B.

Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester

Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025

Study Material
[Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)]
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Module I: [9H]
(Matrices)

Table of Contents
SL NO Topic Page number
1 The concept of matrix 1
2 Types of matrices 2-5
3 Algebric operations on matrices 5-10
4 Determinant 10-12
5 Rank of a matrix 12-15
6 Gauss elimination method 16-21

1. The Concept of Matrix:

The concept of a matrix is a fundamental mathematical concept that is widely used in various fields,
including mathematics, physics, engineering, computer science, and more. A matrix is a rectangular array
of numbers or elements arranged in rows and columns. It is represented in the following form:
𝑎11 … … . 𝑎1𝑛
[ : : : ]
𝑎𝑚1 : 𝑎𝑚𝑛
where a₁₁, a₁₂, ..., a₁n are the elements of the first row, a₂₁, a₂₂, ..., a₂n are the elements of the second row,
and so on. The matrix has i rows and j columns, and we often refer to it
as an (i x j) matrix.
Matrices are used to represent and manipulate various types of data and mathematical objects. Some key
concepts related to matrices include:
➢ Entries/Elements: The individual numbers in a matrix are called entries or elements. For
example, a₁₂ refers to the element in the first row and second column.
➢ Order/Dimension: The order or dimension of a matrix refers to the number of rows and columns
it contains. For example, an (i x j) matrix has i rows and j columns.
➢ Row and Column Vectors: If a matrix has only one row (i = 1), it is called a row vector. If it has
only one column (j = 1), it is called a column vector.
➢ Square Matrix: A square matrix has the same number of rows and columns (i = j). For example,
a (3 x 3) matrix is a square matrix.
➢ Zero Matrix: A matrix where all the elements are zero is called a zero matrix and is denoted by
the symbol "0".
Identity Matrix: An identity matrix, denoted by "I", is a square matrix with ones on the main diagonal
(from the top left to the bottom right) and zeros elsewhere.
Matrix Operations: Matrices can be added, subtracted, and multiplied with each other following specific
rules. Matrix multiplication is not commutative (i.e., A * B ≠ B * A), but it is associative (i.e., A * (B *
C) = (A * B) * C).

Matrices are extensively used in solving systems of linear equations, representing linear transformations,
solving optimization problems, data analysis, graphics, and many other applications. They serve as

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 1

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025
powerful tools in various mathematical and computational tasks, providing a concise and
efficient way to represent and process data and relationships between variables.

2. Types of Matrices

Rectangular Matrix
A matrix is said to be a rectangular matrix if the number of rows is not equal to the number of columns.
For example,

1 5 −2
3 −4 7 
 
is a matrix of the order 2× 3 .

Diagonal Matrix
A 𝑚 × 𝑚 square matrix B = [bij] is said to be a diagonal matrix if all its non-diagonal elements are zero,
that is a matrix B =[bij]m×m is said to be a diagonal matrix if bij = 0, when i ≠ j.

For example,

1 0 0
 −3 0 
1 ,  0 
5 
, 0 2
0 0 0 3
are diagonal matrices of order 1, 2, 3, respectively.

Scalar Matrix
A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if all the elements in its principal diagonal are equal to
some non-zero constant. A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if its diagonal elements are equal,
that is, a square matrix B = [bij]n × n is said to be a scalar matrix if
bij = 0, when i ≠ j
bij = k, when i = j, for some constant k.
For example,

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 2

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025

5 0 0
 −1 0 
1 ,   , 0 5 0 
0 −1
0 0 5 
are scalar matrices of order 1, 2 and 3, respectively.

Zero/Null Matrix
A matrix is said to be zero matrix or null matrix if all its elements are zero.
For Example,

0 0 0
0 0 
 0 ,   , 0 0 0 
0 0
0 0 0 
are all zero matrices of the order 1, 2 and 3 respectively. We denote zero matrix by O.

Unit or Identity Matrix

If a square matrix has each diagonal elements as 1 and all non diagonal elements as 0 , it is called identity
matrix and denoted by I. A square matrix A = [aij]n × n is an identity matrix if aij = 1 if i = j
and aij = 0 if i ≠ j

Equal Matrices
Two matrices are said to be equal if they are of the same order and if their corresponding elements are
equal .
We denote the identity matrix of order n by In. When the order is clear from the context, we
simply write it as I. For example,

1 0 0
1 0 
1 ,   , 0 1 0 
0 1
0 0 1 
are identity matrices of order 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Observe that a scalar matrix is an identity matrix
when k = 1. But every identity matrix is clearly a scalar matrix.

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 3

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025

Upper Triangular Matrix

A square matrix in which all the elements below the diagonal are zero is known as the upper triangular
matrix. For example,

1 −4 5
0 2 7 

0 0 8 

Lower Triangular Matrix

A square matrix in which all the elements above the diagonal are zero is known as the lower triangular
matrix. For example,

 1 0 0
 −4 6 0
 
 −9 3 5

Symmetric Matrix
A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if aij = aji for all i and j, where aij is an element present at (i,j)th
position (ith row and jth column in matrix A) and aji is an element present at (j,i)th position (jth row and
ith column in matrix A). In other words, we can say that matrix A is said to be symmetric if the
transpose of matrix A is equal to the matrix A itself (AT=A). Let’s take an example of a matrix,

1 3 8 
3 8 −4
 
8 −4 6 

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 4

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025
It is symmetric matrix because aij = aji for all i and j. Here, a12 = a21= 3, a13 = a31=
8 and a23 = a32 = -4 In other words, the transpose of a matrix A is equal to matrix A itself (AT=A) which
means the matrix A is symmetric.

Skew-symmetric Matrix
A square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric if aij =−aji for all i and j. In other words, we can say that
matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric if transpose of the matrix A is equal to the negative of the matrix
A i.e (AT =−A). Note that all the main diagonal elements in the skew-symmetric matrix are zero. Let’s
take an example of a matrix
0 6
( )
−6 0
It is skew-symmetric matrix because aij =−aji for all i and j. Here, a12 = 6 and a21= -6 which
means a12= −a21. Similarly, this condition holds true for all other values of i and j.

Theorems related Symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix

• Theorem 1
For any square matrix A with real number entries, A + A′ is a symmetric matrix and A – A′ is a
skew-symmetric matrix.

• Theorem 2
Any Square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.

3. Algebric Operations on Matrices

Addition of Matrices
One of the basic operations that can be performed on matrices is the addition operation. Just as we add
two or more integers, two or more matrices can also be added in a similar fashion. This is known as
addition of matrices.

Matrix addition is the operation of adding two or matrices by adding the corresponding entry of each
matrix together.

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 5

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025

The most important rule to know is that when adding two or more matrices, first make sure the matrices
have the same dimensions. In order words, you can add a 2 x 3 with a 2 x 3 or a 2 x 2 with a 2 x 2.
However, you cannot add a 3 x 2 with a 2 x 3 or a 2 x 2 with a 3 x 3. For example, the addition of two
given matrices with dimension 2 × 2,

Commutative Law
If A = [aij], B = [bij] are matrices of the same order, say m × n, then A + B = B + A.

Associative Law
For any three matrices A = [aij], B = [bij], C = [cij] of the same order, say m × n, (A + B) + C = A + (B +
C).

Two matrices A and B are said to be conformable for subtraction if they have the same order (i.e. same
number of rows and columns) and their difference A - B is defined to be the addition of A and (-B).
i.e., A – B = A + (-B)

There are two types of multiplication for matrices:

• Scalar multiplication.

• Matrix multiplication.

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 6

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025

Scalar multiplication is easy. You just take a regular number (called a "scalar") and multiply it on every
entry in the matrix.

A matrix is an array of numbers:

4 0 
1 −9 
 

To multiply a matrix by a single number is easy:

We call the number ("2" in this case) a scalar, so this is called "scalar multiplication".

Matrix Multiplication by a Matrix

But to multiply a matrix by another matrix we need to do the "dot product" of rows and columns ... what
does that mean? Let us see with an example:

7 8
1 2 3    58 64 
4    9 10  = 
 5 6 139 154 


11 12 

To work out the answer for the 1st row and 1st column:
The "Dot Product" is where we multiply matching members, then sum up:

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 7

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025

(1 2 3) • (7 9 11) = 1×7 + 2×9 + 3×11

= 58
Now 1st row and 2nd column:
(1 2 3) • (8 10 12)=1×8 + 2×10 + 3×12
= 64

Then we get:

7 8
1 2 3    58 64 
4    9 10 = 
 6 154
11 12 
5 139

When we do multiplication:
The number of columns of the 1st matrix must

equal the number of rows of the 2nd matrix.

And the result will have the same number of rows as the 1st matrix, and the same number of columns as
the 2nd matrix.

In General:
To multiply an m×n matrix by an n×p matrix, the n must be the same, and the result is an m×p matrix.

So ... multiplying a 1×3 by a 3×1 gets a 1×1 result:

4
1 2 3   = 1 4 + 2  5 + 3  6 = 32
  
5   

6 

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 8

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025

But multiplying a 3×1 by a 1×3 gets a 3×3 result:

 4  4 1 4  2 4  3 4 8 12
5 1 2 3 = 5 1 5  2 5  3 = 5 10 15
      
6 6 1 6  2 6  3 6 12 18

Identity Matrix
The "Identity Matrix" is the matrix equivalent of the number "1":
• Example: A 3×3 Identity Matrix

1 0 0
I =
0 1 0


0 0 1


• It is "square" (has same number of rows as columns)

• It can be large or small (2×2, 100×100, ... whatever)

• It has 1’s on the principal diagonal and 0’s everywhere else

• Its symbol is the capital letter I

It is a special matrix, because when we multiply by it, the original is unchanged:

A×I=A
I×A=A

Order of Multiplication
• In arithmetic we are used to:

3 × 5 = 5 × 3(The Commutative Law of Multiplication)

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 9

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025
• But this is not generally true for matrices (matrix multiplication is not
commutative): AB ≠ BA

• When we change the order of multiplication, the answer is (usually) different.

4. Determinant
Property-1
The value of the determinant remains unchanged if both rows and columns are interchanged.i.e. If A be a
square matrix then 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴) = 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴𝑇 ).
Property-2
If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are interchanged, then the sign of determinant changes. i.e
If let A be a square matrix and det(A) be the determinant of this matrix. Now if we interchange two rows
and if det(B) be the new determinant then det(B)= - det(A).
Property-3
If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are identical (all corresponding elements are same), then
the value of the determinant is zero.
If we interchange the identical rows (or columns) of the determinant Δ, then Δ does not change.
However, by Property 2, it follows that Δ has changed its sign, therefore Δ = – Δ or Δ = 0.
Property-4
If each element of a row (or a column) of a determinant is multiplied by a constant k, then its value gets
multiplied by k.
Let Δ1 be the determinant consequently obtained by multiplying the elements of the first row by
k. Then, Δ1= k Δ.
Property-5
If some or all elements of a row or column of a determinant are expressed as the sum of two (or more)
terms, then the determinant can be expressed as the sum of two (or more) determinants.
Property-6
If the equimultiples of corresponding elements of other rows (or columns) are added to every element of
any row or column of a determinant, then the value of determinant remains the same, i.e., the value of
determinant remain same if we apply the operation Ri → Ri + k Rj or Ci → Ci + k Cj .
Adjoint of a matrix
Given a square matrix A, the transpose of the matrix of the cofactor of A is called adjoint of A and is
denoted by adj A. An adjoint matrix is also called an adjugate matrix. In other words, we can say that
matrix A is another matrix formed by replacing each element of the current matrix by its corresponding
cofactor and then taking the transpose of the new matrix formed.

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 10

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025

𝑎11 𝑎12 A11 A12 t

If 𝐴 = [𝑎 𝑎22 ], then adj A= [A21 ]
21 A22
1 2
Example: Find the adjoint of the matrix:[ ]
3 4
1 2
Solution: We will first evaluate the cofactor of every element of [ ]
3 4
• Cof(1) =4

• Cof(2)= -3

• Cof(3)=-2

• Cof(4)=1

𝑡
4 −3 𝑡 4 −2
Therefore, adj A =(𝑐𝑜𝑓(𝑎𝑖𝑗 )) = [ ] =[ ]
−2 1 −3 1

Inverse of the Matrix

To find the inverse of a matrix A, i.e. 𝐴−1, we shall first define the adjoint of a matrix. Let A be an n x n
matrix. The (i,j) cofactor of A is defined to be Aij = (-1)ij det(Mij), where Mij is the (i,j)th minor matrix
obtained from A after removing the ith row and jth column. Let’s consider the n x n matrix A = (aij) and
define the n x n matrix Adj(A) = (𝐴𝑖𝑗 )T. The matrix Adj(A) is called the adjoint of matrix A.

When A is invertible, then it’s inverse can be obtained by the formula given below.
𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)
𝐴−1 =
|𝐴|

The inverse is defined only for non-singular square matrices. The following relationship holds
between a matrix and its inverse:
AA-1 = A-1A = I, where I is the identity matrix.

Cramer’s Rule
Cramer’s rule will give us the unique solution to a system of equations, if it exists. However, if the system
has no solution or an infinite number of solutions, this will be indicated by a determinant of zero. To find
out if the system is inconsistent or dependent, another method, such as elimination, will have to be used.
To understand Cramer’s rule, let’s look closely at how we solve systems of linear equations using
basic row operations. Consider a system of two equations in two variables.

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 11

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2

The solution of Cramer’s rule is given as:

𝐷𝑥
𝑥=
𝐷
𝐷𝑦
𝑦=
𝐷
If we are solving for x, the x column is replaced with the constant column. If we are solving for y, the y
column is replaced with the constant column.

Exercises
• Solve the system with two variables by Cramer’s rule.

4x-3y=11
6x+5y=7

• Solve the following system of linear equations, using matrix inversion method:

5x + 2 y = 3
3x + 2 y = 5.

• The inverse of A is A-1 only when:

A × A-1 = A-1 × A = I

• Why Do we need an inverse?

Because with matrices we don't divide! Seriously, there is no concept of dividing by a matrix . But we can
multiply by an inverse, which achieves the same thing. Say we want to find matrix X, and we know
matrix A and B where XA = B .
It would be nice to divide both sides by A (to get X=B/A), but remember we can't divide .

5. Rank of a Matrix
The rank of the matrix refers to the number of linearly independent rows or columns in the
matrix. ρ(A) is used to denote the rank of matrix A. A matrix is said to be of rank zero when all of its
elements become zero. The rank of the matrix is the dimension of the vector space obtained by its

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 12

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025
columns. The rank of a matrix cannot exceed more than the number of its rows or
columns. The rank of the null matrix is zero.

Nullity of a Matrix
The nullity of a matrix is defined as the number of vectors present in the null space of a given matrix. In
other words, it can be defined as the dimension of the null space of matrix A called the nullity of A.
Rank(A) + Nullity(A) is the number of all columns in matrix A.

Properties of the Rank of the Matrix:

• Rank linear algebra refers to finding column rank or row rank collectively known as
the rank of the matrix.
• Zero matrices have no non-zero row. Hence it has an independent row (or column).
So, the rank of the zero matrices is zero.
• When the rank equals the smallest dimension it is called the full rank matrix.

How to Find the Rank of the Matrix?

Let A = (aij)mxn be a matrix. A positive integer r is said to be the rank of matrix A if

• Matrix A has at least one r-rowed minor which is different from zero
• Every (r + 1) row minor of matrix A is zero.

Let A = (aij)mxn be a matrix and B is its sub-matrix of order r, then ∣β∣ the determinant is
called an r-rowed minor of A.

Steps to Find the Rank of the Matrix by Minor Method:

(i) If a matrix contains at least one non-zero element, then ρ (A) ≥ 1
(ii) The rank of the identity matrix In is n.
(iii) If the rank of matrix A is r, then there exists at least one minor of order r which does
not vanish. Every minor of matrix A of order (r + 1) and higher-order (if any) vanishes.
(iv) If A is a matrix of m × n, then
ρ(A) ≤ min {m, n}
(v) A square matrix A of order n has to inverse if and only if ρ(A) = n.

Steps to Find the Rank of the Matrix by Normal Form:

The normal form of a matrix is obtained from its original matrix by undergoing transformations on
the rows and columns. The transformations include multiplying a row with a certain integer and
subtracting the values of the row from another row and placing the result in its previous place. Convert
the given matrix into its normal form and find its rank.

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 13

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025
EXAMPLE: Use Normal form to find the rank of matrix A,
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
where A=[𝟐 𝟒 𝟔 ]
𝟒 𝟖 𝟏𝟐

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 14

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025
Therefore the rank of matrix A is 1.

Steps to Find the Rank of the Matrix by Echelon Form:

(i) The first element of every non-zero row should be 1.
(ii) The row in which every element is zero, then that row should be below the non-zero
rows.
(iii) Total number of zeroes in the next non-zero row should be more than the number of
zeroes in the previous non-zero row.
By elementary operations, we can easily bring the given matrix to the echelon form.

Note: The rank of a matrix does not change if we perform the following elementary row
operations are applied to the matrix:

(a) Two rows are interchanged (Ri ↔ Rj)

(b) A row is multiplied by a non-zero constant, (R ↔ kRi) where k ≠ 0
i

(c) A constant multiple of another row is added to a given row (Rᵢ ⟶ Rᵢ + kRⱼ), where i ≠ j.

Solved Problems:
1 2 3
Find the Rank of a Matrix Using the Echelon Form of A=[2 3 4]
3 5 7

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 15

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025

Gauss Elimination Method:

Gauss elimination method, also known as Gaussian elimination method, is an algorithm used to solve
systems of linear equations. It is named after the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. The
method involves a series of elementary row operations performed on an augmented matrix to transform
the system of equations into an equivalent triangular form, making it easier to find the solutions.
A system of linear equations can be represented in matrix form as:
[A | B],
where A is the coefficient matrix, and B is the column matrix containing the constants on the right-hand
side of the equations. The augmented matrix [A | B] is used in the Gauss elimination method.
Here are the steps involved in the Gauss elimination method:
Step 1: Write the augmented matrix for the system of linear equations.
Step 2: Start with the first row and first column (the pivot element). If the pivot element is zero,
interchange the row with another row below it that has a non-zero element in the same column.
Step 3: Use elementary row operations to make all the elements below the pivot in the same column zero.
To achieve this, subtract appropriate multiples of the pivot row from the rows below.
Step 4: Move to the next row and next column and repeat Steps 2 and 3 until you have a triangular matrix
(upper triangular form) with zeros below the main diagonal.
Step 5: Now, use back substitution to find the values of the variables starting from the last equation and
working upwards.
Step 6: The values obtained in Step 5 are the solutions to the system of linear equations.
If during the process, you encounter a row of zeros on the left-hand side with a non-zero entry on the
right-hand side, it indicates that the system is inconsistent, meaning there is no solution. If all the entries
on the left-hand side become zero, while the right-hand side is also zero, it means the system has
infinitely many solutions.

Gauss elimination method is widely used in numerical linear algebra and is an important tool for
solving systems of linear equations in various scientific and engineering applications. However, it is
worth noting that in practical implementations, one should be aware of issues like numerical stability and
the possibility of division by small numbers, which can affect the accuracy of the solution.
Top of Form

Example:
Solve the equations by Gauss elimination method.

Solution:

Multiplying the second and third equations by 2 and 1 respectively and

subtracting them from first equation we get

Multiplying third equation by –3 and subtracting from second equation we obtain

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 16

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025

From the third equation x3 = 1, from the second equations x2 = x3 = 1 and from
the first equation 2x1 = 4- x2 – x3 = 2 or, x1 = 1.
Therefore, the solution is x1 = 1, x2 = 1, x3 = 1.

Gauss – Jordan method

This method is used to determine the inverse of a square matrix.

In this method, the given matrix A is augmented with a unit matrix of same size, i.e.,
if the order of A is n × n then the order of the augmented matrix [A:I] will be n×2n.
The augmented matrix looks like

Then the inverse of A is computed in two stages. In the first stage, A is converted
into an upper triangular form, using only elementary row operations (using Gauss
elimination method). In the second stage, the upper triangular matrix (obtained in first stage)
is reduced to an identity matrix by row operations. All these operations are operated on the
augmented matrix [A:I]. After completion of these stages, the augmented matrix [A:I] is
turned to [I:A-1] i.e., the inverse of A is obtained from the right half of augmented matrix.

At the end of the operations the matrix shown in (1) reduces to the following form:

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 17

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025

2 4 5
Example: Find the inverse of the following matrix A=[1 −1 2]
3 4 5
Solution:

Stage I. (Reduction to upper triangular form):

In the first column 3 is the largest element, thus interchanging first (R1) and third
(R3) rows to bring the pivot element 3 to the a11 position. Then the given matrix becomes

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 18

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 19

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025

Stage II. (Make the left half a unit matrix):

The left hand becomes a unit matrix, thus the inverse of the given matrix is

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 20

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Choose number of solutions of the system of equations 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2, 4𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 8.

a. infinitely many solutions b. no solutions
c. a unique solution d. none of these.
2. 221
Determine the rank of the matrix ( ) and it is
663
a. 2 b. 3
c. 1 c. none of these.
3. 201
Identify the value of ‘𝑎’ for which rank of the matrix ( 5 𝑎 3 ) is less than 3.
031
3 3
a. b.
4 5
3 d. 1
c. 2
4.
If 𝐴 is an orthogonal matrix then identify the correct option.
a. 𝐴 = 𝐴−1 b. 𝐴 = −𝐴−1
𝑇 −1
c. 𝐴 = 𝐴 c. 𝐴𝑇 = −𝐴−1
5. Choose the correct option:
a. The rank of a matrix is number of rows in b. The rank of a matrix is number of
the matrix columns in the matrix

c. The rank of a matrix is maximum number of d. The rank of a matrix is maximum number of
linearly dependent columns in the matrix linearly independent rows in the matrix
6. Identify the correct option:
The rank of a matrix is always:
a. greater than or equal to zero b. greater than or equal to one
c. greater than or equal to the number of rows d. greater than or equal to the number of
columns
7. Select the rank of the zero matrix:

a. 0 b. 1
c. depends on the order of the matrix d. cannot be determined

8. A square matrix is invertible i.e. non-singular if

a. it’s rank is less than the number of rows b. it’s rank is less than the number of columns
c. it’s rank is equal to the number of rows d. none of the above

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 21

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025

9. Choose the correct option:

The rank of a matrix cannot exceed

a. The number of rows b. The number of columns

c. The minimum of the number of rows and d. The maximum of the number of rows and
columns columns
10. If the rank of a 3x3 matrix is 3, then choose the correct option:
a. The matrix is singular b. The matrix is not invertible
c. The determinant of the matrix is zero d. The matrix has three linearly independent
rows and columns
11. A matrix has rank 0 if
a. it has all elements equal to 1 b. it is an identity matrix
c. it has no non-zero elements d. it has only one row or one column

12. Identify if a matrix has rank equal to its number of rows, then:

a. The matrix is a square matrix b. The matrix is a row matrix

c. The matrix is a column matrix d. The matrix is non-singular

13. For two matrices A and B of the same order, choose the correct statement

a. If rank(A) = rank(B), then A = B b. If rank(A) < rank(B), then A = B

c. If rank(A) > rank(B), then A = B d. None of the above

14. The rank of a matrix can be found by applying

a. Determinant of the matrix b. Trace of the matrix

c. Row-echelon form or reduced row-echelon d. Inverse of the matrix

form
15. If a 2x3 matrix has a rank of 2 then identify the correct option:

a. The matrix is singular b. The matrix has two linearly independent

rows

c. The matrix has three linearly independent d. The matrix is not valid as it should be a
columns square matrix
16. Choose the maximum possible rank of a matrix of order 4 X 5

a. 5 b. 4

c. 9 d. 8
17. Choose the correct option:
If the rank of a square matrix is less than the number of rows, then the matrix is

a. non-singular b. singular

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 22

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025

c. square d. symmetric

18. Identify the matrices always has a rank of 2.

a. A 2x2 matrix with all elements equal to 1 b. A 3x3 identity matrix

c. A 2x3 matrix with two linearly independent d. A 3x3 diagonal matrix with all diagonal
rows elements non-zero

19. The rank of an identity matrix is always:

a. 0 b. 1
c. The order of the matrix d. Undefined

20. Choose the correct determinant of a 1x1 matrix [a] from the following given options

a. a b. 1
c. 0 d. -a
21. Choose the correct option:

The determinant of a triangular matrix is equal to:

a. 0 b. 1
c. The product of its diagonal elements d. The sum of its diagonal elements
22. Choose the correct option:

If a matrix A is invertible, it’s determinant is

a. 1 b. 0
c. any real number d. non-zero

23. Choose the correct option:

a. det(A) > det(At) b. det(A) < det(At)

c. det(A) = det(At) d. det(A) = - det(At)

24. Choose the correct option:

The determinant of a matrix A is zero if and only if:

a. A is a square matrix b. A is an identity matrix

c. A is singular (non-invertible) d. A is symmetric

25. Choose the correct option:

If two rows of a matrix are interchanged, the determinant:

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 23

 B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025

a. remains the same b. becomes zero

c. changes sign d. doubles in value

26. If a matrix A of order n×n is multiplied by a scalar k, the determinant of the resulting matrix is

a. kn|A| b. |A|/k

c. k|A| d. |A|/kn

27. Choose the correct option:

The determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is always:

a. 0 b. 1
c. -1 d. Not defined

28. Choose the correct option:

If two rows of a matrix are proportional, the determinant is:

a. 0 b. 1
c. -1 d. Not defined
29. Choose the correct option:

The determinant of a product of two matrices A and B is equal to:

a. |A| + |B| b. |A||B|

c. |A| - |B| d. |A|T |B|

30. Choose the correct option

The determinant of a diagonal matrix is equal to:

a. 1 b. The sum of its diagonal elements

c. The product of its diagonal elements d. The difference of its diagonal elements

32. If A and B be two matrices such that AB is defined and c is a scalar, then which is not correct

a. (AB)t = BtAt b. (AB)t = At Bt

c. (A+B)t= At + Bt d. (cA)t= cAt

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 24

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025

Short Answer Type Question:

6 1 3 2
−2 0 1 4
1. Without expansion, illustrate that | | = 0.
3 6 1 2
−4 0 2 8
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 2𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
2. If det[𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 ]=5, evaluate the determinant of the matrix [6𝑏1 3𝑏2 3𝑏3 ].
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3 2𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3

3. Use Cramer’s rule to solve the given system of equations: x-y=2, x+4y=5.

4.Use Cramer’s rule to solve the given system of equations: x+y+z =0, 2x-y-4z=15, x-2y-z=7.

0 −2 −3
5.Calculate the inverse, if it exists, of the matrix ( 1 3 3 ).
−1 −2 −2
0 𝑏−𝑎 𝑐−𝑎
6.Without expanding illustrate that |𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑜 𝑐 − 𝑏 | = 0.
𝑎−𝑐 𝑏−𝑐 0
𝑥 2 3
7. If x= - 4 is a root of |1 𝑥 1| = 0, calculate the other roots.
3 2 𝑥
4−𝑥 4+𝑥 4+𝑥
8. If |4 + 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 | = 0, then calculate values of x.
4+𝑥 4+𝑥 4−𝑥
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
9. If a+b+c ≠ 0 and |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| = 0, then illustrate that a = b = c.
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
2 𝜆 −3
10. If A= (0 2 5 ), then calculate the value of 𝜆 for which A-1 exists.
1 1 3

Long Answer Type Question:

1 𝑎 𝑏𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2
1. Establish that |1 𝑏 𝑐𝑎 | = |1 𝑏 𝑏 2 |.
1 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 1 𝑐 𝑐2
2
1 𝑎 𝑎
2. Show that |1 𝑏 𝑏 2 | = (𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑎 − 𝑏).
1 𝑐 𝑐2

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 25

B.Tech AIML/ DS/ CSE; 2nd Semester
Algebra and Vector Calculus (BBS00002)
Academic Session: 2024-2025

T
3. Recall that a square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric if A = −A. If A is a 5 × 5
skew-symmetric matrix, show that det(A) = 0.

4. Solve the system of equations by Cramer’s rule.

– 4x + 2y – 9z = 2, 3x + 4y + z = 5, x – 3y + 2z = 8.

2 −17 11
5. Calculate the inverse of the matrix [−1 11 −7].
0 3 −2
1 2 3
6. Calculate the rank of the matrix [1 4 2].
2 6 5

7. Show that every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as sum of a symmetric matrix and a
skew symmetric matrix.

𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 3
8. If | 𝑥 + 1 1 − 2𝑥 𝑥 − 4| = 𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 be an identity in 𝑥 where
𝑥−2 𝑥+4 3𝑥
𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒 are constants, then calculate the value of 𝑒.

1 2 3
9. Using the Gauss-Jordan method, find the inverse of the matrix (0 1 2).
0 0 1

Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Kolkata 26