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MAT2A2 Real Vector Spaces

The document outlines the definition and axioms of real vector spaces, detailing operations of addition and scalar multiplication. It specifies conditions that must be satisfied for a set to be classified as a vector space, along with examples such as Rn, R∞, and matrices. Additionally, it includes a theorem and examples to illustrate which sets do not meet the criteria for vector spaces.

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9 views11 pages

MAT2A2 Real Vector Spaces

The document outlines the definition and axioms of real vector spaces, detailing operations of addition and scalar multiplication. It specifies conditions that must be satisfied for a set to be classified as a vector space, along with examples such as Rn, R∞, and matrices. Additionally, it includes a theorem and examples to illustrate which sets do not meet the criteria for vector spaces.

Uploaded by

mgagakhayelihle
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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4.

1 Real Vector Spaces

Let V be a set on which two operations, called


addition and scalar multiplication, have been
defined.

Addition:
If u and v are in V , the sum of u and v is de-
noted by u + v.

Scalar Multiplication:
If k is a scalar, the scalar multiple of u by k
is denoted by ku.

If the following axioms hold for all u, v and


w in V and for all scalars k and m, then V
is called a vector space and its elements are
called vectors:

1
Vector Space Axioms

1. If u and v are in V then u + v is in V .


Closure under addition

2. u + v = v + u.
Commutativity

3. (u + v) + w = u + (v + w).
Associativity

4. There exists an element 0 in V , such that


0 + u = u + 0 = u.
0 is the zero vector for V

5. For each u in V , there is an element −u in


V , such that
u + (−u) = (−u) + u = 0.
−u is the negative of u

2
6. If k is a scalar and u is in V then ku is in
V.
Closure under scalar multiplication

7. k(u + v) = ku + kv.
Distributivity

8. (k + m)u = ku + mu.
Distributivity

9. k(mu) = (km)u.

10. 1u = u.

3
Remarks
A real vector space is a vector space where
the scalars are real numbers.
A complex vector space is a vector space
where the scalars are complex numbers.

4
Examples of Vector Spaces

Rn:
Let V be the set of n-tuples of real numbers,
with the usual operations of addition and scalar
multiplication, that is:
For u = (u1, u2, . . . , un), v = (v1, v2, . . . , vn) and
k a scalar

u + v = (u1 + v1, u2 + v2, . . . , un + vn)

ku = (ku1, ku2, . . . , kun).

R∞:
Let V be the set of sequences of real numbers,
with addition and scalar multiplication defined
as follows:
For u = (u1, u2, . . . , un, . . .), v = (v1, v2, . . . , vn, . . .)
and k a scalar

u + v = (u1 + v1, u2 + v2, . . . , un + vn, . . .)

ku = (ku1, ku2, . . . , kun, . . .).


5
Mmn:
Let V be the set of all m × n matrices, with
addition and scalar multiplication defined as
addition of matrices and scalar multiplication
of matrices,
 respectively:  
u11 · · · u1n v11 · · · v1n
 ...   . ... 
For u =  ... ... , v =  .. ... 
um1 · · · umn vm1 · · · vmn
and k a scalar
 
u11 + v11 · · · u1n + v1n
 ... ... ... 
u+v = 
um1 + vm1 · · · umn + vmn
 
ku11 · · · ku1n
 ... 
ku =  ... ... .
kum1 · · · kumn

6
F (−∞, ∞):
Let V be the set of all real-valued functions
defined on (−∞, ∞), with addition and scalar
multiplication defined pointwise, that is:
For f = f (x), g = g(x) and k a scalar

(f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x)

(kf )(x) = kf (x).

Similarly we can define


F [a, b] for the set of all real-valued functions
defined on [a, b];
and
F (a, b) for the set of all real-valued functions
defined on (a, b).

7
Theorem 1 (Theorem 4.1.1) Let V be a vec-
tor space, u a vector in V , and k a scalar.

1. 0u = 0

2. k0 = 0

3. (−1)u = −u

4. If ku = 0, then k = 0 or u = 0.

The failure of any one of these properties is a


useful way to show that a set is not a vector
space.

8
Example
Prove or disprove that the following are vector
spaces:

• Let V be the set of ordered pairs of real


numbers and define addition and scalar mul-
tiplication as follows:
For u = (u1, u2) and v = (v1, v2) and k a
scalar:

u + v = (u1 + v1, 0); ku = (ku1, ku2).

• Let V be the set of all positive real num-


bers and define addition and scalar multi-
plication as follows:
For u = x and v = y and k a scalar:

u + v = xy; ku = xk .

9
• Let V be the set of sequences, with usual
addition but scalar multiplication defined
as follows:
For u = (u1, u2, . . .) and k a scalar:

ku = (−ku1, −ku2, . . .).

• Let V be the set of 2 × 2 matrices, with


usual scalar multiplication but addition de-
fined as [follows: ] [ ]
u u v v
For u = 11 12 and v = 11 12 :
u21 u22 v21 v22
[ ]
u11 + v11 u12
u+v = .
u21 + v21 u22 + v22

10
Vector Space Axioms

1. If u and v are in V then u + v is in V .


Closure under addition

2. u + v = v + u.
Commutativity

3. (u + v) + w = u + (v + w).
Associativity

4. There exists an element 0 in V , such that


0 + u = u + 0 = u.
0 is the zero vector for V

5. For each u in V , there is an element −u in V , such that


u + (−u) = (−u) + u = 0.
−u is the negative of u

6. If k is a scalar and u is in V then ku is in V .


Closure under scalar multiplication

7. k(u + v) = ku + kv.
Distributivity

8. (k + m)u = ku + mu.
Distributivity

9. k(mu) = (km)u.

10. 1u = u.

11

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