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Physics Project File: Magnetism (Class 12 Level)

Cover Page

Title: Magnetism
Subject: Physics
Class: 12
Submitted By: [Your Name]
Roll No: [Your Roll Number]
School Name: [Your School Name]
Submitted To: [Teacher’s Name]
Date: [Submission Date]

Certificate

This is to certify that [Your Name], a student of Class 12, has successfully completed the
Physics project on the topic "Magnetism" under my guidance. This project is submitted in
partial fulfilment of the requirement for the CBSE Board Examination 2025.

Teacher's Signature
[Teacher’s Name]
Date:

Acknowledgment

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Physics teacher, [Teacher’s Name], for
their valuable guidance, constant encouragement, and support throughout the completion
of this project.

I also thank my parents and friends for their help and motivation during the project.

Index

1. Introduction

2. History of Magnetism

3. Magnetic Materials
 4. Types of Magnets

5. Magnetic Field

6. Magnetic Field Lines

7. Earth's Magnetism

8. Magnetic Effects of Current

9. Magnetic Force on Moving Charges

10. Magnetic Dipole and Torque

11. Electromagnets and Applications

12. Permanent Magnets

13. Magnetic Properties of Materials

14. Magnetization and Magnetic Susceptibility

15. Magnetic Induction and Gauss's Law

16. Magnetic Hysteresis Loop

17. Difference Between Electric and Magnetic Fields

18. Applications of Magnetism

19. Experiment: Mapping Magnetic Field

20. Fun Facts About Magnetism

21. Viva Questions and Answers

22. Conclusion

23. Bibliography

24. Diagrams and Illustrations

25. Extra Notes / Summary Sheet

1. Introduction

Magnetism is a fundamental force of nature arising from the motion of electric charges. It
plays a crucial role in various technological devices and natural phenomena. This project
explores the principles of magnetism, magnetic materials, and their applications.

2. History of Magnetism
Magnetism was first discovered in ancient Greece through the use of lodestones. The
Chinese used magnets in navigation. Scientific studies began with William Gilbert in 1600.
The unification of electricity and magnetism was achieved by James Clerk Maxwell in the
19th century.

3. Magnetic Materials

Magnetic materials are classified into:

• Ferromagnetic: Strongly attracted (e.g., Iron)

• Paramagnetic: Weakly attracted (e.g., Aluminium)

• Diamagnetic: Repelled (e.g., Bismuth)

4. Types of Magnets

• Natural Magnets: Found in nature (e.g., lodestone)

• Artificial Magnets: Man-made, including:

o Bar Magnet

o Horseshoe Magnet

o Electromagnet

5. Magnetic Field

The space around a magnet where its force is experienced is called the magnetic field. It is
represented by lines that indicate the direction and strength of the magnetic force.

Unit: Tesla (T)

6. Magnetic Field Lines

• Emerge from the North Pole and enter the South Pole

• Form closed loops

• Never intersect

• Denser lines represent stronger magnetic fields

7. Earth's Magnetism

Earth acts like a giant magnet with a magnetic field generated by currents in its molten core.
Important terms include:

• Magnetic Declination

• Magnetic Inclination

• Magnetic Meridian

8. Magnetic Effects of Current

Discovered by Hans Ørsted in 1820, a current-carrying conductor produces a magnetic field.

This is the basis of electromagnets and electric motors.

Right-hand rule is used to determine the direction of the magnetic field.

9. Magnetic Force on Moving Charges

A moving charge in a magnetic field experiences a force:

F⃗ = q(v⃗ × B⃗)
This is the formula for the magnetic force on a moving charge.

Let me break it down:

• F⃗ = Magnetic force (a vector, meaning it has direction)

• q = Charge of the particle (like an electron or proton)

• v⃗ = Velocity of the particle (how fast and in what direction it’s moving)

• B⃗ = Magnetic field

Direction is given by Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule.

10. Magnetic Dipole and Torque

A magnetic dipole consists of two opposite magnetic poles separated by a distance. It

experiences torque when placed in a magnetic field:
Torque on a Magnetic Dipole: When a magnetic dipole is placed in a magnetic field, it
experiences a turning effect or torque. This is given by the formula: τ = m × B Where:

• τ is the torque,

• m is the magnetic dipole moment,

 • B is the magnetic field. The direction of the torque can be found using the right-hand
rule.

11. Electromagnets and Applications

Electromagnets are created by winding a coil around a soft iron core and passing electric
current through it.

Applications: Motors, relays, MRI machines

12. Permanent Magnets

Made from hard magnetic materials that retain their magnetism.

Examples: Alnico, Ferrite

Uses: Speakers, fridge magnets, generators

13. Magnetic Properties of Materials

• Retentivity: Ability to retain magnetism

• Coercivity: Resistance to demagnetization

• Hysteresis: Lag between magnetizing force and magnetization

14. Magnetization and Magnetic Susceptibility

• Magnetization (M): Magnetic moment per unit volume

• Magnetic Susceptibility (χ):

χ=M/H
It tells us how easily a material gets magnetized when placed in a magnetic field. A
higher value of χ means the material becomes more magnetic.It indicates the degree
of magnetization of a material in response to an applied magnetic field.

15. Magnetic Induction and Gauss's Law

Magnetic induction is the generation of magnetic field due to a changing electric current.
Gauss's Law for Magnetism : The total number of magnetic field lines coming out of any
closed surface is always zero. This means magnetic field lines always form loops and do not
start or end at any point.
Formula: ∮B · dA = 0

This implies there are no magnetic monopoles.

16. Magnetic Hysteresis Loop

The hysteresis loop shows how the magnetic properties of a material change with an
external magnetic field.

• It helps in choosing materials for transformers and memory storage.

• A narrow loop means soft magnetic material.

17. Difference Between Electric and Magnetic Fields

Property Electric Field Magnetic Field

Source Charges Moving charges or magnets

Direction Along force on +ve charge Tangent to field lines

Monopoles Exist Do not exist

18. Applications of Magnetism

• Electric motors and generators

• Magnetic levitation trains

• MRI machines

• Data storage (hard drives)

• Magnetic compasses

19. Experiment: Mapping Magnetic Field

Aim: To map the magnetic field of a bar magnet using iron filings or a compass.

Materials: Bar magnet, paper, iron filings/compass

Procedure:

1. Place the magnet on the table.

 2. Place paper over it.

3. Sprinkle iron filings.

Observation: Iron filings align along magnetic field lines.

Conclusion: Magnetic field is strongest at poles.

20. Fun Facts About Magnetism

• The sun has a strong magnetic field.

• Earth’s magnetic field protects us from solar winds.

• Animals like birds and turtles use magnetism for navigation.

21. Viva Questions and Answers

1. What is magnetism? — A force produced by moving electric charges.

2. Who discovered the magnetic effect of current? — Hans Ørsted.

3. What is an electromagnet? — A magnet created by electric current.

4. Define magnetic field. — Region around a magnet where magnetic force is

experienced.

5. What is Gauss's law in magnetism? — Net magnetic flux through a closed surface is
zero.

22. Conclusion

Magnetism is a fascinating area of physics with significant real-world applications. From the
functioning of electric motors to the Earth's magnetic field, the study of magnetism has
expanded our understanding of nature and technology.

23. Bibliography

• NCERT Physics Class 12 Textbook

• Concepts of Physics by H.C. Verma

• Physics Classroom (www.physicsclassroom.com)

• HyperPhysics (hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu)
24. Diagrams and Illustrations

(Include hand-drawn or printed diagrams of: Bar magnet, magnetic field lines, Earth's field,
electromagnet, magnetic hysteresis loop, etc.)

25. Extra Notes / Summary Sheet

• Right-hand thumb rule: Thumb = current, curled fingers = magnetic field.

• Fleming’s Left-hand rule: Thumb = force, First finger = field, Second = current.

• Magnetic field is measured in Tesla (T).

• Electromagnets are temporary; permanent magnets retain magnetism.

• No magnetic monopoles exist (unlike electric charges).