of This Appendix?
Why Should I Learn to Use Microsoft Access 2016?
What Will This Appendix Teach Me?
What Is a Table Key?
What are Relationships?

A01_KROE2749_15_SE_FM.indd 12 14/12/17 4:03 PM


Contents xiii

How Do I Create a New Microsoft Access 2016 Database?


What is the Microsoft Office Fluent User Interface?
The Ribbon and Command Tabs • Contextual Command Tabs • Modifying the Quick Access
Toolbar • Database Objects and the Navigation Pane
How Do I Close a Database and Exit Microsoft Access 2016?
How Do I Open an Existing Microsoft Access 2016 Database?
How Do I Create Microsoft Access 2016 Database Tables?
How Do I Insert Data into Tables Using the Datasheet View?
Modifying and Deleting Data in Tables in the Datasheet View
How Do I Create Relationships Between Tables?
How Do I Create and Run Microsoft Access 2016 Queries?
How Do I Create Microsoft Access 2016 Forms and Reports?
How Do I Close a Newly-Created Database and Exit Microsoft Access 2016?
Key Terms • Review Questions • Exercises

Appendix B: Getting Started with Systems Analysis and Design


Chapter Objectives
What Is the Purpose of This Appendix?
What Is Information?
What Is an Information System?
What Is a Competitive Strategy?
How Does a Company Organize Itself Based on Its Competitive Strategy?
What Is a Business Process?
How Do Information Systems Support Business Processes?
Do Information Systems Include Processes?
Do We Have to Understand Business Processes in Order to Create Information Systems?
What Is Systems Analysis and Design?
What Are the Steps in the SDLC?
The System Definition Step • The Requirements Analysis Step • The Component Design Step
• The Implementation Step • The System Maintenance Step
What SDLC Details Do We Need to Know?
What Is Business Process Modeling Notation?
What Is Project Scope?
How Do I Gather Data and Information About System Requirements?
How Do Use Cases Provide Data and Information About System Requirements?
The Highline University Database
The College Report • The Department Report • The Department/Major Report
• The Student Acceptance Letter
What Are Business Rules?
What Is a User Requirements Document (URD)?
What Is a Statement of Work (SOW)?
Key Terms • Review Questions • Exercises

Appendix C: E-R Diagrams and the IDEF1X and UML Standards


Chapter Objectives
What Is the Purpose of This Appendix?
Why Should I Learn to Use IDEF1X or UML?
What Will This Appendix Teach Me?
What are IDEF1X Entities?
What are IDEF1X Relationships?
Nonidentifying Connection Relationships • Identifying Connection Relationships • Nonspecific
Relationships • Categorization Relationships
What are Domains?
Domains Reduce Ambiguity • Domains Are Useful • Base Domains and Typed Domains

A01_KROE2749_15_SE_FM.indd 13 14/12/17 4:03 PM


xiv Contents

How Does UML Represent Entities and Relationships?


Representation of Strong Entities • Representation of Weak Entities • Representation of Subtypes
What OOP Constructs Are Introduced by UML?
What is the Role of UML in Database Processing Today?
Key Terms • Review Questions

Appendix D: Getting Started with Microsoft Visio 2016


Chapter Objectives
What Is the Purpose of This Appendix?
Why Should I Learn to Use Microsoft Visio 2016?
What Will This Appendix Teach Me?
What Won’t This Appendix Teach Me?
How Do I Start Microsoft Visio 2016?
How Do I Create a Database Model Diagram in Microsoft Visio 2016?
How Do I Name and Save a Database Model Diagram in Microsoft Visio 2016?
How Do I Create Entities in a Database Model Diagram in Microsoft Visio 2016?
How Do I Create Relationships Between Entities in a Database Model Diagram in
   Microsoft Visio 2016?
How Do I Create Data Models in Microsoft Visio 2016?
How Do I Create Database Designs in Microsoft Visio 2016?
Key Terms • Review Questions • Exercises

Appendix E: Getting Started with the MySQL Workbench


Data Modeling Tools
Chapter Objectives
What Is the Purpose of This Appendix?
Why Should I Learn to Use the MySQL Workbench Data Modeling Tools?
What Will This Appendix Teach Me?
What Won’t This Appendix Teach Me?
How Do I Start the MySQL Workbench?
How Do I Create a Workspace for the MySQL Workbench Files?
How Do I Create Database Designs in the MySQL Workbench?
How Do I Create a Database Model and E-R Diagram in the MySQL Workbench?
Key Terms • Review Questions • Exercises

Appendix F: The Semantic Object Model


Chapter Objectives
What Is the Purpose of This Appendix?
Why Should I Learn to Use the Semantic Object Model?
What Will This Appendix Teach Me?
What Are Semantic Objects?
What Semantic Objects Are Used in the Semantic Object Model?
What Are Semantic Object Attributes? • Attribute Cardinality • What Are Object
Identifiers? • What Are Attribute Domains? • What Are Semantic Object Views?
What Types of Objects Are Used in the Semantic Object Model?
What Are Simple Objects? • What Are Composite Objects? • What Are Compound Objects?
• How Do We Represent One-to-One Compound Objects as Relational Structures? • How Do
We Represent One-to-Many and Many-to-One Relationships as Relational Structures? • How
Do We Represent Many-to-Many Relationship Objects as Relational Structures? • What Are
Hybrid Objects? • How Do We Represent Hybrid Relationships in Relational Structures?
• What Are Association Objects? • What Are Parent/Subtype Objects? • What Are
Archetype/Version Objects?
Comparing the Semantic Object and the E-R Models
Key Terms • Review Questions

A01_KROE2749_15_SE_FM.indd 14 15/12/17 1:40 PM


Contents xv

Appendix G: Physical Database Design and Data Structures for


Database Processing
Chapter Objectives
What Is the Purpose of This Appendix?
What Will This Appendix Teach Me?
Introduction to Physical Database Design
What Are Flat Files?
Processing Flat Files in Multiple Orders • A Note on Record Addressing • How Can Linked Lists
Be Used to Maintain Logical Record Order? • How Can Indexes Be Used to Maintain Logical
Record Order? • B-Trees • Summary of Data Structures
How Can We Represent Binary Relationships?
A Review of Record Relationships • How Can We Represent Trees? • How Can We Represent
Simple Networks? • How Can We Represent Complex Networks? • Summary of Relationship
Representations
How Can We Represent Secondary Keys?
How Can We Represent Secondary Keys with Linked Lists? • How Can We Represent Secondary
Keys with Indexes?
Multicolumn Indexes
Clustering
Decomposition
Vertical Decomposition • Horizontal Decomposition
Key Terms • Review Questions

Appendix H: Getting Started with Web Servers, PHP, and the NetBeans IDE
Chapter Objectives
What Is the Purpose of This Appendix?
Which Operating System are we Discussing?
How Do I Install a Web Server?
How Do I Set Up IIS in Windows 10?
How Do I Manage IIS in Windows 10?
How Is a Web Site Structured?
How Do I View a Web Page from the IIS Web Server?
How Is Web Site Security Managed?
What is Java?
What Is the NetBeans IDE?
How Do I Install the Java Development Kit (JDK) and the NetBeans IDE?
What Is PHP?
How Do I Install PHP?
How Do I Check PHP to Make Sure it is Running Correctly?
How Do I Create a Web Page Using the NetBeans IDE?
How Do I Manage the PHP Configuration?
Key Terms • Review Questions • Exercises

Appendix I: XML
Chapter Objectives
What Is the Purpose of This Appendix?
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
XML as a Markup Language • Materializing XML Documents with XSLT
XML Schema versus Document Type Declarations
XML Schema Validation • Elements and Attributes • Flat Versus Structured Schemas
• Global Elements
Creating XML Documents from Database Data
Using the SQL SELECT . . . FOR XML Statement • Multi-table SELECT with FOR XML
• An XML Schema for All CUSTOMER Purchases • A Schema with Two Multivalued Paths

A01_KROE2749_15_SE_FM.indd 15 14/12/17 4:03 PM


xvi Contents

Why Is XML Important?


Additional XML Standards
Summary • Key Terms • Review Questions • Exercises

Appendix J: Business Intelligence Systems


Chapter Objectives
What Is the Purpose of This Appendix?
Business Intelligence Systems
Reporting Systems and Data Mining Applications
Reporting Systems • Data Mining Applications
The Components of a Data Warehouse
Data Warehouses and Data Marts • Data Warehouses and Dimensional Databases
Reporting Systems
OLAP • RFM Analysis • Reporting System Components • Reporting System Functions
Data Mining
Unsupervised versus Supervised Data Mining • Four Popular Data Mining Techniques
• Market Basket Analysis • Decision Trees
Summary • Key Terms • Review Questions • Exercises • Case Questions
• The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions • Morgan Importing
Project Questions

Appendix K: Big Data


Chapter Objectives
What Is the Purpose of This Appendix?
What Is Big Data?
The Three Vs and the “Wanna Vs” • Big Data and NoSQL Systems • The CAP Theorem
Non-Relational Database Management Systems
Key-Value Databases • Document Databases • Column Family Databases • Graph Databases
Using a Cloud Database Management System
Migrating an Existing Local Database to Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB • Using SQL to Create a
New Database on Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB
Big Data, NoSQL Systems, and the Future
Summary • Key Terms • Review Questions • Exercises

Appendix L: JSON and Document Databases


Chapter Objectives
What Is the Purpose of This Appendix?
Document Database Basics
JSON Data Structuring
Introducing ArangoDB
Downloading and Installing ArangoDB
Creating Data in ArangoDB
Simple Document Examples • Complex Document Examples • Logical Design Choices
Querying Data in ArangoDB
Using HTTP • Using a Programming Language • Using ArangoDB Query Language (AQL)
Physical Design Choices in ArangoDB
Indexing • Data Distribution
Document Databases in the Cloud
Creating a Document Database in Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB • Querying a Document
Database in Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB
Summary • Key Terms • Review Questions • Exercises

Bibliography 621
Glossary 623
Index 639

A01_KROE2749_15_SE_FM.indd 16 14/12/17 4:03 PM


Foreword to the 40th Anniversary Edition
David Kroenke

The publisher has asked me to write a short history of this text for this, the 40th anniversary
edition. The details of each edition and how they changed are instructive, but this text and
the discipline of database processing grew up together, and the story of how that happened
might be more helpful to students who will work in disciplines, such as Big Data, that are
emerging today.

We Didn’t Know What We Were Doing


Database processing technology originated in the period 1970 to 1975, though not necessar-
ily by that name. At the time, the U.S. government used the term data bank. Others used data
base as well as database. I liked the latter and used it when I began work on this text in 1975.
In 1971, I was an officer in the U.S. Air Force, assigned to a Pentagon team that was
building and using a simulation of World War III. It was the height of the Cold War, and
the Department of Defense wanted a means to assess the efficacy of current and proposed
weapons systems.
By a stroke of good luck, I was assigned to work on the data manager portion of that
simulation (the term Database Management System [DBMS] was not yet in use). The logical data
model of that data manager was similar to that of the set-based system that Bachmann had
developed at General Electric (then a mainframe manufacturer) and that later became the
CODASYL DBTG standard.1
Our simulation was slow and long-running; a typical run would take 10 to 12 hours. We
were constrained more by input and output of data than by CPU time, and I developed low-
level, re-entrant, assembly language routines for getting and putting data to and from main
memory on parallel channels.
In addition to our project and Bachmann’s, IBM was developing a manufacturing-
oriented data manager in concert with North American Aviation. That project eventually
became IBM’s product IMS.2 Another government project of that era resulted in the data
manager named Total.
In retrospect, I’d say the one thing we had in common was that none of us knew what we
were doing. We didn’t have any data models, best practices, or design principles. We didn’t
even know how to program. This was long before GoTo–less programming, which led to
structured programming, and eventually to object-oriented programming. We did know that
life was easier if we developed some sort of a logic chart before we began, but that was about
it. We’d pick up our coding pads (everything was done via punched cards) and start to work.
There were no debugging tools. When a job would fail, we’d receive a hexadecimal
printout of the CPU registers and the contents of main memory (the printout would be 12 to
18 inches thick). There were no hexadecimal calculators, so we’d manually add and subtract

1
CODASYL, the Committee on Data Systems Languages, was the committee, chaired by Grace Hopper (see
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper), that developed the COBOL language standard. DBTG, the database
task group, was a subcommittee tasked with developing a data modeling standard. The DBTG model was
popular for a short while, but was replaced by the relational model by the 1980s.
2
IBM IMS is still a functional DBMS product—see www-01.ibm.com/software/data/ims/index.html.

xvii

A01_KROE2749_15_SE_FM.indd 17 14/12/17 4:03 PM


xviii Foreword to the 40th Anniversary Edition

hexadecimal numbers to navigate our way around the printout, sticking rulers in the listing as
place markers. Stiff, wooden rulers were the best.
Again, though, we were just trying to solve a problem. We didn’t have any idea that the
technology we were developing would become an important part of the emerging world.
Imagine Amazon or your college without database processing. But all of that was in the future.
We were just trying to get the “darn thing” to run and somehow solve the particular problem
that we’d been assigned.
For example, an important function of those early systems was to manage relationships.
In our simulation, we had bombers and tankers and opposing radar sites and opposing air-to-
air missiles. We needed to keep track of which of those was assigned or related to which. We
just wrote programs to do that. A decade or two later someone discovered in surprise, “Hey,
there’s as much information in the relationships as there is in the data.”
We made stuff up as we went along. The first edition of this text included no definition
of database. When a reviewer pointed that out, I made one up for the second edition. “A self-
describing collection of integrated records.” Completely fabricated, but it’s worked now for
35 years, so it must have been serviceable.
Situations like that were common in those early projects. We made stuff up that would
help us solve our problem. Progress was slow, mistakes were frequent, failures were common.
Millions of dollars and labor hours were wasted. But gradually, over time, database technol-
ogy emerged.

Origin of This Text

In 1973 I completed my military commitment and following John Denver’s song “Rocky
Mountain High” moved my family from Washington, D.C., to Colorado State University. The
business school hired me as an instructor while I attended graduate school in statistics and
engineering across the street. To my delight, I was assigned to teach a course entitled File
Management, the predecessor of today’s Database Processing course (see Figure FM-1).
As with any young instructor, I wanted to teach what I knew and that was the rudiments
of database processing. So, I began to formulate a database course and by the spring of 1975,
was looking for a textbook. I asked the book reps if they had such a book and none did. The
sales rep for SRA, however, asked, “No, but we’re looking for one. Why don’t you write it?” My
department chair, Bob Rademacher, encouraged me to do so, and on June 29, 1975, I signed
the contract.

FIGURE FM-1
David Kroenke Loses
Control of Students Excited
by Database Technology

A01_KROE2749_15_SE_FM.indd 18 14/12/17 4:03 PM


Foreword to the 40th Anniversary Edition xix

FIGURE FM-2
How Textbooks Were Written

The draft and all the diagrams were written in number 2 pencil on the back of old coding
sheets, as shown in Figure FM-02. The text would go to a typist, who’d do the best she could
to decipher my writing. I’d proof the typing and she’d produce another typed manuscript
(long before word processing—pages had to be retyped to remove errors). Those pages would
then go to a copy editor and I would redo them again, back to the typist for a round or two.
Eventually, the final typed manuscript would go to a compositor who would produce long gray
sheets (called galleys) of text to be proofed. After that, the text would be glued (I’m not kid-
ding) to make up pages, integrating the art which had been following a similar pathway, and
then those pages would be photographed and sent to a printer.
The final draft of the first edition was completed in January 1976, and the text was pub-
lished in January 1977. We were proud that it only took a year.

Contents of the First Edition

Database Processing was the first such textbook aimed at the information systems market.
C. J. Date had produced Database Systems prior to this text, but his book was aimed at com-
puter science students.3 No one knew what should be in an information systems database
book. I made it up, we sent drafts to reviewers, and they approved it. (They didn’t know
either.)

3
C. J. Date’s book An Introduction to Database Systems is currently in its eighth edition.

A01_KROE2749_15_SE_FM.indd 19 14/12/17 4:03 PM


xx Foreword to the 40th Anniversary Edition

FIGURE FM-3
Cover of the First Edition
of Database Processing

The first edition (see Figure FM-3) had chapters on file management and data structures.
It also had chapters on hierarchical, network, and relational data models. By the way, E. F.
Codd, the creator of the relational data model, was relatively unknown at that point and he
was happy to review the relational chapter. The text also featured a description of the features
and functions of five DBMS products: ADABAS, System 2000, Total, IDMS, and IMS. (To my
knowledge, only IMS is still in use today.) It wrapped up with a chapter on database adminis-
tration.
When writing that last chapter, I thought it would be a good idea to talk with an auditor
to learn what auditors looked for when auditing database systems. Accordingly, I drove to
Denver and met with one of the top auditors at one of the then-Big-Eight firms. I didn’t learn
much, just some high-level hyperbole about using commonly accepted auditing standards.
The next day, the phone rang in my office and an executive in New York City invited me out to
that firm for a job interview for a position to develop and teach database auditing standards to
their staff. None of us knew what we were doing!
I had no idea of how incredibly fortunate I was. To stumble into a discipline that would
become one of the most important in the information systems field, to have experience and
knowledge to put into a text, to have a supportive department, and, finally, to have what was at
that time a superb publisher with an outstanding sales and marketing team (see Figure FM-4).
Because it was all I had known, I thought it was normal. Ah, youth.

Lessons Learned

At age 71, I’m not quite consigned to watching the daytime weather channel but have
reached the stage when people start listing lessons learned. I’ll try to keep it brief. Here are
my five lessons learned, developed both as a database technology bystander and participant:

A01_KROE2749_15_SE_FM.indd 20 14/12/17 4:03 PM


Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The collected
works of William Hazlitt, Vol. 01 (of 12)
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: The collected works of William Hazlitt, Vol. 01 (of 12)

Author: William Hazlitt

Author of introduction, etc.: William Ernest Henley

Editor: Arnold Glover


A. R. Waller

Release date: November 11, 2017 [eBook #55932]


Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed


Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file
was
produced from images generously made available by
The
Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE COLLECTED


WORKS OF WILLIAM HAZLITT, VOL. 01 (OF 12) ***
THE
COLLECTED WORKS OF WILLIAM
HAZLITT
IN TWELVE VOLUMES

VOLUME ONE

All rights reserved


William Hazlitt.

Aged 13.
from a Miniature on Ivory
Painted by his Brother.
THE COLLECTED WORKS OF
WILLIAM HAZLITT
EDITED BY A. R. WALLER AND ARNOLD GLOVER
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
W. E. HENLEY

The Round Table

Characters of Shakespear’s Plays

A Letter to William Gifford, Esq.

1902
LONDON: J. M. DENT & CO.
McCLURE, PHILLIPS & CO.: NEW YORK

Edinburgh: T. and A. Constable, (late) Printers to Her Majesty


CONTENTS

PAGE

INTRODUCTION BY WILLIAM ERNEST HENLEY vii

EDITORS’ PREFACE xxvii

THE ROUND TABLE xxix

CHARACTERS OF SHAKESPEAR’S PLAYS, 165

A LETTER TO WILLIAM GIFFORD, ESQ., 363

NOTES 415
INTRODUCTION

Hazlitt’s father, a minister in the Unitarian Church, was the son of an


Antrim dissenter, who had removed to Tipperary; Hazlitt’s mother
was the daughter of a Cambridgeshire yeoman; so that there is
small room for wonder if Hazlitt were all his life distinguished by a
fine pugnaciousness of mind, a fiery courage, an excellent
doggedness of temper, and (not to crack the wind of the poor
metaphor) a brilliancy in the use of his hands unequalled in his time,
and since his time, by any writing Englishman. Of course, he was
very much else; or this monument to his genius would scarce be
building, this draft to his credit would have been drawn for To-
Morrow on To-Day. But, while he lived, his fighting talent was the
sole thing in his various and splendid gift that was evident to the
powers that were; and, inasmuch as he loved nothing so dearly as
asserting himself to the disadvantage of certain superstitions which
the said powers esteemed the very stuff of life, they did their utmost
to dissemble his uncommon merits, and to present him to the world
at large as a person whose morals were deplorable, whose nose was
pimpled, whose mind was lewd, whose character would no more
bear inspection than his English, whose heart and soul and taste
were irremediable, and who, as he persisted in regarding ‘the
Corsican fiend’ as a culmination of human genius and character,
must for that reason especially—(but there were many others)—be
execrated as a public enemy, and stuck in the pillory whenever, in
the black malice of his corrupt and poisonous heart, he sought, by
feigning an affection for Shakespeare, or an interest in metaphysics,
to recommend his vulgar, mean, pernicious personality to the
attention of a loyal, God-fearing, church-going, tax-paying, Pope-
and-Pretender-hating British Public. I cannot say that I regret the
very scandalous attacks that were made on Hazlitt: since, if they had
not been, we should have lacked some admirable pages in the
Political Essays and The Spirit of the Age, nor should we now be
privileged to rejoice in the dignified and splendid savagery of the
Letter to William Gifford. And, if I do not regret them for myself and
the many who think with me, still less can I wish them wanting for
Hazlitt’s sake; for if they had been, who shall say how dull and how
profitless, how weary and flat and stale, some years of what he
described, in his last words to his kind, as ‘a happy life’—how mean
and beggarly may not some days in these years have seemed? But
there is, after all, a reason for being rather sorry than not that
Hazlitt’s polemic was so brilliant, his young conviction so unalterably
constant, his example so detestable as it seemed to the magnificent
ruffian in Blackwood and the infinitely spiteful underling in The
Quarterly. The British Public of those days was a good, hard-hitting,
hard-drinking, hard-living lot; and, in the matter of letters, there was
no guile in it. It read its Campbell, its Rogers, its Moore, its Hook
and Egan and Jon Bee; it accepted its convinced and pedantic
sycophant in Southey, its gay, light-hearted protestant in Leigh Hunt;
it nibbled at its Wordsworth, knew not what to make of its Coleridge,
swallowed its Cobbett (that prince of pugilists) as its morning rasher
and toast; it made much of Hone, yet was far from contemptuous of
Westmacott; it laid itself open to its Scott and its Byron, Michael and
Satan, the Angel of Acceptance and the Angel of Revolt. Withal it
was essentially a Tory Public: a public long practised in fearing God
and honouring the King; with half an ear for Major Cartwright and
his like, and a whole mind for the story of Randal and Cribb;
honestly and jovially proud of Nelson and ‘The Duke,’ but neither
loving the Emperor nor seeking to understand him. Now, to Hazlitt
the Revolution was humanity in excelsis, while the Emperor, being
democracy incarnate, and so a complete expression of character and
human genius, was as his god. Gifford, then, and Wilson, had small
difficulty in blasting Hazlitt’s fame, and in so far ruining Hazlitt’s
chance that ’tis but now, after some seventy years, that he takes his
place in literary history as the hero of a Complete Edition. In the
meanwhile he has had praise, and praise again. But it has come ever
from the few, and he has yet to be considered of the general as a
critic of many elements in human activity, a master of his mother-
tongue, and one, and that one not the least, in an epoch illustrious
in the achievement of Keats and Shelley and Wordsworth, the
inimitable Cobbett, Byron and Sir Walter, Coleridge, the Arch-Potency
(who, ‘prone on the flood’ of failure, ever ‘lies floating many a rood’),
and the thrice-beloved Lamb.
I
The elder Hazlitt was trained in Glasgow. A man of spirit and
understanding, an active and a vigilant minister, he married Grace
Loftus, the Wisbech yeoman’s daughter, in 1766; and in 1778 (he
being much older than she), the last of their children, their son
William, was born to them at Maidstone. Five years later this son
accompanied his parents to Philadelphia. There the elder Hazlitt
preached and lectured for some fifteen months; but in 1786–87,
having meanwhile established the earliest Unitarian church in
America, he returned to England, and settled at Wem, in Shropshire,
which was practically Hazlitt’s first taste of native earth. A precocious
youngster, well grounded by his father, himself a man of parts and
reading,[1] he was responsible as early as 1792 for a New Theory of
Criminal and Civil Jurisprudence, and at fifteen he went to the
Unitarian College at Hackney, there to study for the ministry. But his
mind changed. In the meantime he learned something of literature,
something of metaphysics, something of painting, something (I
doubt not) of life; the Revolution blazed out, Bonaparte fell
falconwise upon Austrian Italy, and approved himself the greatest
captain since Marlborough; there was a strong unrest in time and
the destiny of man; the ambitions of life were changed, the
possibilities and conditions of life transformed. The skies thrilled with
the dawn of a new day, and Hazlitt: already, it is fair to conjecture,
at grips with that potent and implacable devil of sex which
possessed him so vigorously for so many years; already, too, the
devout and militant Radical, the fanatic of Bonaparte, he remained
till the end: was no longer for the pulpit. And at this moment
existence was transfigured for him also. In the January of 1798,
Coleridge, that embodied Inspiration, visited the elder Hazlitt at
Wem, and preached his last (Unitarian) sermon in the chapel there.
He was at his best, his freshest, his most copious, his most
expressive and persuasive; he had the poet’s eye, the poet’s mouth,
the poet’s voice, impulse, authority, style; he had already ‘fed on
honey-dew, and drunk the milk of Paradise’; and he carried Hazlitt
clean off his legs. To the sombre, personal, scarce lettered but very
thoughtful youth this voluble and affecting Apparition was the bearer
of a revelation. He listened to Coleridge as to a John Baptist. He
dared to talk metaphysics, and was so far rewarded for his valour as
to be encouraged to persevere.[2] What was of vastly greater
importance, he was asked to Stowey in the spring of the same year:
an event from which he dated the true beginnings of his intellectual
life.
In that centre of enchantment he stayed three weeks. It was a
Golden Year. Hazlitt was drunk throughout with what I should like to
call Neophytism. Coleridge was magnificent—elusive, archimagian,
irresistible; Wordsworth was opinionated but sublime; at intervals, as
in Sir Richard Burton’s Thousand Nights and a Night, they ‘repeated
the following verses.’ It was a time—O, but it was a time! A time of
ecstasy: ‘When proud-pied April was in all his trim,’ and even ‘heavy
Saturn’ must have laughed, if only to keep his yoke-fellow,
Wordsworth, in company; Wordsworth with his thick airs, and his
luminous Belt, and his dull but steady-going group of Moons! A time
of gold, I say; yet had it a most strange outcome. In 1798 Coleridge
and Wordsworth were Revolutionaries in everything: they looked to
France for liberty, for change, for a shining and enduring example.
Hazlitt was with them now and here: his also was a revolutionary
soul, he also was of a mind with Danton, he also looked to France
for leading and light, he also held the assault delivered upon France
for an assault against Freedom. But Coleridge and Wordsworth
changed their minds, and readjusted their points of view; and he did
not. They loved not Bonaparte; and he did. And the end of it was
that, so far as I know, he never wrote with so ripe and sensual a
gust: not even, to my mind, when he was merely annihilating
Gifford: as when, long years after Nether-Stowey, he broke in upon
the strong, solid hold of Wordsworth’s egotism, and tore to tatters—
tatters which he flung upon the wind—the old, greasy prophet’s
mantle,[3] which Coleridge had sported to so little purpose for so
many years. To Hazlitt, the dissenter born, the deeply brooding, the
inflexible—to Hazlitt, I say, these Twin-Stars of the Romantic
Movement were common turn-coats; and he dealt with them on
occasion as he thought fit. But he never lost his interest in them;
and when it comes to a comparison between Wordsworth, the
renegade, and Byron, the leader of storming-parties, the captain of
forlorn-hopes, then is his idiosyncrasy revealed. He hacks and stabs,
he jibes and sneers and denies, till there is no Byron left, and the
sole poet of the century is the ‘gentlemanly creature—reads nothing
but his own poetry, I believe,’—whose best passages, in a moment
of supreme geniality, he once likened, not to their advantage, to
those of ‘the classic Akenside.’
II
It was from Nether-Stowey that Hazlitt dated his regard for poetry.
But if literature came late to him, as (his father’s office and his own
metaphysical inklings aiding) it did, he ever cherished a pure and
ardent passion for it, once it had come. Yet he was by no means
widely read, and in his last years seldom finished a new book. First
and last, indeed, he was a man of few books and fewer authors.
Shakespeare, Burke, Cervantes, Rabelais, Milton, the Decameron,
the Nouvelle Héloïse and the Confessions, Richardson’s epics of the
parlour and Fielding’s epics of the road—these things and their kind
he read intensely; and, when it pleased him to speak of them, it was
ever in the terms of understanding and regard. Yet it was long ere
he had any thought of writing; and it was necessity alone that made
him a man of letters. In the beginning, the Pulpit proving impossible,
he turned to painting for a career, and, after certain studies,
presumably under his elder brother John,[4] and possibly under
Northcote, he went to the Paris of the First Consul, and painted
there for some four months in a Louvre which the thrift of Bonaparte
had stored with the choicest plunder in Italian Art. I know not
whether or no he could ever have been a painter. Haydon, who
neither loved nor understood him, and was, besides, a man who
could greatly dare and ‘toil terribly’—Haydon says that he was at
once too lazy and too timid ever to succeed in painting: an art in
which, as Haydon showed, and as Millet was presently to say, ‘You
must flay yourself alive, and give your skin.’[5] I do not think that
Hazlitt was daunted by what may be called the painfulness of
painting; for in letters he was soon enough to prove that he had in
him to face a world in arms, and to tincture his writings, if need
were, with the best blood of his heart. In any case, after divers
essays at copying in the Louvre,[6] and certain attempts at
portraiture on his return to England,[7] he found that he could not
excel; that, in fact, he was neither Titian nor Rembrandt, nor could
he even be Sir Joshua. So he painted no more, but went on reading
certain painters: very much, I assume, as he went on taking certain
authors; because he loved them for themselves, and found emotions
—and not only emotions, but sensations[8]—in them.
His ideals are Claude, Rembrandt, Raphael, Poussin, Titian; he gives
you very gentlemanly and intelligent estimates of Watteau and
Velasquez; he has an eye—a right one—for Rubens and Van Dyck;
he exults in Jan Steen, has words of worth for Ruysdael and
Hobbima, and gives Turner as neat a croc-en-jambe as you could
wish to see. But, despite his training and his gift, he is no more in
advance of his age than the best of us here and now. To him the
Carraccis and Salvator are sommités of a kind; if, so far as I
remember, he will have nought to do with Carlo Dolci, he will not do
without his Guido; I have read no word of his on Lawrence, no word
of his on Constable, none on Morland; on Hogarth he is chiefly
literary, on Turner not much more than diabolically ingenious. Wisely
or not, he took pictures as he took books: they might be few, but
they must be good; and, not only good but, of (as he believed) the
best. If they were not, or if they were new, he drew them not to his
heart, nor adorned the chambers of his mind with them. Those
chambers were filled with good things long since done. To him, then,
what were the best things doing? It was his habit to take the good
thing on; savour its excellences to their last sucket; meditate it
strictly, jealously, privily, longingly; say, if it must be so, a few last
words about it—some for the painter, more for the man of letters;[9]
and then...? Well, then he accepted the situation. I do not know that
he cared much for Keats; I do know that he found Shelley
impossible, that he was never an exalted Wordsworthian, and that
he hesitated—(ever so little, but he hesitated!)—even at Charles
Lamb. Politics and all, in truth, he was a prophet who adored the
past, and had but an infidel eye for the promise of the years. He was
interested only in the highest achievement; and to be the highest
even that must lie behind him. Thus, Fielding was good, and
Rubens; Sir Joshua was good, and so were Richardson and Smollett;
so, likewise, Shakespeare was good, and Raphael and Titian were
good—these with Milton and Rembrandt, and Burke and Rousseau
and Boccaccio; and it was well. Well with them, and well—especially
well!—with him: they had achieved, and here was he, the perfect
lover, to whom their achievement was as an enchanted garden, a
Prospero’s Island abounding in romantic and inspiring chances,
unending marvels, miracles of vision and solace and pure, perennial
delight. And if these, the ‘Thrones, Dominations, Powers,’ had done
their work, and were venerable in it, so also in their degrees and
sorts had Congreve and Watteau, Sir Thomas Browne and Sir
Anthony Van Dyck, Wycherley and Jordaens; so had even Salvator
and John Buncle. In dealing with painters, and with purely painters’
pictures, Hazlitt generally strikes a right note.[10] But the man of
letters in him is inevitably first; and ’tis not insignificant that some of
the ‘crack passages’ in his writings about pictures are rhapsodies
about places—Burleigh or Oxford—or pieces of pure literature like
that very human and ingenious essay ‘On the Pleasures of Painting,’
which is one of the best good things in Table Talk.
III
So Hazlitt the painter was gathered to his fathers, and in his stead a
Hazlitt reigned about whom the world knows little worth the telling:
a Hazlitt who abridged philosophers, and made grammars, and
compiled anthologies; a married and domesticated Hazlitt; a Hazlitt
with a son and heir, and a wife who seems to have cared as little for
his works and him as, in the long run, he assuredly cared for her
company and her. The lady’s name was Stoddart; she was a brisk,
inconsequent, unsexual sort of person—a friend of Mary Lamb; and,
like the only Mrs. Pecksniff, ‘she had a small property.’ It was situate
at Winterslow, certain miles from Salisbury, and Hazlitt, who loved
the neighbourhood, and clung to it till the end, has so far illustrated
the name that, if there could ever be a Hazlitt Cult, the place would
instantly become a shrine. It was a cottage, within easy walking
distance of Wilton and Stonehenge; and in 1812 the Hazlitts, who
were made one in 1808, departed it—it and the well-beloved woods
of Norman Court—for 19 York Street, Westminster.[11] Hence it was
that he issued to deliver his first course of lectures;[12] and here it
was that he entertained those friends he had, made himself a
reputation by writing in papers and magazines, drank hard, and
cured himself of drinking, and long ere the end came found his wife
insufferable. In the beginning he worked in the Reporters’ Gallery,
where he made notes (in long hand) for The Morning Chronicle, and
learned to take more liquor than was good for him.[13] In this same
journal he printed some of his best political work, and broke ground
as a critic of acting; and he left it only because he could not help
quarrelling with its proprietors.
Another stand-by of his was The Champion, to his work in which he
owed a not unprofitable connexion with The Edinburgh; yet another,
The Examiner, to which, with much dramatic criticism, he
contributed, at Leigh Hunt’s suggestion, the set of essays reprinted
as The Round Table, and in which he may therefore be said to have
discovered his avocation, and given the measure of his best quality.
Then, in 1817, he published his Characters of Shakespeare, which he
dedicated to Charles Lamb; in 1818 he reprinted a series of lectures
(at the Surrey Institute) on the English poets;[14] in 1819–20 he
delivered from the same platform two courses more—on the Comic
Writers and the Age of Elizabeth. He wrote for The Liberal, The
Yellow Dwarf, The London Magazine—(to which he may very well
have introduced the unknown Elia)—Colburn’s New Monthly; he
returned to the Chronicle in 1824; in 1825 he published The Spirit of
the Age, in 1826 The Plain Speaker, the Boswell Redivivus in 1827;
and in this last year he set to work, at Winterslow, on a life of
Napoleon. That was the beginning of the end. He had no turn for
history, nor none for research; his methods were personal, his
results singular and brief; he was as it were an accidental writer,
whose true material was in himself. His health broke, and worsened;
his publishers went bankrupt; he lost the best part of the £500
which he had hoped to earn by his work; and though, consulting
none but anti-English authorities, he lived to complete a book
containing much strong thinking and not a few striking passages, it
was a thing foredoomed to failure: a matter in which the nation, still
hating its tremendous enemy, and still rejoicing in the man and the
battle which had brought him to the ground, would not, and could
not take an interest. Two volumes were published in 1828 (Sir
Walter’s Napoleon appeared in 1827), and two more in 1830; but
the work of writing them killed the writer.[15] His digestion, always
feeble, was ruined; and in the September of 1830 he died. He was
largely, I should say, a sacrifice to tea, which he drank, in vast
quantities, of extraordinary strength. However this be, his ending
was (as he’d have loved to put it) ‘as a Chrissom child’s.’[16]
IV
Thus much, thus all-too little, of his course in print. For his life,
despite his many ‘bursts of confidence,’ the admissions of his
grandson, and the discoveries of such friends as Patmore, the half of
it, I think, has to be told to us. This was not his fault, for he was in
no sense secretive: he would no more lie about himself than he
would lie about Southey or Gifford. His trick of drinking was, while it
lasted, public; he proclaimed with all his lungs his frank and full
approval of the fundamentals of the Revolution and his preference of
Bonaparte before all the Kings in Europe; he despised Shelley the
politician, and rejected Shelley the poet, and he cherished and made
the most he could of his resentment against Coleridge and
Wordsworth, though his disdain for concealment perilled his
friendship with Lamb, and well nigh cost him the far more facile
regard of Leigh Hunt; while, as for Byron, he so bitterly resented the
‘noble Lord’s’ pre-eminency that he made no difference, strongly as
he contemned the Laureate, between the Laureate’s Vision of
Judgment, a piece of English verse immortal by the sheer force of its
absurdity, and that other Vision of Judgment, which is one of the
great things in English poetry. ’Twas much the same in life. Poor
Mrs. Hazlitt, though she was well-read, of no account as an
housekeeper, ‘fond of incongruous finery,’ and capable of child-
bearing withal, was, one may take for granted, not distinguished as
a woman. Now, her husband, thinker as he approved himself, was
very much of a male. Who runs may read of his early loves—Miss
Railton and the rest; ’tis history—at any rate ’tis history according to
Wordsworth[17]—that once, in Lakeland, he so dealt with the local
beauty that he came very near to tasting of the local pond; when
Patmore walked home with him to Westminster, after his first lecture
in the Surrey Institute, the wayside nymphs flocked to his encounter,
and—(so Patmore says)—he knew them all;[18] he has himself
recorded the confession that in the matter of mob-caps and black
stockings and red elbows—in fact, on the score of your maid-servant
—he could flourish a list as long, or thereabouts, as Leporello’s. I
know not whether he lied or spoke the truth;[19] but I can scarce
believe that he lied. I should rather opine that on this point, as on
others, Hazlitt, a gross and extravagant admirer (be it remembered)
of J.-J. Rousseau, was, and is, entirely credible. We may take it that
his veracity is beyond reproach. But ’tis another matter with his
taste; and for that I can say no more than that I have listened to so
many confidences:
From some we loved, the loveliest and the best
That from his Vintage rolling Time has pressed:

that I hold it for merely unessential.


But the man who habitually hugs his housemaid is, whether he
boast of it or not, no more superior to consequences than another:
especially if he have, as Hazlitt had, an ardent imagination and a
teeming waste of sentiment. And so Hazlitt found. About 1819 he
ceased from consorting with his wife; and in 1820 he lodged with a
tailor, one Walker, in Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane. Walker,
a most respectable man, had daughters, and one of these, a girl well
broken-in, it would seem, to the ways of ‘gentlemen’—a girl with a
dull eye, a ‘sinuous gait,’ and a habit of sitting on the knees of
‘gentlemen’; a girl, in fine, who is only to be described by an old and
sane and homely but unquotable designation—this poor half-harlot
took on our Don Juan of the area, and brought him to utter grief. He
looked at passion, as embodied in Sarah Walker, until it grew to be
the world to him; he went about like a man drunken and dazed,
telling the story of his slighted love to anybody that would listen to
it;[20] now he raved and was rampant, now was he soul-stricken and
heart-broken; he swore he’d marry Walker whether she would or
not, and to this end he persuaded his wife to follow him to
Edinburgh, and there divorce him—pour cause, as the lady and her
legal adviser had every reason to believe;[21] and having achieved a
divorce, which was no divorce in law, and been finally refused by the
young woman in Southampton Buildings, he set to work assiduously
to coin his madness into drachmas, and wrote, always with Jean-
Jacques Rousseau in his eye, that Liber Amoris which the unknowing
reader will find in our Second Volume. It is a book by no means bad
—if you can at all away with it. Indeed, it is unique in English, and
the hundred guineas Hazlitt got for it were uncommonly well earned.
But to away with it at all—that is the difficulty; and, as it varies with
the temperaments of them that read the book, I shall discourse no
more of it, but content myself with noting that, in writing the Liber
Amoris, Hazlitt wrote off Sarah Walker.[22] He had been in love with a
housemaid, but he had been very much more in love with his love;
and, having wearied all he knew with descriptions of his feelings, he
wrote those feelings down, cleared his system, and became himself
again. ’Twas Goethe’s way, I believe—his and many another’s; the
world will scarce get disaccustomed to it while there are women and
writing men. What distinguishes Hazlitt from a whole wilderness of
self-chroniclers is the fulness of his revelation. It is extraordinary;
but, even so, Rousseau had shown him the way. And perhaps the
simple truth about the Liber is that it is the best Rousseau—the best
and the nearest to the Confessions—done since Rousseau died.
Sarah Hazlitt married no more; but her husband did. In 1824 he took
to wife a certain Mrs. Bridgewater. She was Scots by birth, had lived
much abroad, had married and buried a Colonel Bridgewater, was of
excellent repute, and had about £300 a year; and with her new
husband and his son by Sarah Stoddart—(who had an idea that his
mother had been wronged, and seems to have been a most
uncomfortable travelling companion)—she toured it awhile in France
and Italy. On the return journey the Hazlitts left her in Paris; and
when the elder, writing from London, asked her when she purposed
to come home to him, she replied that she did not purpose to come
home to him: that, in fact, she had done with him, and he would see
her no more. So far as I know, he never did; so that, as his
grandson says, this second marriage was but ‘an episode.’
Apparently it was the last in his life; for neither Mrs. Hazlitt attended
him in his mortal illness, nor was there any woman at his bed’s head
when he passed.
V
It is told of him that he was dark-eyed and dark-haired, slim in
figure, rather slovenly in his habit; that he valued himself on his
effect in evening dress; that his manners were rather ceremonious
than easy; that he had a wonderfully eloquent face, with a mouth as
expressive as Kean’s, and a frown like the Giaour’s own[23]—that
Giaour whom he did not love. He worshipped women, but was
awkward and afraid with them; he played a good game of fives, and
would walk his forty to fifty miles a day; he would lie a-bed till two in
the afternoon, then rise, dally with his breakfast until eight without
ever moving from his tea-pot and his chair, and go to a theatre, a
bite at the Southampton, and talk till two in the morning.[24] That he
excelled in talk is beyond all doubt. Witness after witness is here to
his wit, his insight, his grip on essentials, his beautiful trick of
paradox, his brilliancy in attack, his desperate defence, his varying,
far-glancing, inextinguishable capacity for expression. And he was
himself—Hazlitt: a man who borrowed nobody’s methods, set no
limits to the field of discussion, nor made other men wonder if this
were no talk but a lecture. He bore no likeness to that ‘great but
useless genius,’ Coleridge: who, beginning well as few begin, lived
ever after ‘on the sound of his own voice’; none to Wordsworth,
whose most inspiring theme was his own poetry; none to Sheridan,
who ‘never oped his mouth but out there flew’ a jest; none to Lamb,
who——But no; I cannot imagine Lamb in talk. Hazlitt himself has
plucked out only a tag or two of Lamb’s mystery; and I own that,
even in the presence of the notes in which he sets down Lamb as
Lamb was to his intimates, I am divided in appreciation between the
pair. Lamb for the unexpected, the incongruous, the profound, the
jest that bred seriousness, the pun that was that and a light upon
dark places, a touch of the dread, the all-disclosing Selene, besides;
Hazlitt for none of these but for himself; and what that was I have
tried to show. Well; Lamb, Coleridge, Sheridan, Hazlitt, Hunt,
Wordsworth—all are dead, tall men of their tongues as they were.
And dead is Burke, and Fox is dead, and Byron, most quizzical of
lords! And of them all there is nothing left but their published work;
and of those that have told us most about some of them, ‘in their
habit as they lived,’ the best and the strictest-seeing, the most
eloquent and the most persuasive, is assuredly Hazlitt. And, being
something of an expert in talk,[25] I think that, if I could break the
grave and call the great ghosts back to earth for a spell of their
mortal fury, I would begin and end with Lamb and Hazlitt: Lamb as
he always was;[26] Hazlitt in one of his high and mighty moods,
sweeping life, and letters, and the art of painting, and the nature of
man, and the curious case of woman (especially the curious case of
woman!) into a rapture of give-and-take, a night-long series of
achievements in consummate speech.
VI
Many men, as Coleridge, have written well, and yet talked better
than they wrote. I have named Coleridge, though his talk, prodigious
as it was, in the long run ended in ‘Om-m-mject’ and ‘Sum-m-mject,’
and though, some enchanting and undying verses apart, his writing,
save when it is merely critical, is nowadays of small account. But, in
truth, I have in my mind, rather, two friends, both dead, of whom
one, an artist in letters, lived to conquer the English-speaking world,
while the second, who should, I think, have been the greater writer,
addicted himself to another art, took to letters late in life, and,
having the largest and the most liberal utterance I have known, was
constrained by the very process of composition so to produce
himself that scarce a touch of his delightful, apprehensive, all-
expressing spirit appeared upon his page. I take these two cases
because both are excessive. In the one you had both speech and
writing; in the other you found a rarer brain, a more fanciful and
daring humour, a richer gusto, perhaps a wider knowledge, in any
event a wider charity. And at one point the two met, and that point
was talk. Therein each was pre-eminent, each irresistible, each a
master after his kind, each endowed with a full measure of those
gifts that qualify the talker’s temperament: as voice and eye and
laugh, look and gesture, humour and fantasy, audacity and agility of
mind, a lively and most impudent invention, a copious vocabulary, a
right gift of foolery, a just, inevitable sense of conversational right
and wrong. Well; one wrote like an angel, the other like poor Poll;
and both so far excelled in talk that I can take it on me to say that
they who know them only in print scarce know them at all. ’Twas
thus, I imagine, with Hazlitt. He wrote the best he could; but I see
many reasons to believe that he was very much more brilliant and
convincing at the Southampton than he is in the most convincing
and the most brilliant of his Essays. He was a full man; he had all
the talker’s gifts; he exulted in all kinds of oral opportunities; what
more is there to say? Sure ’tis the case of all that are born to talk as
well as write. They live their best in talk, and what they write is but
a sop for posterity: a last dying speech and confession (as it were)
to show that not for nothing were they held rare fellows in their day.
This is not to say that Hazlitt was not an admirable man of letters.
His theories were many, for he was a reality among men, and so had
many interests, and there was none on which he did not write
forcibly, luminously, arrestingly. He had the true sense of his
material, and used the English language as a painter his pigments,
as a musician the varying and abounding tonalities that constitute a
symphonic scheme. His were a beautiful and choice vocabulary, an
excellent ear for cadence, a notable gift of expression. In fact, when
Stevenson was pleased to declare that ‘we are mighty fine fellows,
but we cannot write like William Hazlitt,’ he said no more than the
truth. Whether or not we are mighty fine fellows is a Great Perhaps;
but that none of us, from Stevenson down, can as writers come near
to Hazlitt—this, to me, is merely indubitable. To note that he now
and then writes blank verse is to note that he sometimes writes
impassioned prose;[27] he misquoted habitually; he was a good hater,
and could be monstrous unfair; he was given to thinking twice, and
his second thoughts were not always better than his first; he
repeated himself as seemed good to him. But in the criticism of
politics, the criticism of letters, the criticism of acting, the criticism
and expression of life,[28] there is none like him. His politics are not
mine; I think he is ridiculously mistaken when he contrasts the
Wordsworth of the best things in The Excursion with the ‘classic
Akenside’; his Byron is the merest petulance; his Burke (when he is
in a bad temper with Burke), his Fox, his Pitt, his Bonaparte—these
are impossible. Also, I never talk art or life with him but I disagree.
But I go on reading him, all the same; and I find that technically and
spiritually I am always the better for the bout. Where outside
Boswell is there better talk than in Hazlitt’s Boswell Redivivus—his
so-called Conversations with Northcote? And his Age of Elizabeth,
and his Comic Writers, and his Spirit of the Age—where else to look
for such a feeling for differences, such a sense of literature, such an
instant, such a masterful, whole-hearted interest in the marking and
distinguishing qualities of writers? And The Plain Speaker—is it not
at least as good reading as (say) Virginibus Puerisque and the
discoursings of the late imperishable Mr. Pater! His Political Essays is
readable after—how many years? His notes on Kean and the Siddons
are as novel and convincing as when they were penned. In truth, he
is ever a solace and a refreshment. As a critic of letters he lacks the
intense, immortalising vision, even as he lacks, in places, the
illuminating and inevitable style of Lamb. But if he be less savoury,
he is also more solid, and he gives you phrases, conclusions,
splendours of insight and expression, high-piled and golden essays
in appreciation: as the Wordsworth and the Coleridge of the Political
Essays, the character of Hamlet, the note on Shakespeare’s style,
the Horne Tooke, the Cervantes, the Rousseau, the Sir Thomas
Browne, the Cobbet: that must ever be rated high among the
possessions of the English mind.
As a writer, therefore, it is with Lamb that I would bracket him: they
are dissimilars, but they go gallantly and naturally together—par
nobile fratrum.[29] Give us these two, with some ripe Cobbett, a
volume of Southey, some Wordsworth, certain pages of Shelley, a
great deal of the Byron who wrote letters, and we get the right
prose of the time. The best of it all, perhaps, is the best of Lamb.
But Hazlitt’s, for different qualities, is so imminent and shining a
second that I hesitate as to the pre-eminency. Probably the race is
Lamb’s. But Hazlitt is ever Hazlitt; and at his highest moments Hazlitt
is hard to beat, and has not these many years been beaten.
W. E. H.
EDITORS’ PREFACE

Two previous editions of Hazlitt’s works have been published: the


Templeman edition, edited by the author’s son, and the seven
volume edition in Bohn’s Library, edited by the author’s grandson,
Mr. W. Carew Hazlitt. Valuable as these editions are from the
exceptional advantages enjoyed by the respective editors, neither of
them professes to be, or is, complete, and the aim of the present
edition is to give for the first time an accurate text of the complete
collected writings of Hazlitt with the exception of his Life of
Napoleon.
In the case of works published in book form by Hazlitt himself the
latest edition published in his lifetime is here reprinted. Some
obvious errors of the press have been corrected, but no attempt has
been made to modernise or improve Hazlitt’s orthography or
punctuation. He himself expressed contempt for ‘the collating of
points and commas,’ and was probably a careless proof reader. He
did not plume himself, as Boswell did, upon a deliberately adopted
orthography, and his punctuation and use of italics were perhaps
rather his printers’ fancy than his own. However that may be, the
Editors feel that there is no justification for any tampering with his
text. Essays not republished by Hazlitt himself are printed from the
periodical or other publication in which they first appeared.
It has been found impossible to avoid a good deal of repetition. All
readers of Hazlitt know that he repeated not only phrases and
sentences, but paragraphs and pages, as, e.g., in the case of the
essay on ‘The Character of Pitt’ (see note to p. 125). A few of such
cases might have been dealt with by means of cross references, but
they are so numerous that the cross references would have become
tiresome if only one of the identical or nearly identical passages had
been printed.
The notes chiefly contain bibliographical matter, concise biographical
details of some of the persons mentioned by Hazlitt, and references
to quotations. They also include several passages which Hazlitt
omitted from his essays when he came to republish them in book
form. Some of these are in themselves worthy of preservation; some
help to explain the ferocity of certain contemporary allusions; and it
is at any rate interesting to compare what he rejected with what he
retained in moments of reflection.
One word is necessary here as to the course which has been
adopted with Hazlitt’s very numerous and very inaccurate
quotations. In many cases his quotations are simply and
unintentionally inaccurate, but very often he misquotes (if so it can
be called) on purpose. That is to say, in his masterful way he presses
quotations into his service, and if they are not exactly serviceable as
they stand, he makes them so by changing a word here and there,
or by blending two or more quotations together. He sometimes
quotes (or misquotes) without using quotation marks, and the
Editors would fain believe that he sometimes uses quotation marks
to round off some unusually happy phrase of his own. The variations
between Hazlitt and his original are given in the notes where it
seemed desirable that they should be given, but in no case have his
quotations been corrected or altered in the text.
It has been a pleasure to the Editors to have the sympathy and co-
operation of Mr. W. Carew Hazlitt, and they desire to thank him for
his valuable assistance. At the same time they accept entire
responsibility for the errors and failings which may be found in their
work.
A. R. W.
A. G.
THE ROUND TABLE
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
The Round Table was published in two 12mo volumes in 1817. The title-page runs
as follows: ‘The Round Table: A Collection of Essays on Literature, Men, and
Manners, By William Hazlitt. Edinburgh: Printed for Archibald Constable and Co.
And Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1817.’ Twelve of the fifty-
two numbers were by Leigh Hunt, as the Advertisement explains. The essays
consisted for the most part, but not entirely, of papers contributed to The
Examiner under the title of ‘The Round Table’ between January 1, 1815, and
January 5, 1817. Hazlitt, however, included several essays taken from other
columns of The Examiner and from The Morning Chronicle and other sources, and
did not include the whole of his contributions to the Round Table series. A ‘third’
edition, edited by the author’s son, was published in one 12mo volume in 1841. In
this edition many essays were omitted which had appeared, or were intended to
appear, in the series of Hazlitt’s works then being published by Templeman; three
essays contributed by Hazlitt to The Liberal in 1822 were added; and Leigh Hunt’s
essays were retained. Hazlitt’s essays as published in the two volumes of 1817
were restored, and Leigh Hunt’s essays were for the first time omitted in a later
edition (8vo, 1871) edited by the author’s grandson, Mr. W. C. Hazlitt. The present
edition is an exact reproduction of Hazlitt’s essays from the edition of 1817, except
that a few obvious printer’s errors have been corrected. Of the contributions made
by Hazlitt to the Round Table series in The Examiner and not included in the two
volumes of 1817 some were used by him in other publications, Characters of
Shakespear’s Plays (1817) and Political Essays (1819), some were published in the
posthumous Winterslow (1850), and some have not been hitherto republished.
The source of each of the following essays is indicated in the Notes. Gifford’s
review of The Round Table in The Quarterly Review for April 1817 is dealt with by
the author in A Letter to William Gifford, Esq., which is included in this volume.
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