Hindawi

Journal of Function Spaces

Volume 2020, Article ID 5142815, 11 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5142815

Research Article
Fuzzy Fixed Point Results in F-Metric Spaces with Applications

Monairah Alansari,1 Shehu Shagari Mohammed ,2 and Akbar Azam 3

1
Department of Mathematics, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria
3
Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan

Correspondence should be addressed to Shehu Shagari Mohammed; [email protected]

Received 4 May 2020; Accepted 26 May 2020; Published 6 July 2020

Guest Editor: Erdal Karapinar

Copyright © 2020 Monairah Alansari et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.

In this paper, some concepts of F-metric spaces are used to study a few fuzzy fixed point theorems. Consequently, corresponding
fixed point theorems of multivalued and single-valued mappings are discussed. Moreover, one of our obtained results is applied to
establish some conditions for existence of solutions of fuzzy Cauchy problems. It is hoped that the established ideas in this work will
awake new research directions in fuzzy fixed point theory and related hybrid models in the framework of F-metric spaces.

1. Introduction of F-complete F-metric spaces. Consequently, corre-

sponding fixed point theorems of multivalued and
One of the challenges in mathematical modeling of practical single-valued mappings are derived. Thereafter, one of
phenomena relates to the indeterminacy induced by our our obtained results is applied to discuss some solvabil-
inability to categorize events with adequate precision. It has ity conditions of fuzzy initial value problems. As far as
been understood that classical mathematics cannot cope we know, in the setting of F-metric spaces and fuzzy
effectively with imprecisions. As a result, the concept of fuzzy mappings, the results presented herein are new and fun-
set was initiated by Zadeh [1] in 1965 as one of the uncertainty damental. On this note, it can be improved upon when
approaches to construct mathematical models compatible discussed in other generalized hybrid models within the
with real world problems in engineering, life science, econom- scope of fuzzy mathematics.
ics, medicine, language theory, and so on. The basic ideas of
fuzzy set have been extended in different directions. In partic- 2. Preliminaries
ular, the notion of fixed point results for fuzzy set-valued
In this section, we record some specific definitions and
mappings and fuzzy contractions was initiated by Heilpern
results that will be useful in what follows hereafter.
[2] who proved a fixed point theorem parallel to the Banach
fixed point theorem (see [3]) in the frame of fuzzy set. There- Definition 1 (see [9]). Let F be the set of functions f : ð0,+
after, several authors have studied and applied fuzzy fixed point ∞Þ ⟶ ℝ satisfying the following conditions:
results in different settings [4, 5], see, for example [6–14] and the (F 1 ) f is nondecreasing, i.e., 0 < s < t implies f ðsÞ ≤ f ðtÞ
references therein. (F 2 ) for every sequence ft n g ⊂ ð0,+∞Þ, we have
Not long ago, Jleli and Samet [9] initiated the concepts of
F-metric spaces and obtained a generalization of the Banach
lim t = 0 implies lim f ðt n Þ = −∞: ð1Þ
fixed point theorem. Meanwhile, researchers have picked n−→+∞ n n−→+∞
keen interests in establishing and improving different results
in F-metric spaces, see, for instance, [15–17]. Definition 2 (see [9]). Let X be a nonempty set and D : X ×
The aim of this paper is twofold. First, we study X ⟶ ½0,+∞Þ be a given mapping. Suppose that there exists
some common fuzzy fixed point results in the setting ðf , ρÞ ∈ F × ½0,+∞Þ such that
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2 Journal of Function Spaces

(D1 ) ðx, yÞ ∈ X × X, Dðx, yÞ = 0 ⇐ ⇒x = y The α -level set of B, denoted by ½BŠα , is defined as

(D2 ) Dðx, yÞ = Dðy, xÞ, for allðx, yÞ ∈ X × X
(D3 ) for every ðx, yÞ ∈ X × X, for every k ∈ ℕ, k ≥ 2, and ½BŠα = fx ∈ X : BðxÞ ≥ αg if x ∈ ð0, 1Š,
for every sequence fui gni=1 ⊂ X with ðu1 , uk Þ = ðx, yÞ, we have ð7Þ
½BŠ0 = fAðxÞ > 0g:
!
k−1
Dðx, yÞ > 0 ⇒ f ðDðx, yÞÞ ≤ f 〠 Dðui , ui−1 Þ + ρ: ð2Þ Here, M  denotes the closure of the crisp set M. Also, the
i=1 family of fuzzy sets in a metric space X shall be denoted by I X .

Then, D is said to be an F -metric and the pair ðX, DÞ is Definition 6. Let X be an F -metric space. A subset A of X is
called an F -metric space. called proximal, if for each x ∈ X, there exists a ∈ A such that
DF ðx, aÞ = DF ðx, AÞ:
Example 3 (see [9]). Let X = ℝ. If we define D : X × X ⟶ Let the set of all nonempty bounded proximal sets in X be
½0,+∞Þ by denoted by P r ðXÞ and the set of all nonempty closed and
( bounded subsets of X be represented by CBðXÞ. Since every
ðx − yÞ2 , if ðx, yÞ ∈ ½0, 3Š × ½0, 3Š, compact set is proximal and any proximal set is closed, we
Dðx, yÞ = ð3Þ have the inclusions:
jx − yj, if ðx, yÞ ∉ ½0, 3Š × ½0, 3Š,
À Á
C 2X ⊆ P r ðX Þ ⊆ CBðX Þ: ð8Þ
with f ðtÞ = ln ðtÞ and ρ = ln ð3Þ, then ðX, DÞis an F -metric
space. Definition 7 (see [2]). Let X be an arbitrary set and Y a metric
space. A mapping B : X ⟶ I X is called a fuzzy mapping. A
Definition 4 (see [9]). Let ðX, DÞ be an F -metric space and fuzzy mapping B is a fuzzy subset of X × Y with membership
fxn gn∈ℕ be a sequence in X: value BðxÞðyÞ :
(i) We say that fxn gn∈ℕ is F -convergent to x if fxn gn∈ℕ Definition 8 (see [2, 7]). Let A and B be fuzzy mappings from
is convergent to x with respect to the F -metric D X into I X . A point u ∈ X is called fuzzy fixed point of A if u
(ii) fxn gn∈ℕ is said to be F -Cauchy, if ∈ ½AuŠα : The point u is known as a common fuzzy fixed point
of A and B if u ∈ ½AuŠα ∩ ½BuŠα :

lim Dðxk , xn Þ = 0: ð4Þ Definition 9 (see [18, 19]). A nondecreasing function φ : ½0,
k,n−→∞
∞Þ ⟶ ½0,∞Þ is said to be a comparison function, if φn ðtÞ
⟶ 0 as n ⟶ ∞ for every t ∈ ½0,∞Þ, where φn ðtÞ denotes
the nth iterate of φ.
(iii) ðX, DÞ is F -complete, if every F -Cauchy sequence
in X is F -convergent to an element in X Denote by Ω the set of all comparison functions.

In the sequel, we shall adopt the following notations and Lemma 10 (see [18, 19]). Let φ ∈ Ω. Then, the following prop-
definitions in the setting of F-metric space. We shall denote erties hold:
an F-metric by DF so that ðX, DF Þ represents an F-metric
space. Let Cð2X Þ be the set of all nonempty compact subsets (i) Each iterate φi of φ, for i ≥ 1 is a comparison function
of X and A, B ∈ Cð2X Þ. Then (ii) φ is continuous at 0
DF ðx, AÞ = inf fDF ðx, aÞ: a ∈ Ag, (iii) φðtÞ < t for all t > 0
ð5Þ
DF ðA, BÞ = inf fDF ða, bÞ: a ∈ A, b ∈ Bg:
3. Main Results
Then, the Hausdorff metric H F on Cð2X Þ induced by the
metric DF is defined as First, we present the following auxiliary result.
(
max fsupa∈A DF ða, BÞ, supb∈B DF ðA, bÞg, if it exists, Lemma 11. Let A and B be nonempty closed and compact sub-
H F ðA, BÞ = sets of an F-metric space ðX, DF Þ. If a ∈ A, then DF ða, BÞ ≤
∞, otherwise: H F ðA, BÞ.
ð6Þ
Proof. The proof is a direct consequence of the definition of
Definition 5 (see [1, 2]). Let X be an arbitrary nonempty set. H F ðA, BÞ:
Then, a fuzzy set in X is a function with domain X and values
in ½0, 1Š = I. If B is a fuzzy set in X and x ∈ X, then the func- Theorem 12. Let ðX, DF Þ be an F-complete F-metric space
tion values BðxÞ is called the grade of membership of x ∈ X. and A, B : X ⟶ I X be fuzzy mappings. Assume that for every
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Journal of Function Spaces 3

x ∈ X, there exist αA ðxÞ, αB ðxÞ ∈ ð0, 1Š such that ½AxŠαAðxÞ , By continuous repetition of the above steps, we generate a
½BxŠαBðxÞ ∈ Cð2X Þ. Suppose also that the following condition sequence fxn gn∈ℕ of elements of X with
holds:
x2n−1 ∈ ½Ax2n−2 ŠαAðx2n−1 Þ ,
  ð14Þ
H F ½AxŠα ðxÞ , ½ByŠα ðxÞ x2n ∈ ½Bx2n−1 ŠαBðx ,
A B 2n−1 Þ
 n    
≤ φ max DF ðx, yÞ, DF x, ½Ax Šα ðxÞ , DF y, ½ByŠα ðyÞ ,
A B
    such that
DF y, ½ByŠα ðyÞ + DF x, ½AxŠα ðxÞ 
B A
,
2 DF ðx2n , x2n+1 Þ ≤ φðDF ðx2n−1 , x2n ÞÞ,
ð15Þ
ð9Þ DF ðx2n−1 , x2n Þ ≤ φðDF ðx2n−2 , x2n−1 ÞÞ:

for all x, y ∈ X, where ϕ ∈ Ω. Then, there exists u ∈ X such that

u ∈ ½AuŠαAðuÞ ∩ ½BuŠαBðuÞ . Consequently, by induction, for all n ∈ ℕ, we have

Proof. Let x0 ∈ X be arbitrary. By hypothesis, there exists αA DF ðxn , xn+1 Þ ≤ φðDF ðxn−1 , xn ÞÞ ≤ ⋯ ≤ φn ðDF ðx0 , x1 ÞÞ:
ðx0 Þ ∈ ð0, 1Š such that ½Ax0 ŠαAðx Þ ∈ Cð2X Þ. Since ½Ax0 ŠαAðx0Þ ð16Þ
0
is a nonempty compact subset of X, there exists x1 ∈
½Ax0 ŠαAðx Þ such that DF ðx0 , x1 Þ = DF ðx0 , ½Ax0 ŠαAðx0Þ Þ. Let η > 0 be a given positive number and ð f , ρÞ ∈ F ×
0
Similarly, we can find αB ðx1 Þ ∈ ð0, 1Š such that ½Bx1 ŠαBðx1Þ ∈ ½0,∞Þ such that condition ðD3 Þ is satisfied. By ðF 2 Þ, there
Cð2X Þ and by compactness of ½Bx1 ŠαBðx1Þ , we can choose x2 exists λ > 0 such that
∈ ½Bx1 ŠαBðx1Þ such that DF ðx1 , x2 Þ = DF ðx1 , ½Bx1 ŠαBðx1Þ Þ. For
0 < t < λ implies f ðt Þ ≤ f ðηÞ – ρ: ð17Þ
convenience, denote αA ðxi Þ and αB ðxi Þ byαi+1 , where i = 0,
1, 2, ⋯.
By Lemma 11, we have Let nðηÞ ∈ ℕ such that 0 < ∑n≥nðηÞ φn ðDF ðx0 , x1 ÞÞ < λ.
À Á À Á Hence, by (17) and (F 1 ), we get
DF ðx1 , x2 Þ = DF x1 , ½Bx1 Šα2 ≤ H F ½Ax0 Šα1 , ½Bx1 Šα2 : ð10Þ
! !
k−1
Therefore, using (10) together with (9), we have f 〠 φ ð DF ð x 0 , x 1 Þ Þ ≤ f
i
〠 φ ðDF ðx0 , x1 ÞÞ ≤ f ðηÞ − ρ:
n

 n   i=n n≥nðηÞ

DF ðx1 , x2 Þ ≤ φ max DF ðx0 , x1 Þ, DF x0 , ½Ax1 Šα , ð18Þ

1
   
  DF x0 , ½Bx1 Šα + DF x1 , ½Ax0 Šα 
DF x1 , ½Bx1 Šα ,
2 1
Now, for DF ðxk , xn Þ > 0, by (D3 ), (16), and (18), we
2 2 obtain
≤ φðmax ffDF ðx0 , x1 Þ,DF ðx0 , x1 Þ,
 !
D ðx , x Þ + DF ðx 1 , x 1 Þ k−1
DF ð x 1 , x 2 Þ , F 0 2 f ðDF ðxk , xn ÞÞ ≤ f 〠 DF ðxi , xi + 1Þ + ρ
2 i=n
≤ φðmax ffDF ðx0 , x1 Þ, DF ðx1 , x2 Þ, !
k−1
 ≤ f 〠 φ ð DF ð x 0 , x 1 ÞÞ + ρ
i
ð19Þ
DF ð x 0 , x 1 Þ + D F ð x 1 , x 2 Þ
i=n
2 !
≤ φðmax ffDF ðx0 , x1 Þ, DF ðx1 , x2 ÞgÞ: ≤f 〠 φ ðDF ðx0 , x1 ÞÞ ≤ f ðηÞ:
n

ð11Þ n≥nðηÞ

If max fDF ðx0 , x1 Þ, DF ðx1 , x2 Þg = D F ðx1 , x2 Þ, then (11) It follows from (F 1 ) that
becomes

D F ð x 1 , x 2 Þ ≤ φ ð DF ð x 0 , x 1 Þ Þ < D F ð x 1 , x 2 Þ, ð12Þ DF ðxk , xn Þ < η, k > n ≥ nðηÞ: ð20Þ

which is a contradiction. It follows that max fDðx0 , x1 Þ, DF This shows that fxn gn ∈ ℕ is F-Cauchy. Hence, F-com-
ðx1 , x2 Þg = Dðx0 , x1 Þ. Therefore, we have pleteness of ðX, DF Þ implies that there exists u ∈ X such
that xn ⟶ u as n ⟶ ∞. Now, to prove that u ∈
DF ð x 1 , x 2 Þ ≤ φ ð D F ð x 0 , x 1 Þ Þ : ð13Þ ½AuŠαAðuÞ , assume that DF ðu, ½AuŠαAðuÞ Þ > 0. Then by (D3 ),
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4 Journal of Function Spaces

we get Case (iii). If

   n  
f DF u, ½AuŠα
AðuÞ
≤ f ðDF ðu, x2n Þ max DF ðu, x2n−1 Þ, DF u, ½AuŠα ðuÞ ,
  A
 
+ H F ½Bx2n−1 Šα ðx Þ , ½AuŠα
 n
B 2n−1 AðuÞ

+ ρ ≤ f ðDF ðu, x2n Þ

DF ðu, x2n Þ + DF x2n−1 , ½AuŠα ðuÞ 
DF ðx2n−1 , x2n Þ,
A
+ φ max DF ðu, x2n−1 Þ, DF u, ½AuŠα , ð27Þ

AðuÞ
   2
  DF u, ½Bx2n−1 Šα + DF x2n−1 , ½AuŠα   
DF x2n−1 , ½Bx2n−1 Šα ,
Bðx2n−1 Þ AðuÞ DF ðu, x2n Þ + DF x2n−1 , ½AuŠα ðuÞ
2 A

Bx2n−1
 n   = ,
+ ρ ≤ f DF ðu, x2n Þ + φ max DF ðu, x2n−1 Þ, DF u, ½AuŠα ,
2
AðuÞ
 
DF ðu, x2n Þ + DF x2n−1 , ½AuŠα  then,
AðuÞ
DF ðx2n−1 , x2n Þ, + ρ:
2   
ð21Þ f DF u, ½AuŠα ðuÞ
A
0  1
DF ðu, x2n Þ + DF x2n−1 , ½AuŠα
A ðuÞ
Now, we analyze (21) under the following cases: ≤ f @DF ðu, x2n Þ + A + ρ:
2
Case (i). If
ð28Þ
n  
max DF ðu, x2n−1 Þ, DF u, ½AuŠα ðuÞ , By condition (F 1 ), from (28), for ρ = 0, we have
A
 
DF ðu, x2n Þ + DF x2n−1 , ½AuŠα ðuÞ  ð22Þ  
DF ðx2n−1 , x2n Þ,
A DF u, ½AuŠα < DF ðu, x2n Þ
A ðuÞ
2   ð29Þ
= DF ðu, x2n−1 Þ, DF ðu, x2n Þ + DF x2n−1 , ½AuŠα
A ðuÞ
+ :
2
then (21) becomes
As n ⟶ ∞ in (29), we obtain
  
f DF u, ½AuŠα ≤ f ðDF ðu, x2n Þ + φðDF ðu, x2n−1 ÞÞ + ρ:  
A ðuÞ   DF u, ½AuŠα  
AðuÞ
ð23Þ DF u, ½AuŠα < < DF u, ½AuŠα ,
A ðu Þ 2 A ðu Þ

ð30Þ
Since xn ⟶ u as n ⟶ ∞, then by (F 2 ) and the proper-
ties of ϕ ∈ Ω, which is a contradiction.

lim f ðDF ðu, x2n Þ + DF ðu, x2n−1 ÞÞ + ρ = −∞, ð24Þ Case (iv). If
n→∞
n  
which is a contradiction. max DF ðu, x2n−1 Þ, DF u, ½AuŠα ðuÞ ,
A
 
Case (ii). If DF ðu, x2n Þ + DF x2n−1 , ½AuŠα ðuÞ 
DF ðx2n−1 , x2n Þ,
A ð31Þ
n   2
 
max DF ðu, x2n−1 Þ, DF u, ½AuŠα ðuÞ , = DF u, ½AuŠα ðuÞ ,
A
  A

DF ðu, x2n Þ + DF x2n−1 , ½AuŠα ðuÞ  ð25Þ

DF ðx2n−1 , x2n Þ,
A
then,
2
      
= DF ðx2n−1 , x2n Þ, f DF u, ½AuŠα ≤ f DF ðu, x2n Þ + φ DF u, ½AuŠα + ρ:
AðuÞ AðuÞ

ð32Þ
then,
   By (F 1 ), from (32), for ρ = 0, and applying ϕðtÞ < t for all
f DF u, ½AuŠα ≤ f ðDF ðu, x2n Þ + φðDF ðx2n−1 , x2n ÞÞ + ρ: t > 0, we get
AðuÞ

ð26Þ    
DF u, ½AuŠα < DF ðu, x2n Þ + DF u, ½AuŠα
A ðu Þ A ðu Þ
  ð33Þ
Hence, by (F 2 ) and the properties of ϕ ∈ Ω, limn→∞ f < DF u, ½AuŠα , as n ⟶ ∞,
ðDF ðu, x2n Þ + DF ðx2n−1 , x2n Þ + ρ = −∞, a contradiction. A ðu Þ
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Journal of Function Spaces 5

which is a contradiction. It follows that DF ðu, ½AuŠαAðuÞ Þ = 0. Specifically, if x = y = 0, then ½AxŠðα/4Þ , ½BxŠðβ/8Þ = f0g, and
On the same steps, one can show that DF ðu, ½BuŠαBðuÞ Þ = 0. hence
Consequently, u ∈ ½AuŠαAðuÞ ∩ ½BuŠαBðuÞ .  
H F ½AxŠðα/4Þ , ½ByŠðβ/8Þ = 0
 n  
Next, we give an example to support the validity of the ≤ φ max DF ðx, yÞ, DF x, ½AxŠðα/4Þ ,
hypotheses of Theorem 12.    
  DF x, ½ByŠðβ/8Þ + DF y, ½AxŠðα/4Þ 
Example 17. Let X = ℝ+ = ½0,∞Þ and DF : X × X → ½0,∞Þ be DF y, ½ByŠðβ/8Þ , :
2
defined by
ð38Þ
(
ðx – yÞ2 , if ðx, yÞ ∈ ½0, 5Š × ½0, 5Š,
DF ðx, yÞ = ð34Þ If x, y ∈ ð0,∞Þ, then
jx – yj, if ðx, yÞ ∉ ½0, 5Š × ½0, 5Š,
n  
αo x2
for all x, y ∈ X. It can be seen that DF satisfies (D1 ), (D2 ), and ½AxŠðα/4Þ = t ∈ X : AðxÞðt Þ ≥ = 0, : ð39Þ
4 40
(D3 ); hence, ðX, DF Þ is an F-metric space with f ðtÞ = ln ðtÞ,
t > 0, and ρ = ln ð5Þ. Notice that DF does not satisfy the tri- Similarly, ½ByŠðβ/8Þ = ½0, ðy2 /40ފ. Therefore, for x ≠ y, by
angle inequality, since
the definition of DF , we get
d ð1, 5Þ = 16 > d ð1, 4Þ + d ð4, 5Þ = 10: ð35Þ    x2 y2 2
H F ½AxŠðα/4Þ , ½ByŠðβ/8Þ = −
40 40
Moreover, let α ∈ ð0, 1Š and consider two fuzzy mappings x + y 2 1
A, B : X ⟶ I X defined as follows: 1
≤ ðx − yÞ ≤ jx − yj2 ≤ DF ðx, yÞ
 40 n 16 16

(i) If x = 0 ≤ φ max DF ðx, yÞ, DF x, ½AxŠðα/4Þ ,
   
(   DF x, ½ByŠðβ/8Þ + DF y, ½AxŠðα/4Þ 
1, if t = 0, DF y, ½ByŠðβ/8Þ , :
AðxÞðt Þ = BðxÞðt Þ = ð36Þ 2
0, if t ≠ 0, ð40Þ

Consequently, all the conditions of Theorem 12 are

satisfied to find u = 0 ∈ ½A0Šðα/4Þ ∩ ½B0Šðβ/8Þ .
(ii) If 0 < x < ∞ By imposing continuity condition on the function f ∈ F,
we have the following modification of Theorem 12.
8
> x2
>
> α, if 0 ≤ t < Theorem 18. Let ðX, DF Þ be an F -complete F -metric space
>
> 60
>
> and A, B : X ⟶ I X be fuzzy mappings. Assume that for every
>
>
>
<α, x2 x2 x ∈ X, there exist αA ðxÞ, αB ðxÞ ∈ ð0, 1Š such that ½AxŠαAðxÞ ,
if ≤t< ,
AðxÞðt Þ = 4 60 40 ½BxŠαBðxÞ ∈Cð2X Þ. Suppose also that the following conditions
>
>
>
> α x2 hold:
>
> , if ≤ t < x2 ,
>
>
>
> 8 40
: (i) The function f ∈ F is assumed to be continuous. In
0, if x2 ≤ t<∞, addition, suppose φ ∈ Ω satisfies f ðtÞ > f ðφðtÞÞ + ρ
8 ð37Þ
> x2 for all t ∈ ð0,∞Þ
>
> β, if 0 ≤ t < ,
>
> 50
>
> (ii) And for all x,y ∈ X, we have
>
>
<β,
>
if
x2 x2
≤t< ,
BðxÞðt Þ = 4 50 40  
>
> H F ½AxŠα ðxÞ , ½ByŠα ðyÞ
>
> β x 2

A
n
B
 
>
> , if ≤ t < x2 ,
>
> ≤ φ max DF ðx, yÞ, DF x, ½AxŠα ðxÞ ,
>
> 32 40
:  
A
 
0, if x2 ≤ t<∞:   DF x, ½ByŠα ðyÞ + DF y, ½AxŠα ðxÞ 
DF y, ½ByŠα ðyÞ , :
B A

Now, define φ : ½0,∞Þ ⟶ ½0,∞Þ by φðtÞ = t/16, t ≥ 0. B 2

Clearly, φ ∈ Ω. ð41Þ
Now, for x ∈ X, there exist αA ðxÞ = ðα/4Þ ∈ ð0, 1Š and
αB ðxÞ = ðβ/8Þ ∈ ð0, 1Š such that ½AxŠðα/4Þ , ½BxŠðβ/8Þ ∈ Cð2X Þ. Then, there exists u ∈ X such that u ∈ ½AuŠαA ðuÞ ∩ ½BuŠαB ðuÞ :
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6 Journal of Function Spaces

Proof. Following the proof of Theorem 12, we obtain that rem 18 are satisfied to find some u ∈ X such that
fxn gn∈ℕ is an F-Cauchy sequence in the F-complete metric u ∈ ½AuŠαAðuÞ ∩ ½BuŠαBðuÞ :
space ðX, DF Þ. Therefore, there exists u ∈ X such that
4. Consequences
lim DF ðxn , uÞ = 0: ð42Þ
n→∞
In this section, we apply Theorems 12 and 18 to deduce some
fixed point results of multivalued and single-valued map-
Now, to prove that u ∈ ½AuŠαA ðuÞ , we argue by contradic-
pings in the context of F-metric spaces. To this end, recall
tion. So assume D F ðu, ½AuŠαAðuÞ Þ > 0. Then by (D3 ), and ine- that a point u ∈ X is called a fixed point of a multivalued (sin-
quation (41), we get gle-valued) mapping T on X, if u ∈ Tu ðu = TuÞ.
  
ƒ DF u, ½AuŠα Corollary 20. Let ðX, DF Þ be an F -complete F -metric space

A ðu Þ
  and S, T : X ⟶ Cð2X Þ be multivalued mappings. Suppose
≤ ƒ DF ðu, x2n Þ + H F ½Bx2n−1 Šα , ½AuŠα that the following condition holds:
B ðx 2n−1 Þ A ðu Þ

+ ρ ≤ ƒ ðDF ðu, x2n Þ + φðmax fDF ðu, x2n−1 Þ,

    H F ðSx, TyÞ ≤ φðmax fDF ðx, yÞ, DF ðx, SxÞ, DF ðy, TyÞ,
DF u, ½AuŠα , DF x2n−1 , ½Bx2n−1 Šα , DF ðx, TyÞ + DF ðy, SxÞ
A ðu Þ
gÞ,
Bxð2n−1Þ
    2
DF u, ½Bx2n−1 Šα + DF x2n−1 , ½AuŠα 
Bðx Þ
2n−1 A ðu Þ ð46Þ
2
+ ρ ≤ ƒ ðDF ðu, x2n Þ + φðmax fDF ðu, x2n−1 Þ, for all x, y ∈ X, where φ ∈ Ω. Then, there exists u ∈ X such that
 
DF u, ½AuŠα , DF ðx2n−1 , x2n Þ, u ∈ Su ∩ Tu.
A ðu Þ
  ð43Þ
DF ðu, x2n Þ + DF x2n−1 , ½AuŠα  Proof. Let αA , αB : X ⟶ ð0, 1Š be any two arbitrary
A ðu Þ
mappings, and consider two fuzzy set-valued maps A, B : X
2 ⟶ I X defined as follows:
+ ρ ≤ ƒ ðDF ðu, x2n Þ + φðmax fDF ðu, x2n−1 Þ,
  (
DF u, ½AuŠα , DF ðx2n−1 , x2n Þ, αA ðxÞ, if t ∈ Sx,
A ðu Þ
  AðxÞðt Þ =
DF ðu, x2n Þ + DF x2n−1 , ½AuŠα  0, if t ∉ Sx,
A ðu Þ ( ð47Þ
2 αB ðx Þ, if t ∈ Tx,
B ðx Þ ð t Þ =
+ ρ ≤ ƒ ðDF ðu, x2n Þ + φðmax fDF ðu, x2n−1 Þ, 0, if t ∉ Tx:
 
DF u, ½AuŠα , DF ðx2n−1 , x2n Þ, DF ðu, x2n Þ
A ðu Þ
  Then, for all x ∈ X, we have
+ DF x2n−1 , ½AuŠα gÞ + ρ:
AðuÞ

½AxŠαAðxÞ = ft ∈ X : AðxÞðt Þ ≥ αA ðxÞg = Sx: ð48Þ

Taking the limit in (43) as n → ∞ and using (42) together
with the continuity of f and φ, we have
       Similarly, ½BxŠαBðxÞ = Tx. Consequently, Theorem 12 can
ƒ DF u, ½AuŠα ≤ ƒ φ DF u, ½AuŠα + ρ, ð44Þ
AðuÞ A ðu Þ be applied to find u ∈ X such that u ∈ ½AuŠαA ðuÞ ∩ ½BuŠαB ðuÞ =
Su ∩ Tu.
which is a contradiction to the condition on f . It follows that
DF ðu, ½AuŠαAðuÞ Þ = 0. On similar steps, we can show that Following the proof of Corollary 20, we can also apply
DF ðu, ½BuŠαBðuÞ Þ = 0. Consequently, we have Theorem 18 to establish the following result.

u ∈ ½AuŠα ∩ ½BuŠα : ð45Þ Corollary 21. Let ðX, DF Þ be an F -complete F -metric space
A ðuÞ B ðuÞ
and S, T : X ⟶ Cð2X Þ be multivalued mappings. Suppose
that the following conditions hold:
Example 19. In line with Example 17, take ƒðtÞ = ln ðtÞ, t >
0, φðtÞ = ðt/16Þ and ρ = ln ð5Þ; then, f is continuous on ð0,
(i) The function f ∈ F is assumed to be continuous. In
∞Þ and φ is continuous for all t. Notice that the condition addition, suppose φ ∈ Ω satisfies f ðtÞ > f ðφðtÞÞ + ρ
f ðtÞ > f ðφðtÞÞ + ρ for t > 0 becomes ln ðtÞ > ln ðt/16Þ + ln ð5 for all t ∈ ð0,∞Þ
Þ. Therefore, following the remaining constructions of Exam-
ple 17, one can easily verify that all the hypotheses of Theo- (ii) And for all x, y ∈ X, we have
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Journal of Function Spaces 7

H F ðSx, TyÞ ≤ φðmax fDF ðx, yÞ, DF ðx, SxÞ, DF ðy, TyÞ, DF ðgðxÞ, hðyÞÞ
D ðx, TyÞ + DF ðy, SxÞ ≤ φðmax fDF ðx, yÞ, DF ðx, gðxÞÞ, DF ðy, hðyÞÞ, ð53Þ
Á F gÞ
2 DF ðx, hðyÞÞ + DF ðy, gðxÞÞ
ð49Þ gÞ
2

Then, there exists u ∈ X such that u = gðuÞ = hðuÞ.

Then, there exists u ∈ X such that u ∈ Su ∩ Tu. In the following, we apply Corollary 22 to deduce the main
result of Jlei and Samet [9].
Corollary 22. Let ðX, DF Þ be an F -complete F -metric space
and g, h : X ⟶ X be single-valued mappings. Suppose that Corollary 24 (see [9]). Let ðX, DF Þ be an F -complete F
the following condition holds: -metric space and h : X ⟶ X be a single-valued mapping. If
for all x, y ∈ X, there exists λ ∈ ð0, 1Þ such that
DF ðgðxÞ, hðyÞÞ
DF ðhðxÞ, hðyÞÞ ≤ λDF ðx, yÞ, ð54Þ
≤ φðmax, fDF ðx, yÞ, DF ðx, gðxÞÞ, DF ðy, hðyÞÞ, ð50Þ
D ðx, hðyÞÞ + DF ðy, gðxÞÞ then there exists u ∈ X such that hðuÞ = u.
Á F gÞ,
2
Proof. Consider Corollary 22. Define the function φ : ½0,∞Þ
⟶ ½0,∞Þ by φðtÞ = λt, for all t ≥ 0 and λ ∈ ð0, 1Þ. Then, by
for all x, y ∈ X, where φ ∈ Ω. Then, there exists u ∈ X such that
taking g = h, all the hypotheses of Corollary 22 coincide with
u = gðuÞ = hðuÞ.
that of Corollary 24; and so, we can find u ∈ X such that
hðuÞ = u.
Proof. Let αA ðxÞ, αB ðxÞ ∈ ð0, 1Š for all x ∈ X. Then, define two
fuzzy set-valued maps A, B : X ⟶ I X as follows: Remark 25. It is obvious that more consequences of Theo-
rems 12 and 18 can be obtained, but we skip them due to
( the length of the paper.
αA ðxÞ, if t = gðxÞ,
AðxÞðt Þ =
0, if t ≠ gðxÞ, 5. Application to Fuzzy Initial Value Problems
( ð51Þ
αB ðx Þ, if t = hðxÞ, Fuzzy differential equations (FDEs) and fuzzy integral equa-
B ðx Þ ð t Þ = tions (FIEs) play significant roles in modeling dynamic sys-
0, if t ≠ hðxÞ:
tems in which uncertainties or vague notions flourish.
These concepts have been established in different theoretical
Then, directions, and a large number of applications in practical
problems have been studied (see, for example, [20–22]). Sev-
eral techniques for studying FDEs have been presented. The
½AxŠαAðxÞ = ft ∈ X : AðxÞðt Þ ≥ αA ðxÞg = fgðxÞg: ð52Þ first most popular is using the Hukuhara differentiability
(H-differentiability) for fuzzy valued functions (see [20, 23,
24]). On the other hand, the concept of FIEs was initiated
Similarly, ½BxŠαBðxÞ = fhðxÞg. Obviously, fgðxÞg, fhðxÞg by Kaleva [22] and Seikkala [25]. In the study of existence
and uniqueness conditions for solutions of FDEs and FIEs,
∈ Cð2X Þ, for all x ∈ X. Notice that in this case, H F ð½AxŠ many authors have applied different fixed point theorems.
αAðxÞ , ½ByŠαBðyÞ Þ = DF ðgðxÞ, hðyÞÞ. Therefore, Theorem 12 By using the classical Banach fixed point theorem, Subrah-
can be applied to find u ∈ X such that u ∈ ½AuŠαAðuÞ = fgðuÞg manyam and Sudarsanam [26] proved an existence and
and ½BuŠαBðuÞ = fhðuÞg, which further implies that u = gðuÞ uniqueness result for some Volterra integral equations
involving fuzzy set-valued mappings. With the help of
= hðuÞ.
Shaulder’s fixed point theorem and Arzela-Ascoli’s theorem,
Following the proof of Corollary 22, one can also employ
Allahviranloo et al. [27] studied the existence and uniqueness
Theorem 18 to establish the following result.
conditions of solutions of some nonlinear fuzzy Volterra
integral equations. In [28], the authors discussed some exis-
Corollary 23. Let ðX, DF Þ be an F -complete F -metric space
tence results for a fuzzy initial value problem (FIVP) by
and g, h : X ⟶ X be single-valued mappings. Suppose that
employing some contractive-like mapping techniques. Con-
the following conditions hold:
gxin and Shiji [29] studied a Cauchy problem of fuzzy differ-
(i) The function f ∈ F is assumed to be continuous. In ential equation on the basis of the definition of H-
addition, suppose that φ ∈ Ω satisfies f ðtÞ > f ð φðtÞ differentiability for fuzzy set-valued mappings. They
ðtÞÞ + ρ for all t ∈ ð0,∞Þ and for all x, y ∈ X obtained the existence and uniqueness theorem for the Cau-
chy problem under some generalized Lipschitz condition.
(ii) And for all x, y ∈ X, we have Similarly, Villamizar-Roa et al. [30] studied the existence
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8 Journal of Function Spaces

and uniqueness of solution of FIVP in the setting of general- The supremum on I 1 is defined as
ized Hukuhara derivatives. For some intricacies involved in
the theory of fuzzy differential equations, the interested n o
reader may consult [22, 24, 31]. D∞ ðx, yÞ = sup max xα1,l − x2α,l , x1α,r − x2α,r , ð59Þ
0≤α≤1
In this section, using the ideas of fuzzy mappings in an F
-complete F-metric space, we provide some conditions for
the existence of solutions of a FIVP. In line with the existence for every x, y ∈ I 1 , where xrα − xlα = diamð½xŠα Þ is called the
methods, our technique is connected with studying the exis- diameter of ½xŠα .
tence of solutions of the equivalent Volterra integral refor- We shall call Cð½a, bŠ, I 1 Þ the set of all continuous fuzzy
mulation of the FIVP. functions defined on ½a, bŠ. It is verifiable that Cð½a, bŠ, I 1 Þ is
First, in what follows, we recall a few known results that an F-complete F-metric space with respect to the F-metric:
are needed in the sequel. For most of these basic concepts,
we follow [30, 32]. Let Pκ ðℝÞ denote the family of nonempty À Á
compact subsets of ℝ. Define addition and multiplication in DF ðx, yÞ = sup D∞ ðxðt Þ, yðt ÞÞ, x, y ∈ C ½a, bŠ, I 1 :
t∈J
Pκ ðℝÞ as usual, that is, for A, B ∈ Pκ ðℝÞ and η ∈ ℝ, we have

A + B = fa + b : a ∈ A, b ∈ Bg, ηA = fηa : a ∈ Ag: ð55Þ ð60Þ

The Hausdorff metric H in Pκ ðℝÞ is defined as The following lemma summarizes some basic properties
  of the integral of fuzzy functions.
H ðA, BÞ = max sup inf ka − bkℝ , sup inf ka − bkℝ :
a∈A,b∈B b∈B,a∈A Lemma 27 (see [22]). Let x, y : ½a, bŠ ⟶ I 1 be fuzzy functions
ð56Þ and η ∈ ℝ. Then,

It is well known that the couple ðPκ ðℝÞ, HÞ is a complete ðb ðb ðb

metric space. Moreover, the metric H satisfies the following ðx + yÞðt Þdt = xðt Þdt + yðt Þdt,
properties for all A, B, C, D ∈ Pκ ðℝÞ: a a a
ðb ðb
H ðηA, ηBÞ = ηH ðA, BÞ, ηxðt Þdt = η xðt Þdt,
a a ð61Þ
H ðA + B, C + DÞ ≤ H ðA, C Þ + H ðB, DÞ, ð57Þ
D∞ ðxðt Þ, yðt ÞÞ is integrable,
H ðA + C, B + C Þ = H ðA, BÞ: ð b ðb  ðb
D∞ xðt Þdt, yðt Þdt ≤ D∞ ðxðt Þ, yðt ÞÞdt:
In general, A + ð−AÞ ≠ f0g, where ð−1ÞA = f−a : a ∈ Ag, a a a
and hence Pκ ðℝÞ is not a linear space (cf. [30]).
Definition 28 (see [30]). Let I n denote the set of all fuzzy
Definition 26. A fuzzy number in ℝ is a function x : ℝ ⟶ numbers in ℝn and x, y, z ∈ I n . An element z is called the
½0, 1Š having the following properties: Hukuhara difference (or H-difference) of x and y, if it satisfies
the equation x = y + z. If the H-difference of x and y exists, it
(i) x is normal, that is, there exists t 0 ∈ ℝ such that is denoted by x ⊖ H y (or x − y). It is easy to see that x ⊖ H x
xðt 0 Þ = 1 = f0g, and if x ⊖ H y exists, it is unique.
(ii) x is fuzzy convex, that is
Definition 29 (see [30]). Let g : ða, bÞ ⟶ I n . The function g
is said to be strongly generalized differentiable (or GH-differ-
xðηt 1 + ð1 − ηÞt 2 Þ ≥ min fxðt 1 Þ, xðt 2 Þg, ∀t 1 , t 2 ∈ ℝ, η ∈ ½0, 1Š entiable) at t 0 ∈ ða, bÞ, if there exists an element gG′ ðt 0 Þ ∈ I n
ð58Þ such that there exists the Hukuhara differences:

gðt 0 + δÞ ⊖ H gðt 0 Þ,

(iii) x is upper semicontinuous, that is, ½xŠα is closed for gðt 0 Þ ⊖ H gðt 0 − δÞ,
all α ∈ ½0, 1Š ðgðt 0 + δÞ ⊖ H gðt 0 ÞÞ ðgðt 0 Þ ⊖ H gðt 0 − δÞÞ
lim = lim+ = gG′ ðt 0 Þ:
δ→0+ δ δ→0 δ
(iv) ½xŠ0 = ft ∈ R : xðtÞ > 0g is compact
ð62Þ
Throughout this section, we shall denote the set of all
fuzzy numbers in ℝ by I 1 . The set ½xŠα = ft ∈ ℝ : xðtÞ ≥ αg Here, the limit is taken in the metric space ðI n , DÞ, and at
= ½xlα , xrα Š denotes the α-level set of x ∈ I 1 . It follows from the end points of ða, bÞ, only one-sided derivatives are
(i) to (iv) that ½xŠα ∈ Pκ ðℝÞ. considered.
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Journal of Function Spaces 9

Consider the following fuzzy initial value (FIVP): Assume x < y. Then, by hypothesis (i), we have
( ðt
x ′ ðt Þ = gðt, xðt ÞÞ, t ∈ J = ½a, ρŠ,
ð63Þ F x ðt Þ = ρ ⊖ H ð−1Þ gðu, xðuÞÞdu
xðaÞ = ρ, a
ðt ð69Þ
< ρ ⊖ H ð−1Þ gðu, yðuÞÞdu = θy ðt Þ:
where the derivative is considered in the sense of GH-differ- a
entiability, the fuzzy function g : J × I 1 ⟶ I 1 is continuous,
and the initial condition xðaÞ is a fuzzy number. We denote Hence, F x ðtÞ ≠ θyðtÞ. Consider two fuzzy mappings A, B
by C ′ ðJ, I 1 Þ the set of all continuous functions g : J × I 1 : X ⟶ I X defined by
⟶ I 1 with a continuous derivative. (
M ðxÞ, if r ðt Þ = F x ðt Þ,
μAx ðrÞ =
Lemma 30 (see [20]). A function x ∈ C ′ ðJ, I 1 Þ is a solution of 0, otherwise,
the FIPV (63) if and only if it satisfies the fuzzy Volterra inte- ( ð70Þ
gral equation: Q ðy Þ , if rðt Þ = θy ðt Þ,
μBy ðr Þ =
ðt 0, otherwise:
xðt Þ = ρ ⊖ H ð−1Þ gðu, xðuÞÞdu, t ∈ J = ½a, ρŠ: ð64Þ
a By taking αA ðxÞ = MðxÞ and αB ðyÞ = QðyÞ, we have
With the above preliminaries, we apply Theorem 12 ½AxŠαAðxÞ = fr ∈ X : ðAxÞðt Þ ≥ M ðxÞg = f Fxðt Þg, ð71Þ
together with the following result to study the existence condi-
tions of solutions of the FIVP (63)
and similarly, ½ByŠαB ðyÞ = fθy ðtÞg. Therefore, we have
Theorem 31. Let g : J × I 1 ⟶ I 1 be continuous and assume  
H F ½AxŠα ðxÞ , ½ByŠα ðyÞ
that the following conditions hold: A
(
B
)
= max sup inf kx − ykℝ, sup inf kx − ykℝ,
(i) The function g is strictly increasing in the second var- x∈½AxŠα
A ðxÞ
,y∈½ByŠα
B ðyÞ
y∈½ByŠα
B ðyÞ
,x∈½AxŠα
x ðy Þ
 
iable, that is, if x < y, then gðt, xÞ < gðt, yÞ
≤ max sup F x ðt Þ − θy ðt Þ ℝ
= sup F x ðt Þ − θy ðt Þ ℝ
t∈J t∈J
(ii) There exist some constants τ > 0 and λ ∈ ð0, ð1/ð2ðρ ðt ðt
− aÞÞފ such that = sup gðu, xðuÞÞdu − gðu, yðuÞÞdu
t∈J a a ℝ
ð t 
≤ sup kgðu, xðuÞÞ − gðu, yðuÞÞkℝ du
n o t∈J
ð t
a
n o
kgðt, xðt ÞÞ − gðt, yðt ÞÞkℝ ≤ λ max D∞ ðx, yÞe−τðt−aÞ ð65Þ ≤ sup duλ max D∞ðx, yÞe−τðt−aÞ
t∈J t∈J a
n n oo
≤ λ sup ðt − aÞ max D∞ðx, yÞe−τðt−aÞ
if x < y for each t ∈ J and x, y ∈ I 1 , where D∞ ðx, yÞ is the t∈J
1
supremum on I 1 . ≤ λðϱ − aÞDτ ðx, yÞ DF ðx, yÞφðAðx, yÞÞ,
2
Then, the FIVP (63) has a fuzzy solution in CðJ, I 1 Þ.
ð72Þ
Proof. Let τ > 0 be a constant. We consider the space CðJ, I Þ 1
where
endowed with the weighted F-metric:
n    
n o À 1Á
Aðx, yÞ = max DF ðx, yÞ, DF x, ½AxŠα ðxÞ , DF y, ½ByŠα ðyÞ ,
Dτ ðx, yÞ = sup D∞ ðxðt Þ, yðt ÞÞe−τðt−aÞ , x, y ∈ C J, I :    
A B

t∈J
DF x, ½ByŠα ðyÞ + DF y, ½AxŠα ðxÞ 
ð66Þ :
B A

Notice that Dτ ðx, yÞ is equivalent to the F-metric DF ð73Þ

ðx, yÞ, because
Hence, all the conditions of Theorem 12 are satisfied with
e ðϱ−aÞτ
DF ðx, yÞ ≤ Dτ ðx, yÞ ≤ DF ðx, yÞ, ð67Þ φðtÞ = ðt/2Þ, for all t ≥ 0. It follows that there exists x∗ ∈ X
such that x∗ ∈ ½Ax∗ ŠαAðx∗ Þ ∩ ½Bx∗ ŠαBðx∗ Þ . Consequently, x∗ is
for all x, y ∈ CðJ, I 1 Þ: a solution of the FIVP (63).
Let M, Q : X ⟶ ð0, 1Š be any two mappings. For x ∈ X,
take 6. Conclusion
ðt Two problems are addressed in this article. First, two fuzzy
F τ ðt Þ = ρ ⊖ H ð−1Þ gðu, xðuÞÞdu: ð68Þ fixed point theorems in the context of F-metric spaces are
a established. Consequently, corresponding fixed point
 9303, 2020, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2020/5142815 by INASP/HINARI - PAKISTAN, Wiley Online Library on [28/06/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
10 Journal of Function Spaces

theorems of multivalued and single-valued mappings are [12] D. Rakić, T. Došenović, Z. D. Mitrović, M. de la Sen, and
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lems. As far as we know, in the setting of F-metric spaces S. Radenović, “On some new fixed point results in fuzzy b
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