Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering

Manimangalam, Tambaram, Chennai – 601 301

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

V SEMESTER - R 2021

EC3501 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION LAB

LABORATORY MANUAL

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Register No : _______________________________________

Section : _______________________________________

DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

 VISION

Committed to produce highly disciplined, conscientious, and enterprising professionals through value-
based quality education, and research excellence

MISSION

 To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting the global industrial requirements through
excellence in education
 To establish the Center of Excellence on the cutting-edge technologies that initiate new ideas leading to the
emergence of innovators, leaders, and entrepreneurs
 To instill the highest level of self-confidence, professionalism, academic excellence, and engineering ethics

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

VISION

To impart professional education with human values and shape globally competent technocrats capable of
deploying technology for the service of humanity

MISSION

 To develop highly competent and globally employable engineers in the field of Electronics and
Communication Engineering by imparting quality education to meet industrial and societal needs
 To inspire students to become responsible citizens with critical thinking, ethical practices, and capable of
working in a collaborative environment
 To provide a learning ambience that imparts excellence in innovation, research, and leadership
 To facilitate the students to work with recent tools and technologies
 To motivate and guide students to take up higher studies and establish entrepreneurial ventures

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

1. Fundamentals
To provide students with a solid foundation in mathematics, science and fundamentals of engineering
enabling them to solve complex problems in order to develop real time applications.

2. Core Competence
To train the students to meet the needs of core industry with an attitude of learning new technologies.

3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice which enable
them to find solutions to problems in industry and research that contributes to the overall development of
society.

4. Professionalism
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills to the students to make them lead a team
and stand as a good decision maker to manage any constraint environment with good professional ethics at
all strategies.

5. Lifelong Learning/Ethics
To practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the organization and society with commitment and
lifelong learning needed for successful professional career.
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

a. Graduates will demonstrate knowledge of mathematics, science and electrical engineering.

b. Graduates will be able to identify, formulate and solve electrical engineering problems.

c. Graduates will be able to design and conduct experiments, analyze and interpret data.

d. Graduates will be able to design a system, component or process as per needs and specifications.

e. Graduates will demonstrate to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks.

f. Graduates will demonstrate skills to use modern engineering tools, software and equipment to analyze
problems.

g. Graduates will demonstrate knowledge of professional and ethical responsibilities.

h. Graduates will be able to communicate effectively by both verbal and written form.

i. Graduates will show the understanding of impact of engineering solutions on the society and also will be
aware of contemporary issues.

j. Graduates will develop confidence for self-education and ability for lifelong learning.

k. Graduate who can participate and succeed in competitive examinations.

EC3501 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION LAB

 SYLLABUS

SYLLABUS

PRACTICAL EXERCISES: 30 PERIODS

1. Modeling of wireless communication systems using Matlab (Two ray channel and
Okumura – Hata model)

2. Modeling and simulation of Multipath fading channel

3. Design, analyze and test Wireless standards and evaluate the performance measurements

such as BER, PER, BLER, throughput, capacity, ACLR, EVM for 4G and 5G using

Matlab

4. Modulation: Spread Spectrum – DSSS Modulation & Demodulation

5. Wireless Channel equalization: Zero-Forcing Equalizer (ZFE), MMSE Equalizer

(MMSEE), Adaptive Equalizer (ADE), Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE)

6. Modeling and simulation of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA for wireless communication

COURSE OUTCOMES

● To study and understand the concepts and design of a Cellular System.

● To study and Understand Mobile Radio Propagation and Various Digital Modulation Techniques.

● To Understand the Concepts Of Multiple Access Techniques And Wireless Networks

EXPERIMENT 1:

AIM: To design a model of wireless communication systems using Matlab (Two ray channel and
Okumura –Hata model)

CODING:

>> % Wireless Communication System Modeling

% Two-ray channel model and Okumura-Hata model
% System Parameters
frequency = 900e6; % Frequency in Hz
transmitterHeight = 50; % Transmitter height in meters
receiverHeight = 10; % Receiver height in meters
distance = 100:100:1000; % Distance between transmitter and receiver in meters
% Two-ray Channel Model
Pt = 1; % Transmitted power in Watts
Gt = 1; % Transmitter antenna gain
Gr = 1; % Receiver antenna gain
L = 1; % System loss
% Calculate received power using Two-ray channel model
Pr_two_ray = Pt * (Gt * Gr * (transmitterHeight * receiverHeight)^2) ./ (distance.^4 * L);
% Okumura-Hata Model
A = 69.55; % Model parameter
B = 26.16; % Model parameter
C = 13.82; % Model parameter
D = 44.9; % Model parameter
X = 6.55; % Model parameter
hb = 30; % Base station height in meters
% Calculate path loss using Okumura-Hata model
PL_okumura_hata = A + B * log10(distance) + C * log10(frequency/1e6) + D - X * log10(hb);
% Plotting
figure;
plot(distance, Pr_two_ray, 'b-', 'LineWidth', 2);
hold on;
plot(distance, PL_okumura_hata, 'r--', 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Distance (m)');
ylabel('Received Power/Path Loss (dB)');
legend('Two-ray Channel Model', 'Okumura-Hata Model');
title('Wireless Communication System Modeling');
grid on;
OUTPUT:

RESULT: Thus designing a model of wireless communication systems using Matlab (Two
ray channel and Okumura –Hata model) is achieved

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is Okumura-Hata model in wireless communication?

2. What is the difference between Hata model and Okumura model?
3. Is the Hata model used for signal strength prediction?
4. What is wireless channel model?
5. What are the main wireless channels?
6. Which wireless channel is better?
EXPERIMENT 2:

AIM: To design a Model and simulation of Multipath fading channel

CODING:

% Simulation parameters
numSamples = 1000; % Number of samples
numPaths = 3; % Number of multipath paths
fadePower = 0.5; % Fading power
% Generate Rayleigh fading channel coefficients
h = sqrt(fadePower/2)*(randn(numPaths, numSamples) + 1i*randn(numPaths, numSamples));
% Generate transmitted signal
txSignal = randn(1, numSamples) + 1i*randn(1, numSamples);
% Simulate multipath fading channel
rxSignal = zeros(1, numSamples); for
path = 1:numPaths
rxSignal = rxSignal + h(path, :) .* txSignal;
end
% Plot the transmitted and received signals t =
1:numSamples;
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, real(txSignal), 'b', t, imag(txSignal), 'r');
title('Transmitted Signal');
legend('In-phase', 'Quadrature');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t, real(rxSignal), 'b', t, imag(rxSignal), 'r');
title('Received Signal');
legend('In-phase', 'Quadrature');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
OUTPUT :

RESULT:

Thus the designing of a Model and simulation of Multipath fading channel has been achieved

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is multipath fading channel?

2. What are the effects of multipath fading?
3. What are multipath channels?
4. What are the causes of multipath?
5. What is the advantage of multipath?
6. How do you reduce multipath effects?
7. What are the disadvantages of multipath
EXPERIMENT 3:

AIM : Design, analyze and test Wireless standards and evaluate the performance measurements
such as BER, PER, BLER, throughput, capacity, ACLR, EVM for 4G and 5G using
Matlab.

CODING:

% Define simulation parameters

numBits = 1e6; % Number of bits to transmit

EbNo_dB = 10; % Eb/No in dB

% Generate QPSK symbols txSymbols =

randi([0 3], 1, numBits);

modulatedSymbols = pskmod(txSymbols, 4, pi/4);

% Add noise to the symbols

EbNo = 10^(EbNo_dB/10);

noiseVar = 1 / (2 * EbNo);

noise = sqrt(noiseVar) * randn(size(modulatedSymbols));

rxSymbols = modulatedSymbols + noise;

% Apply Rayleigh fading channel fadeChannel

= rayleighchan(1/1000, 30);

fadedSymbols = filter(fadeChannel, rxSymbols);

% Demodulate received symbols

demodulatedSymbols = pskdemod(fadedSymbols, 4, pi/4);

% Calculate Bit Error Rate (BER)

numErrors = sum(txSymbols ~= demodulatedSymbols); ber

= numErrors / numBits;

% Display results

fprintf('Bit Error Rate (BER): %.4f\n', ber);

OUTPUT:

Bit Error Rate (BER): 0.7512

RESULT:

Thus designing, analyzing and testing Wireless standards and evaluating the performance
measurements such as BER, PER, BLER, throughput, capacity, ACLR, EVM for 4G and 5G using
Matlab has been achieved

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the ACLR measurement in Matlab?

2. What is the ACLR requirement?
3. How to generate 5G signal in MATLAB?
4. What is the use of 5G toolbox in Matlab?
5. What is the full form of ACLR?
6. How do 5G antennas work?
7. What is the use of 5G toolbox in Matlab?
EXPERIMENT 4:

AIM: To design modulation: Spread Spectrum – DSSS Modulation & Demodulation

CODING:

% DSSS Modulation and Demodulation Example

% Parameters

data = [1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0]; % Original data signal

spreadingCode = [1 1 0 1]; % Spreading code

spreadingFactor = length(spreadingCode);

% DSSS Modulation

modulatedSignal = [];

for i = 1:length(data)

chips = repmat(data(i), 1, spreadingFactor) .* spreadingCode;

modulatedSignal = [modulatedSignal chips];

end

% DSSS Demodulation

demodulatedSignal = [];

for i = 1:length(modulatedSignal)/spreadingFactor

chips = modulatedSignal((i-1)*spreadingFactor+1:i*spreadingFactor);

chipSum = sum(chips);

if chipSum>= spreadingFactor/2

demodulatedSignal = [demodulatedSignal 1];

else

demodulatedSignal = [demodulatedSignal 0];

end

end
% Display Results

disp('Original Data:');

disp(data);

disp('Demodulated Data:');

disp(demodulatedSignal);

OUTPUT:

Original Data:

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

Demodulated Data:

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

RESULT: Thus designing modulation: Spread Spectrum – DSSS Modulation & Demodulation has been
achieved

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Why do we need spread spectrum?
2. What is spread spectrum modulation?
3. What are the types of spread spectrum?
4. What is the spread spectrum technique?
5. What is the formula for spectral spread?
6. What is the full form of DSSS?
7. What is the spreading factor of a spread spectrum?
8. What are the advantages of DSSS?
EXPERIMENT 5:

AIM: To design a wireless Channel equalization: Zero-Forcing Equalizer (ZFE), MMS Equalizer

(MMSEE), Adaptive Equalizer (ADE),Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE)

CODING :

% Zero-Forcing Equalizer (ZFE) MATLAB code

% Define the channel impulse response h

= [0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2];

% Generate random transmitted symbols N

= 100; % Number of symbols symbols =

randi([0, 1], 1, N);

% Convolve transmitted symbols with the channel impulse response

received_signal = conv(symbols, h);

% Add AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) to the received signal

snr_dB = 20; % Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in dB

received_signal = awgn(received_signal, snr_dB, 'measured');

% Zero-Forcing Equalizer

% Define the length of the equalizer tap L =

length(h);

% Initialize the equalizer taps

equalizer_taps = zeros(1, L);

% Loop through each received symbol and perform equalization

equalized_symbols = zeros(1, N);

for n = 1:N

% Extract the received symbols for equalization

received_symbols = received_signal(n:n+L-1);
 % Perform zero-forcing equalization equalized_symbols(n) =

equalizer_taps * received_symbols';

% Update the equalizer taps using the least squares algorithm

error = symbols(n) - equalized_symbols(n);

equalizer_taps = equalizer_taps + error * received_symbols / (received_symbols *

received_symbols');

end

% Print the original symbols and equalized symbols

disp('Original Symbols:');

disp(symbols);

disp('Equalized Symbols:');

disp(equalized_symbols);

OUTPUT:

Original Symbols:

Columns 1 through 19

1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1

Columns 20 through 38

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

Columns 39 through 57

1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

Columns 58 through 76

0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
Columns 77 through 95

0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

Columns 96 through 100

0 1 0 0 0

Equalized Symbols:

Columns 1 through 11

0 1.0242 1.0351 -0.0148 0.8118 0.8423 0.2395 0.3127 0.8637 0.5667

1.0034

Columns 12 through 22

0.3164 0.8987 0.7162 -0.0194 0.8262 0.2108 0.3684 1.3409 0.6328 0.5942
0.7986

Columns 23 through 33

0.3903 1.3034 0.9963 0.6816 0.6242 0.6419 0.1078 0.9584 -0.0282 0.4643 -
0.0959

Columns 34 through 44

0.3857 0.3709 0.1746 1.1529 0.6859 -0.3254 0.6316 -0.1321 0.2851 0.6131
0.9881

Columns 45 through 55

0.1328 -0.3112 0.5753 0.4748 1.4226 0.8176 0.5202 0.2300 0.9991 0.4921 -
0.2495

Columns 56 through 66

0.2145 0.5610 1.0497 -0.3251 1.0165 -0.0410 1.1669 0.3767 1.3984 0.8522
0.7683
 Columns 67 through 77

0.6932 0.4118 -0.0997 0.1789 0.1747 1.2491 0.0166 1.0660 -0.0451 0.5827 -
0.1786

Columns 78 through 88

0.2406 0.4407 0.5875 -0.0514 0.5994 1.4474 0.8587 0.6711 0.4184 0.5040
1.2422

Columns 89 through 99

0.4668 -0.0972 0.6936 -0.1060 0.7651 1.3313 0.6154 0.7091 0.0191 0.5241 -
0.1900

Column 100

0.0171

2. MMSE CODE

% Parameters

M = 4; % Number of transmitted symbols

N = 1000; % Number of received symbols

SNRdB = 10; % Signal-to-Noise Ratio in dB

pilotSymbols = [1 -1 1 -1]; % Known pilot symbols

% Generate random symbols

transmittedSymbols = randi([0 M-1], 1, N);

% Modulation

modulatedSymbols = qammod(transmittedSymbols, M);

% Channel

channel = [0.8 -0.4 0.2 -0.1]; % Example channel coefficients

channelOutput = filter(channel, 1, modulatedSymbols);

% Add noise

SNR = 10^(SNRdB/10);

noiseVar = 1/(2*SNR);

noise = sqrt(noiseVar) * randn(1, length(channelOutput));

receivedSignal = channelOutput + noise;

% Channel estimation using pilot symbols pilotIndices

= randperm(N, length(pilotSymbols)); pilotSignal =

receivedSignal(pilotIndices);

estimatedChannel = conv(pilotSignal, conj(pilotSymbols(end:-1:1)));

estimatedChannel = estimatedChannel(end-length(channel)+1:end);

% MMSE equalization

equalizerCoefficients = conj(estimated Channel) ./ (abs(estimated Channel).^2 + noiseVar);

equalized Symbols = filter(equalizer Coefficients, 1, receivedSignal);

% Demodulation

Demodulated Symbols = qamde mod(equalizedSymbols, M);

% Calculate bit error rate

bitErrors = sum(transmitted Symbols ~= demodulatedSymbols);

bitErrorRate = bitErrors / N;

disp(['Bit Error Rate: ' num2str(bitErrorRate)]);

OUTPUT:

Bit Error Rate: 0.787

ADE:

% Parameters

channel_length = 10; % Length of the channel impulse response

snr_db = 20; % Signal-to-noise ratio in dB

num_symbols = 1000; % Number of symbols to transmit

mu = 0.01; % LMS step size

% Generate random symbols

data_symbols = randi([0, 1], 1, num_symbols);

% Modulate symbols (e.g., BPSK modulation)

modulated_symbols = 2 * data_symbols - 1;

% Create the channel impulse response

channel = (randn(1, channel_length) + 1i * randn(1, channel_length)) / sqrt(2);

% Convolve the modulated symbols with the channel

received_symbols = filter(channel, 1, modulated_symbols);

% Add noise to the received signal

noise_power = 10^(-snr_db / 10);

noise = sqrt(noise_power) * (randn(1, length(received_symbols)) + 1i * randn(1,

length(received_symbols)));

received_symbols_noisy = received_symbols + noise;

% Adaptive equalizer using the LMS algorithm

equalizer_length = channel_length; % Set the equalizer length to match the channel length

equalizer = zeros(1, equalizer_length);

output_signal = zeros(1, length(received_symbols_noisy));

for i = equalizer_length:length(received_symbols_noisy)

% Extract the received symbols for the current equalizer window

received_window = received_symbols_noisy(i:-1:i-equalizer_length+1);

% Compute the equalizer output output_signal(i) =

equalizer * received_window.';

% Compute the error

error = modulated_symbols(i) - output_signal(i);

% Update the equalizer coefficients

equalizer = equalizer + mu * conj(error) * received_window; end

% Demodulate the equalized symbols (decision-directed)

demodulated_symbols = real(output_signal) > 0;

% Calculate the bit error rate (BER)

ber = sum(data_symbols ~= demodulated_symbols) / num_symbols;

disp(['Bit Error Rate (BER): ', num2str(ber)]);

OUTPUT:

Bit Error Rate (BER): 0.519

RESULT: Thus designing a wireless Channel equalization: Zero-Forcing Equalizer (ZFE), MMS

Equalizer(MMSEE), Adaptive Equalizer (ADE),Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE) has

been achieved

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the working principle of zero-forcing equalizer?

2. Why is zero forcing used?
3. What is the need of an equalizer?
4. What is the MMSE channel equalization?
5. What are channel equalization methods?
6. What is the function of the equalizer?
7. What is adaptive equalization of channel?
EXPERIMENT 6:

AIM: To model and simulate TDMA, FDMA and CDMA for wireless communication

CODING:

1. TDMA

% Step 1: Define System Parameters

numUsers = 4;

timeSlotDuration = 1; % seconds totalTimeSlots =

10;

channelGain = 0.8;

% Step 2: Generate User Traffic

userData = randi([0, 1], numUsers, totalTimeSlots);

% Step 3: Create Time Slots

timeSlots = linspace(0, timeSlotDuration*totalTimeSlots, totalTimeSlots);

% Step 4: Allocate Time Slots to Users

userSlots = mod(0:totalTimeSlots-1, numUsers) + 1;

% Step 5: Simulate Transmission

receivedData = zeros(numUsers, totalTimeSlots); for

slot = 1:totalTimeSlots

for user = 1:numUsers

if userSlots(slot) == user

% Simulate transmission for the current user in the time slot

transmittedData = userData(user, slot);

% Simulate channel effects

receivedData(user, slot) = transmittedData * channelGain; end

end

end
% Step 6: Evaluate Performance Metrics (e.g., BER)

bitErrorRate = sum(sum(xor(receivedData, userData))) / (numUsers * totalTimeSlots);

% Step 7: Visualize Results

figure;

subplot(2, 1, 1);

stem(timeSlots, userData');

title('User Traffic');

xlabel('Time (s)');

ylabel('Data');

legend('User 1', 'User 2', 'User 3', 'User 4');

subplot(2, 1, 2); stem(timeSlots,

receivedData'); title('Received

Data'); xlabel('Time (s)');

ylabel('Data');

legend('User 1', 'User 2', 'User 3', 'User 4');

disp(['Bit Error Rate: ', num2str(bitErrorRate)]);

OUTPUT:

Bit Error Rate: 0.375

2.FDMA:

% System parameters

totalBandwidth = 10e6; % Total available bandwidth (Hz) numUsers =

5; % Number of users

carrierFrequency = 1e6; % Carrier frequency (Hz)

userBandwidth = totalBandwidth / numUsers; % Bandwidth allocated to each user (Hz)

% Time parameters

samplingFrequency = 100e6; % Sampling frequency (Hz)

timeDuration = 1e-3; % Simulation duration (s)

time = 0:1/samplingFrequency:timeDuration;

% Generate user signals

userSignals = zeros(numUsers, length(time)); for

i = 1:numUsers

userFrequency = carrierFrequency + (i-1) * userBandwidth; % Frequency of user signal

userSignals(i, :) = sin(2*pi*userFrequency*time);

end
% Create the FDMA signal fdmaSignal

= sum(userSignals, 1);

% Add noise to the FDMA signal

snr = 10; % Signal-to-Noise Ratio (in dB)

noisySignal = awgn(fdmaSignal, snr, 'measured');

% Perform signal demodulation

demodulatedSignals = zeros(numUsers, length(time)); for

i = 1:numUsers

userFrequency = carrierFrequency + (i-1) * userBandwidth; % Frequency of user signal

demodulatedSignals(i, :) = noisySignal .* sin(2*pi*userFrequency*time);

end

% Plot the original user signals and the demodulated signals

figure;

subplot(numUsers+1, 1, 1);

plot(time, fdmaSignal);

title('FDMA Signal');

xlabel('Time (s)');

ylabel('Amplitude');

for i = 1:numUsers subplot(numUsers+1,

1, i+1); plot(time,

demodulatedSignals(i, :));

title(['Demodulated Signal - User ', num2str(i)]);

xlabel('Time (s)');

ylabel('Amplitude');

end
% BPSK Modulation

user1Symbols = 2 * user1Bits - 1; % Map 0s to -1 and 1s to 1

user2Symbols = 2 * user2Bits - 1;

% Chip-level Spreading (using a simple chip sequence)

chipSequence = [1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1]; % Chip sequence for spreading

user1SpreadSymbols = kron(user1Symbols, chipSequence);

user2SpreadSymbols = kron(user2Symbols, chipSequence);

% Add AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise)

noiseVar = 10^(-snr/10); % Noise variance

user1NoisySymbols = user1SpreadSymbols + sqrt(noiseVar/2) * randn(1,

length(user1SpreadSymbols));

user2NoisySymbols = user2SpreadSymbols + sqrt(noiseVar/2) * randn(1,

length(user2SpreadSymbols));

% Matched Filtering (correlation with chip sequence)

user1FilteredSymbols = filter(fliplr(chipSequence), 1, user1NoisySymbols);

user2FilteredSymbols = filter(fliplr(chipSequence), 1, user2NoisySymbols);

% Symbol Detection (using correlation with chip sequence) user1DetectedBits

= user1FilteredSymbols(1:length(user1Symbols)) > 0; user2DetectedBits =

user2FilteredSymbols(1:length(user2Symbols)) > 0;

% Bit Error Rate (BER) Calculation

berUser1 = sum(user1DetectedBits ~= user1Bits) / numBits;

berUser2 = sum(user2DetectedBits ~= user2Bits) / numBits;

% Display results

disp(['User 1 BER: ', num2str(berUser1)]);

disp(['User 2 BER: ', num2str(berUser2)]);

Output:

User 1 BER: 0.523

User 2 BER: 0.535

Result: Thus modeling and simulation of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA for
wireless communication has been achieved.
Viva Questions:
1. What is the basic principle of TDMA?
2. What is TDMA used for?
3. Why GSM is called TDMA?
4. What is the basic principle of FDMA?
5. What is the frequency range of FDMA?
6. What are the applications of FDMA?
7. What is the principle of CDMA?
8. What technology is used in CDMA?
9. What is the noise power of a CDMA system?