6

Probability

Topic 1 Classical Probability

Objective Questions I (Only one correct option) 7. If 12 identical balls are to be placed in 3 different boxes,
then the probability that one of the boxes contains excatly
1. A person throws two fair dice. He wins
3 balls, is (2015 Main)
` 15 for throwing a doublet (same numbers on the two 11 10 12 11
55  2 
(b) 55   (c) 220   (d) 22  
dice), wins ` 12 when the throw results in the sum of 2 1 1
(a)  
9, and loses ` 6 for any other outcome on the throw. 3  3  3  3  3
Then, the expected gain/loss (in `) of the person is 8. Three boys and two girls stand in a queue. The probability
(2019 Main, 12 April II)
that the number of boys ahead of every girl is atleast one
1 1 1
(a) gain (b) loss (c) loss (d) 2 gain more that the number of girls ahead of her, is (2014 Adv)
2 4 2
(a) 1 /2 (b) 1 /3 (c) 2 /3 (d) 3 /4
2. In a random experiment, a fair die is rolled until two
fours are obtained in succession. The probability that
9. Four fair dice D1 , D2, D3 and D4 each having six faces
the experiment will end in the fifth throw of the die is numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are rolled simultaneously. The
equal to (2019 Main, 12 Jan I) probability that D4 shows a number appearing on one of
175 225 D1 , D2 and D3 , is (2012)
(a) (b)
6 5
65 91 108 125 127
(a) (b) (c) (d)
200 150 216 216 216 216
(c) (d)
65 65 10. Let ω be a complex cube root of unity with ω ≠ 1. A fair die is
thrown three times. If r1, r2 and r3 are the numbers obtained
3. If there of the six vertices of a regular hexagon are
on the die, then the probability that ω r 1 + ω r2 + ω r3 = 0, is
chosen at random, then the probability that the
(2010)
triangle formed with these chosen vertices is
(a) 1/18 (b) 1/9 (c) 2/9 (d) 1/36
equilateral is
(2019 Main, 12 April I) 11. If three distinct numbers are chosen randomly from the
1 1 3 3 first 100 natural numbers, then the probability that all
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 5 10 20 three of them are divisible by both 2 and 3, is (2004, 1M)
4 4 4 4
4. Let S = {1, 2, K , 20}. A subset B of S is said to be (a) (b) (c) (d)
55 35 33 1155
“nice”, if the sum of the elements of B is 203. Then,
the probability that a randomly chosen subset of S is 12. Two numbers are selected randomly from the set
‘‘nice’’, is (2019 Main, 11 Jan II) S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} without replacement one by one. The
6 4 7 5 probability that minimum of the two numbers is less than
(a) (b) (c) (d)
220 220 220 220 4, is (2003, 1M)
(a) 1/15 (b) 14/15 (c) 1/5 (d) 4/5
5. If two different numbers are taken from the set {0, 1,
2, 3, …, 10}, then the probability that their sum as 13. If the integers m and n are chosen at random between 1
well as absolute difference are both multiple of 4, is and 100, then the probability that a number of the form
(2017 Main) 7m + 7n is divisible by 5, equals (1999, 2M)
6 12 14 7 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
55 55 45 55 4 7 8 49
6. Three randomly chosen non-negative integers x, y 14. Seven white balls and three black balls are randomly
and z are found to satisfy the equation x + y + z = 10. placed in a row. The probability that no two black balls are
Then the probability that z is even, is (2017 Adv.) placed adjacently, equals (1998, 2M)
1 36 6 5 1 7 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 55 11 11 2 15 15 3
98 Probability

15. Three of the six vertices of a regular hexagon are chosen Fill in the Blanks
at rondom. The probability that the triangle with three
vertices is equilateral, equals (1995, 2M) 21. Three faces of a fair die are yellow, two faces red and
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/5 (c) 1/10 (d) 1/20 one face blue. The die is tossed three times. The
probability that the colours, yellow, red and blue,
16. Three identical dice are rolled. The probability that the appear in the first, second and the third tosses
same number will appear on each of them, is (1984, 2M) respectively, is…… . (1992, 2M)
1 1 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1 + 3p 1 − p 1 − 2p
6 36 18 28 22. If , and are the probabilities of three
3 4 2
17. Fifteen coupons are numbered 1, 2, ..., 15, respectively. mutually exclusive events, then the set of all values of p
Seven coupons are selected at random one at a time is… . (1986, 2M)
with replacement. The probability that the largest
number appearing on a selected coupon is 9, is 23. A determinant is chosen at random from the set of all
6 7 7 determinants of order 2 with elements 0 or 1 only. The
(a)   (b)   (c)  
9 8 3
(d) None of these probability that the value of the determinant chosen is
 16   15   5
positive, is… . (1982, 2M)

Assertion and Reason True/False

For the following questions, choose the correct answer 24. If the letters of the word ‘ASSASSIN’ are written down
from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) defined as follows. at random in a row, the probability that no two S’s occur
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; together is 1/35.
Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; Analytical and Descriptive Questions
Statement II is not the correct explanation of
Statement I 25. An unbiased die, with faces numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
(c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false is thrown n times and the list of n numbers showing up
(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true is noted. What is the probability that among the
numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 only three numbers appear in
18. Consider the system of equations this list? (2001, 5M)
ax + by = 0, cx + dy = 0, 26. If p and q are chosen randomly from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
where a , b, c, d ∈ {0, 1}. 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10} with replacement, determine the
Statement I The probability that the system of probability that the roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0
equations has a unique solution, is 3/8. are real. (1997, 5M)
Statement II The probability that the system of 27. In how many ways three girls and nine boys can be
equations has a solution, is 1. (2008, 3M) seated in two vans, each having numbered seats, 3 in
the front and 4 at the back? How many seating
arrangements are possible if 3 girls should sit together
Passage Based Problems in a back row on adjacent seats? Now, if all the seating
Passage arrangements are equally likely, what is the probability
of 3 girls sitting together in a back row on adjacent
Box I contains three cards bearing numbers 1, 2, 3 ; box II
seats? (1996, 5M)
contains five cards bearing numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; and box III
contains seven cards bearing numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. A card 28. A box contains 2 fifty paise coins, 5 twenty five paise
is drawn from each of the boxes. Let xi be the number on the coins and a certain fixed number n (≥ 2) of ten and five
card drawn from the i th box i = 1, 2, 3. (2014 Adv.) paise coins. Five coins are taken out of the box at
random. Find the probability that the total value of
19. The probability that x1 + x2 + x3 is odd, is these 5 coins is less than one rupee and fifty paise.
29 53 57 1 (1988, 3M)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
105 105 105 2
29. Six boys and six girls sit in a row at random. Find the
20. The probability that x1 , x2 and x3 are in an arithmetic probability that
progression, is (i) the six girls sit together.
9 10 11 7
(a) (b) (c) (d) (ii) the boys and girls sit alternatively. (1978, 3M)
105 105 105 105
 Probability 99

Topic 2 Addition and Subtraction Law of Probability

Objective Questions I (Only one correct option) Objective Questions II
1. For three events A , B and C, if P (exactly one of A or B (One or more than one correct option)
occurs) = P(exactly one of B or C occurs) = P (exactly one 8. For two given events A and B, P ( A ∩ B) is (1988, 2M)
1
of C or A occurs) = and P (all the three events occur (a) not less than P (A ) + P (B ) − 1
4 (b) not greater than P (A ) + P (B )
1
simultaneously) = , then the probability that atleast (c) equal to P (A ) + P (B ) − P (A ∪ B )
16 (d) equal to P (A ) + P (B ) + P (A ∪ B )
one of the events occurs, is (2017 Main)
7 7 7 3 9. If M and N are any two events, then the probability that
(a) (b) (c) (d) exactly one of them occurs is
32 16 64 16
3 1 1 (a) P (M ) + P (N ) − 2 P (M ∩ N ) (1984, 3M)
2. If P (B) = , P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = and P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = ,
(b) P (M ) + P (N ) − P (M ∪ N )
4 3 3
then P (B ∩ C ) is equal to (2002, 3M) (c) P (M ) + P (N ) − 2 P (M ∩ N )
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (d) P (M ∩ N ) − P (M ∩ N )
12 6 15 9
3. If E and F are events with P (E ) ≤ P (F ) and Fill in the Blanks
P (E ∩ F ) > 0, then which one is not correct? (1998, 2M) 10. Three numbers are chosen at random without
(a) occurrence of E ⇒ occurrence of F replacement from {1, 2,…, 10}. The probability that the
(b) occurrence of F ⇒ occurrence of E minimum of the chosen number is 3, or their maximum
(c) non-occurrence of E ⇒ non-occurrence of F is 7, is … . (1997C, 2M)
(d) None of the above 11. P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ∩ B) if and only if the relation between
4. For the three events A, B and C, P(exactly one of the P ( A ) and P (B) is… . (1985, 2M)
events A or B occurs) = P(exactly one of the events B or
C occurs) = P(exactly one of the events C or A occurs) True/False
= p and P(all the three events occurs simultaneously)
1 12. If the probability for A to fail in an examination is 0.2
= p2, where 0 < p < . Then, the probability of atleast and that of B is 0.3, then the probability that either A or
2
B fails is 0.5. (1989, 1M)
one of the three events A, B and C occurring is
(1996, 2M)
3p + 2p2 p + 3p2
Analytical and Descriptive Questions
(a) (b)
2 4 13. In a certain city only two newspapers A and B are
p + 3p2 3p + 2p2 published, it is known that 25% of the city population
(c) (d) reads A and 20% reads B, while 8% reads both A and B.
2 4
It is also known that 30% of those who read A but not B
5. If 0 < P ( A ) < 1, 0 < P (B) < 1 and P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) look into advertisements and 40% of those who read B
+ P (B) − P ( A ) P (B), then (1995, 2M) but not A look into advertisements while 50% of those
(a) P (B / A ) = P (B ) − P (A ) who read both A and B look into advertisements. What
(b) P (A ′ − B ′ ) = P (A ′ ) − P (B ′ ) is the percentage of the population reads an
(c) P (A ∪ B ) ′ = P (A ) ′ P (B ) ′ advertisement? (1984, 4M)
(d) P (A / B ) = P (A ) − P (B ) 14. A, B, C are events such that
6. The probability that at least one of the events A and B Pr ( A ) = 0.3, Pr (B) = 0.4, Pr (C ) = 0.8,
occurs is 0.6. If A and B occur simultaneously with Pr ( AB) = 0.08, Pr ( AC ) = 0.28 and Pr ( ABC ) = 0.09
probability 0.2, then P ( A ) + P (B ) is equal to (1987, 2M)
If Pr ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) ≥ 0.75, then show that Pr (BC ) lies in
(a) 0.4 (b) 0.8 (c) 1.2 (d) 1.4 the interval [ 0.23, 0.48 ]. (1983, 2M)
7. Two events A and B have probabilities 0.25 and 0.50,
15. A and B are two candidates seeking admission in IIT.
respectively. The probability that both A and B occur
The probability that A is selected is 0.5 and the
simultaneously is 0.14. Then, the probability that
probability that both A and B are selected is atmost 0.3.
neither A nor B occurs, is (1980, 1M)
Is it possible that the probability of B getting selected is
(a) 0.39 (b) 0.25 0.9? (1982, 2M)
(c) 0.11 (d) None of these
100 Probability

Pragraph Based Questions NONE of the remaining students gets the seat
previously allotted to him/her is
There are five students S1 , S 2, S3 , S 4 and S5 in a music class 3 1 7 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
and for them there are five seats R1 , R2, R3 , R4and R5 40 8 40 5
arranged in a row, where initially the seat Ri is allotted to the
17. For i = 1, 2, 3, 4, let Ti denote the event that the students
student Si , i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. But, on the examination day, the
five students are randomly allotted the five seats. Si and Si+1 do NOT sit adjacent to each other on the day
(There are two questions based on Paragraph, the question of the examination. Then, the probability of the event
given below is one of them) (2018 Adv.) T1 ∩ T2 ∩ T3 ∩ T4 is
1 1 7 1
16. The probability that, on the examination day, the (a) (b) (c) (d)
student S1 gets the previously allotted seat R1, and 15 10 60 5

Topic 3 Independent and Conditional Probability

Objective Questions I (Only one correct option)
(a) E1 and E2 are independent
1. Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a boy
or a girl. If two families have two children each, then the (b) E2 and E3 are independent
conditional probability that all children are girls given (c) E1 and E3 are independent
that at least two are girls; is (2019 Main, 10 April I) (d) E1 , E2 and E3 are independent
1 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 7. Let A and B be two events such that P ( A ∪ B) = ,
17 12 10 11 6
2. Four persons can hit a target correctly with 1 1
P ( A ∩ B) =and P ( A ) = , where A stands for the
1 1 1 1 4 4
probabilities , , and respectively. If all hit at the
2 3 4 8 complement of the event A. Then , the events A and B
target independently, then the probability that the are (2014 Main)
target would be hit, is (2019 Main, 9 April I) (a) independent but not equally likely
1 25 7 25 (b) independent and equally likely
(a) (b) (c) (d)
192 32 32 192 (c) mutually exclusive and independent
3. Let A and B be two non-null events such that A ⊂ B. (d) equally likely but not independent
Then, which of the following statements is always
correct. (2019 Main, 8 April I)
8. Four persons independently solve a certain problem
1 3 1 1
(a) P (A /B ) = P (B ) − P (A ) (b) P (A/B ) ≥ P (A ) correctly with probabilities , , , . Then, the
2 4 4 8
(c) P (A/B ) ≤ P (A ) (d) P (A/B ) = 1 probability that the problem is solved correctly by
4. Two integers are selected at random from the set { 1, 2, atleast one of them, is (2013 Adv)
…… , 11}. Given that the sum of selected numbers is 235 21 3 253
(a) (b) (c) (d)
even, the conditional probability that both the numbers 256 256 256 256
are even is (2019 Main, 11 Jan I)
2 1 7 3
9. An experiment has 10 equally likely outcomes. Let A
(a) (b) (c) (d) and B be two non-empty events of the experiment. If A
5 2 10 5 consists of 4 outcomes, then the number of outcomes
5. An unbiased coin is tossed. If the outcome is a head, that B must have, so that A and B are independent, is
then a pair of unbiased dice is rolled and the sum of the (a) 2, 4 or 8 (b) 3, 6 or 9 (2008, 3M)
numbers obtained on them is noted. If the toss of the (c) 4 or 8 (d) 5 or 10
coin results in tail, then a card from a well-shuffled
pack of nine cards numbered 1, 2, 3, …, 9 is randomly 10. Let E c denotes the complement of an event E. If E, F, G
picked and the number on the card is noted. The are pairwise independent events with P (G ) > 0 and
probability that the noted number is either 7 or 8 is P (E ∩ F ∩ G ) = 0 . Then, P (E c ∩ F c|G ) equals(2007, 3M)
(2019 Main, 10 Jan I) (a) P (E c ) + P (F c ) (b) P (E c ) − P (F c )
15 13 19 19 (c) P (E c ) − P (F ) (d) P (E ) − P (F c )
(a) (b) (c) (d)
72 36 72 36 11. One Indian and four American men and their wives are
6. Let two fair six-faced dice A and B be thrown to be seated randomly around a circular table. Then, the
simultaneously. If E1 is the event that die A shows up conditional probability that Indian man is seated
four, E 2 is the event that die B shows up two and E3 is adjacent to his wife given that each American man is
the event that the sum of numbers on both dice is odd, seated adjacent to his wife, is (2007, 3M)
then which of the following statements is not true? 1 1 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(2016 Main) 2 3 5 5
 Probability 101

12. A fair die is rolled. The probability that the first time Objective Questions II
1 occurs at the even throw, is (2005, 1M)
(a) 1/6 (b) 5/11 (c) 6/11 (d) 5/36
(One or more than one correct option)
1 1
13. There are four machines and it is known that exactly 21. Let X andY be two events such that P (X ) = , P (X /Y ) =
two of them are faulty. They are tested, one by one, in 3 2
2
a random order till both the faulty machines are and P (Y /X ) = . Then
identified. Then, the probability that only two tests 5 (2017 Adv.)
4 1
are needed, is (1998, 2M) (a) P (Y ) = (b) P (X ′/Y ) =
1 1 1 1 15 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2 1
3 6 2 4 (c) P (X ∪Y ) = (d) P (X ∩ Y ) =
5 5
14. A fair coin is tossed repeatedly. If tail appears on first
four tosses, then the probability of head appearing on 22. If X and Y are two events such that
1 1 1
fifth toss equals (1998, 2M) P (X / Y ) = , P (Y /X ) = and P (X ∩ Y ) . Then, which of
1 1 31 1 2 3 6
(a) (b) (c) (d) the following is/are correct? (2012)
2 32 32 5
(a) P (X ∪ Y ) = 2/3
15. If from each of the three boxes containing 3 white and (b) X and Y are independent
1 black, 2 white and 2 black, 1 white and 3 black balls,
(c) X and Y are not independent
one ball is drawn at random, then the probability that
(d) P (X c ∩ Y ) = 1/3
2 white and 1 black balls will be drawn, is
(1998, 2M) 23. Let E and F be two independent events. The probability
13 1 1 3 11
(a) (b) (c) (d) that exactly one of them occurs is and the probability of
32 4 32 16 25
2
16. The probability of India winning a test match against none of them occurring is . If P (T ) denotes the
25
West Indies is 1/2. Assuming independence from
probability of occurrence of the event T, then (2011)
match to match the probability that in a 5 match 4 3 1 2
series India’s second win occurs at third test, is (a) P (E ) = , P (F ) = (b) P (E ) = , P (F ) =
(1995, 2M)
5 5 5 5
2 1 3 4
(a) 1/8 (b) 1/4 (c) 1/2 (d) 2/3 (c) P (E ) = , P (F ) = (d) P (E ) = , P (F ) =
5 5 5 5
17. An unbiased die with faces marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 is
24. The probabilities that a student passes in Mathematics,
rolled four times. Out of four face values obtained, the
Physics and Chemistry are m, p and c, respectively. Of
probability that the minimum face value is not less
these subjects, the students has a 75% chance of passing
than 2 and the maximum face value is not greater
in atleast one, a 50% chance of passing in atleast two and
than 5, is
a 40% chance of passing in exactly two. Which of the
(a) 16/81 (b) 1/81 (1993, 1M)
following relations are true? (1999, 3M) (2011)
(c) 80/81 (d) 65/81 19 27
(a) p + m + c = (b) p + m + c =
18. A student appears for tests I, II and III. The student is 20 20
successful if he passes either in tests I and II or tests I 1 1
(c) pmc = (d) pmc =
and III. The probabilities of the student passing in 10 4
1
tests I, II and III are p, q and , respectively. If the 25. If E and F are the complementary events of E and F
2
1 respectively and if 0 < P (F ) < 1, then (1998, 2M)
probability that the student is successful, is , then
2 (a) P (E / F ) + P (E / F ) = 1 (b) P (E / F ) + P (E / F ) = 1
1 (c) P (E / F ) + P (E / F ) = 1 (d) P (E / F ) + P (E / F ) = 1
(a) p = q = 1 (b) p = q = (1986, 2M)
2 26. Let E and F be two independent events. If the probability
1 that both E and F happen is 1/12 and the probability that
(c) p = 1, q = 0 (d) p = 1, q =
2 neither E nor F happen is 1/2. Then,
19. If A and B are two independent events such that (a) P (E ) = 1 / 3, P (F ) = 1 / 4 (1993, 2M)
P ( A ) > 0, and P (B) ≠ 1, then P ( A / B ) is equal to (b) P (E ) = 1 / 2, P (F ) = 1 / 6
(a) 1 − P (A / B ) (b) 1 − P (A / B ) (1982, 2M) (c) P (E ) = 1 / 6, P (F ) = 1 / 2
(d) P (E ) = 1 / 4, P (F ) = 1 / 3
1 − P (A ∪ B ) P (A )
(c) (d)
P (B ) P (B ) 27. For any two events A and B in a sample space
(1991, 2M)
20. The probability that an event A happens in one trial of P (A ) + P (B ) − 1
(a) P   ≥
A
an experiment, is 0.4. Three independent trials of the , P (B ) ≠ 0 is always true
 B P (B )
experiments are performed. The probability that the
(b) P (A ∩ B ) = P (A ) − P (A ∩ B ) does not hold
event A happens atleast once, is (1980, 1M)
(c) P (A ∪ B ) = 1 − P (A )P (B ), if A and B are independent
(a) 0.936 (b) 0.784
(d) P (A ∪ B ) = 1 − P (A )P (B ), if A and B are disjoint
(c) 0.904 (d) None of these
102 Probability

28. If E and F are independent events such that 0 < P (E ) < 1 result is a tail, a card from a well-shuffled pack of
and 0 < P (F ) < 1, then (1989, 2M) eleven cards numbered 2, 3, 4, …, 12 is picked and the
number on the card is noted. What is the probability
(a) E and F are mutually exclusive
that the noted number is either 7 or 8? (1994, 5M)
(b) E and F c (the complement of the event F) are
independent 39. A lot contains 50 defective and 50 non-defective bulbs.
(c) E c and F c are independent Two bulbs are drawn at random, one at a time, with
(d) P (E / F ) + P (E c / F ) = 1 replacement. The events A, B, C are defined as :
A = ( the first bulb is defective)
Fill in the Blanks B = (the second bulb is non-defective)
29. If two events A and B are such that P ( A c ) = 0.3, P (B) = 0.4 C = (the two bulbs are both defective or both
and P ( A ∩ Bc ) = 0.5, then P [B / ( A ∪ Bc )] = K . (1994, 2M) non-defective).
Determine whether
30. Let A and B be two events such that P ( A ) = 0.3 and
(i) A, B, C are pairwise independent.
P ( A ∪ B) = 0.8. If A and B are independent events, then
P (B) = … . (1990, 2M)
(ii) A, B, C are independent. (1992, 6M)

31. A pair of fair dice is rolled together till a sum of either 5 or 40. In a multiple-choice question there are four
7 is obtained. Then, the probability that 5 comes before 7, alternative answers, of which one or more are correct.
is… . (1989, 2M)
A candidate will get marks in the question only if he
ticks the correct answers. The candidates decide to
32. Urn A contains 6 red and 4 black balls and urn B contains tick the answers at random, if he is allowed upto three
4 red and 6 black balls. One ball is drawn at random from chances to answer the questions, find the probability
urn A and placed in urn B. Then, one ball is drawn at that he will get marks in the question. (1985, 5M)
random from urn B and placed in urn A. If one ball is
drawn at random from urn A, the probability that it is 41. A and B are two independent events. The probability
1
found to be red, is…. (1988, 2M) that both A and B occur is and the probability that
6
33. A box contains 100 tickets numbered 1, 2, …,100. Two 1
neither of them occurs is . Find the probability of the
tickets are chosen at random. It is given that the 3
maximum number on the two chosen tickets is not more occurrence of A. (1984, 2M)
than 10. The maximum number on them is 5 with
probability… . (1985, 2M) 42. Cards are drawn one by one at random from a well
shuffled full pack of 52 playing cards until 2 aces are
obtained for the first time. If N is the number of cards
Analytical and Descriptive Questions required to be drawn, then show that
34. If A and B are two independent events, prove that (n − 1)(52 − n )(51 − n )
Pr { N = n } =
P ( A ∪ B) ⋅ P ( A′ ∩ B ′ ) ≤ P (C ), where C is an event 50 × 49 × 17 × 13
defined that exactly one of A and B occurs. (2004, 2M)
where, 2 < n ≤ 50. (1983, 3M)
35. A is targeting to B, B and C are targeting to A. 43. An anti-aircraft gun can take a maximum of four shots
2 1
Probability of hitting the target by A, B and C are , and at an enemy plane moving away from it. The
3 2 probabilities of hitting the plane at the first, second,
1
, respectively. If A is hit, then find the probability that B third and fourth shot are 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, and 0.1,
3 respectively. What is the probability that the gun hits
hits the target and C does not. (2003, 2M) the plane? (1981, 2M)
36. For a student to qualify, he must pass atleast two out of 44. A box contanis 2 black, 4 white and 3 red balls. One
three exams. The probability that he will pass the 1st ball is drawn at random from the box and kept aside.
exam is p. If he fails in one of the exams, then the From the remaining balls in the box, another ball is
p
probability of his passing in the next exam, is drawn at random and kept beside the first.
2 This process is repeated till all the balls are
otherwise it remains the same. Find the probability that drawn from the box. Find the probability that the balls
he will qualify. (2003, 2M) drawn are in the sequence of 2 black, 4 white and
37. A coin has probability p of showing head when tossed. It is 3 red. (1979, 2M)
tossed n times. Let pn denotes the probability that no two
(or more) consecutive heads occur. Prove that p1 = 1, Integer Answer Type Question
p2 = 1 − p2 and pn = (1 − p). pn − 1 + p(1 − p) pn − 2 , ∀ n ≥ 3.
45. Of the three independent events E1 , E 2 and E3 , the
(2000, 5M)
probability that only E1 occurs is α , only E 2 occurs is β
38. An unbiased coin is tossed. If the result in a head, a pair
of unbiased dice is rolled and the number obtained by and only E3 occurs is γ. Let the probability p that none
adding the numbers on the two faces is noted. If the of events E1 , E 2 or E3 occurs satisfy the equations
 Probability 103

(α − 2 β ), p = αβ and (β − 3γ ) p = 2 βγ. All the given 1 1 1

losing a game against T2 are , and , respectively. Each
probabilities are assumed to lie in the interval (0, 1). 2 6 3
probability of occurrence of E1 team gets 3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 point for
Then, is equal to a loss in a game. Let X andY denote the total points scored by
probability of occurrence of E3
teams T1 and T2, respectively, after two games. (2016 Adv.)

Passage Type Questions 46. P (X > Y ) is

1 5 1 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Passage 4 12 2 12
Football teams T1 and T2 have to play two games against each 47. P (X = Y ) is
other. It is assumed that the outcomes of the two games are 11 1 13 1
independent. The probabilities of T1 winning, drawing and (a) (b) (c) (d)
36 3 36 2

Topic 4 Law of Total Probability and Baye’s Theorem

Objective Question I (Only one correct option) (a)
3
(b)
6
(c)
20
(d)
9
5 7 23 20
1. A pot contain 5 red and 2 green balls. At random a ball
is drawn from this pot. If a drawn ball is green then put
a red ball in the pot and if a drawn ball is red, then put a
Objective Question II
green ball in the pot, while drawn ball is not replace in (One or more than one correct option)
the pot. Now we draw another ball randomnly, the 5. A ship is fitted with three engines E1 , E 2 and E3 . The
probability of second ball to be red is (2019 Main, 9 Jan II)
27 26 21 32 engines function independently of each other with
(a) (b) (c) (d) respective probabilities 1/2, 1/4 and 1/4. For the ship to
49 49 49 49
be operational atleast two of its engines must function.
2. A bag contains 4 red and 6 black balls. A ball is drawn at Let X denotes the event that the ship is operational and
random from the bag, its colour is observed and this ball let X1, X 2 and X3 denote, respectively the events that the
along with two additional balls of the same colour are engines E1, E 2 and E3 are functioning.
returned to the bag. If now a ball is drawn at random
Which of the following is/are true? (2012)
from the bag, then the probability that this drawn ball
is red, is (2018 Main) (a) P [X1c| X ] = 3 / 16
3 2 1 3 7
(a) (b) (c) (d) (b) P [exactly two engines of the ship are functioning] =
10 5 5 4 8
5
3. A computer producing factory has only two plants T1 (c) P [X | X 2 ] =
16
and T2. Plant T1 produces 20% and plant T2 produces 7
80% of the total computers produced. 7% of computers (d) P [X | X1 ] =
16
produced in the factory turn out to be defective. It is
known that P(computer turns out to be defective, given
that it is produced in plant T1) = 10P (computer turns Assertion and Reason
out to be defective, given that it is produced in plant T2), For the following questions, choose the correct answer
where P (E ) denotes the probability of an event E. A from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) defined as follows.
computer produced in the factory is randomly selected (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true;
and it does not turn out to be defective. Then, the Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I
probability that it is produced in plant T2, is (2016 Adv.) (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true;
36 47 Statement II is not the correct explanation of
(a) (b)
73 79 Statement I
78 75 (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
(c) (d)
93 83 (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
4 6. Let H 1 , H 2,... , H n be mutually exclusive events with
4. A signal which can be green or red with probability
5 P (H i ) > 0, i = 1, 2,... , n . Let E be any other event with
1 0 < P (E ) < 1.
and respectively, is received by station A and then
5
Statement I P (H i/E ) > P (E/H i ) ⋅ P (H i ) for
transmitted to station B. The probability of each station
3 i = 1, 2, . . . , n
receiving the signal correctly is . If the signal received n
4
at station B is green, then the probability that the
Statement II ∑ P (Hi ) = 1 (2007, 3M)
i =1
original signal green is (2010)
104 Probability

Passage Based Problems 14. If P (ui ) ∝ i, where i = 1, 2, 3,... , n , then lim P (W ) is

n→ ∞
equal to
Passage I (a) 1 (b)
2
Let n1 and n2 be the number of red and black balls, respectively 3
in box I. Let n3 and n4 be the number of red and black balls, 1 3
(c) (d)
respectively in box II. (2015 Adv.) 4 4
7. One of the two boxes, box I and box II was selected at 15. If P (ui ) = c , where c is a constant, then P (un / W ) is
random and a ball was drawn randomly out of this box. equal to
The ball was found to be red. If the probability that this 2 1 n 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1
red ball was drawn from box II, is , then the correct n+1 n+1 n+1 2
3
16. If n is even and E denotes the event of choosing even
option(s) with the possible values of n1 , n2, n3 and n4
 1
is/are numbered urn P (ui )= , then the value of P ( W /E ) is
 n 
(a) n1 = 3, n2 = 3, n3 = 5, n4 = 15
(a) n + 2 n+ 2 n 1
(b) n1 = 3, n2 = 6, n3 = 10, n4 = 50 (b) (c) (d)
2n + 1 2 (n + 1) n+1 n+1
(c) n1 = 8, n2 = 6, n3 = 5, n4 = 20
(d) n1 = 6, n2 = 12, n3 = 5, n4 = 20
Analytical and Descriptive Questions
8. A ball is drawn at random from box I and transferred to
box II. If the probability of drawing a red ball from box I,
17. A person goes to office either by car, scooter, bus or
1 3 2 1
1 train probability of which being , , and ,
after this transfer, is , then the correct option(s) with 7 7 7 7
3
respectively. Probability that he reaches offices late, if
the possible values of n1 and n2 is/are
2 1 4 1
(a) n1 = 4 and n2 = 6 (b) n1 = 2 and n2 = 3 he takes car, scooter, bus or train is , , and ,
(c) n1 = 10 and n2 = 20 (d) n1 = 3 and n2 = 6
9 9 9 9
respectively. Given that he reached office in time,
Passage II then what is the probability that he travelled by a car ?
LetU 1 andU 2 be two urns such thatU 1 contains 3 white and 2 (2005, 2M)
red balls andU 2 contains only 1 white ball. A fair coin is tossed. 18. A bag contains 12 red balls and 6 white balls. Six balls
If head appears then 1 ball is drawn at random from U 1 and are drawn one by one without replacement of which at
put intoU 2. However, if tail appears then 2 balls are drawn at least 4 balls are white. Find the probability that in the
random from U 1 and put into U 2. Now, 1 ball is drawn at next two drawn exactly one white ball is drawn. (Leave
random from U 2. (2011) the answer in nC r). (2004, 4M)
9. The probability of the drawn ball fromU 2 being white, is 19. A box contains N coins, m of which are fair and the rest
13 23 19 11 are biased. The probability of getting a head when a fair
(a) (b) (c) (d)
30 30 30 30 coin is tossed, is 1/2, while it is 2/3 when a biased coin is
10. Given that the drawn ball from U 2 is white, the tossed. A coin is drawn from the box at random and is
tossed twice. The first time it shows head and the second
probability that head appeared on the coin is
17 11 15 12 time it shows tail. What is the probability that the coin
(a) (b) (c) (d) drawn is fair? (2002, 5M)
23 23 23 23
20. An urn contains m white and n black balls. A ball is
Passage III drawn at random and is put back into the urn along
A fair die is tossed repeatedly until a six is obtained. Let X with k additional balls of the same colour as that of the
denote the number of tosses required. (2009) ball drawn. A ball is again drawn at random.
11. The probability that X = 3 equals What is the probability that the ball drawn now is
25 25 5 125 white? (2001, 5M)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
216 36 36 216 21. Eight players P1 , P2, K , P8 play a knock-out tournament.
12. The probability that X ≥ 3 equals It is known that whenever the players Pi and Pj play,
125 25 5 25
(a) (b) (c) (d) the player Pi will win if i < j. Assuming that the players
216 36 36 216 are paired at random in each round, what is the
13. The conditional probability that X ≥ 6 given X > 3 equals probability that the player P4 reaches the final?
125 25 5 25 (1999, 10M)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
216 216 36 36 22. Three players, A, B and C, toss a coin cyclically in that
Passage IV order (i.e. A, B, C, A, B, C, A, B, …) till a head shows.
There are n urns each containing (n + 1) balls such that the ith Let p be the probability that the coin shows a head. Let
urn contains ‘i’white balls and (n + 1 − i) red balls. Let ui be the α, β and γ be, respectively, the probabilities that A, B
event of selecting ith urn, i = 1, 2, 3, ... , n and W denotes the and C gets the first head. Prove that β = (1 − p) α .
event of getting a white balls. (2006, 5M)
Determine α, β and γ (in terms of p). (1998, 8M)
 Probability 105

23. Sixteen players S1 , S 2, K , S16 play in a tournament. 1

copied it, is . Find the probability that he knew the
They are divided into eight pairs at random from each 8
pair a winner is decided on the basis of a game played answer to the question given that he correctly answered
between the two players of the pair. Assume that all the it. (1991, 4M)
players are of equal strength. 25. An urn contains 2 white and 2 blacks balls. A ball is
(i) Find the probability that the player S1 is among the drawn at random. If it is white it is not replaced into the
eight winners. urn. Otherwise it is replaced along with another ball of
(ii) Find the probability that exactly one of the two players the same colour. The process is repeated. Find the
S1 and S2 is among the eight winners. (1997C, 5M) probability that the third ball drawn is black. (1987, 4M)
24. In a test an examinee either guesses or copies of knows 26. A lot contains 20 articles. The probability that the lot
the answer to a multiple choice question with four contains exactly 2 defective articles is 0.4 and the
1
choices. The probability that he make a guess is and probability that the lot contains exactly 3 defective
3 articles is 0.6. Articles are drawn from the lot at random
1
the probability that he copies the answer is . The one by one without replacement and are tested till all
6 defective articles are found. What is the probability that
probability that his answer is correct given that he the testing procedure ends at the twelfth testing?
(1986, 5M)

Topic 5 Probability Distribution and Binomial Distribution

Objective Questions I (Only one correct option) probability of hitting the target at least once is greater
5
1. For an initial screening of an admission test, a than , is
6 (2019 Main, 10 Jan II)
candidate is given fifty problems to solve. If the
probability that the candidate can solve any problem is (a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 4
4 7. Two cards are drawn successively with replacement
, then the probability that he is unable to solve less
5 from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. Let X denote the
than two problem is (2019 Main, 12 April II) random variable of number of aces obtained in the two
201  1 
49
316  4 
48
54  4 
49
164  1 
48 drawn cards. Then, P (X = 1) + P (X = 2) equals
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)   (2019 Main, 9 Jan I)
5  5 25  5  5  5 25  5  25 52 49 24
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2. Let a random variable X have a binomial distribution 169 169 169 169
k
with mean 8 and variance 4. If P (X ≤ 2) = , then k is 8. A box contains 15 green and 10 yellow balls. If 10 balls
216 are randomly drawn one-by-one with replacement, then
equal to (2019 Main, 12 April I) the variance of the number of green balls drawn is
(a) 17 (b) 121 (c) 1 (d) 137 (2017 Main)
12 6
3. Minimum number of times a fair coin must be tossed so (a) (b) 6 (c) 4 (d)
5 25
that the probability of getting atleast one head is more
than 99% is (2019 Main 10 April II) 9. A multiple choice examination has 5 questions. Each
(a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 5
question has three alternative answers of which exactly
one is correct. The probability that a student will get 4
4. The minimum number of times one has to toss a fair or more correct answers just by guessing is (2013 Main)
coin so that the probability of observing atleast one head 17 13 11 10
(a) (b) (c) (d)
is atleast 90% is (2019 Main, 8 April II) 35 35 35 35
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 4
10. India plays two matches each with West Indies and
5. In a game, a man wins ` 100 if he gets 5 or 6 on a throw Australia. In any match the probabilities of India
of a fair die and loses ` 50 for getting any other number getting points 0, 1 and 2 are 0.45, 0.05 and 0.50,
on the die. If he decides to throw the die either till he respectively. Assuming that the outcomes are
gets a five or a six or to a maximum of three throws, independent. The probability of India getting at least 7
then his expected gain/loss (in rupees) is points, is (1992, 2M)
(2019 Main, 12 Jan II) (a) 0.8750 (b) 0.0875 (c) 0.0625 (d) 0.0250
400 400 400
(a) loss (b) loss (c) 0 (d) gain 11. One hundred identical coins, each with probability p, of
3 9 3 showing up heads are tossed once. If 0 < p < 1 and the
6. If the probability of hitting a target by a shooter in any probability of heads showing on 50 coins is equal to that
1 of heads showing on 51 coins, then the value of p is
shot, is , then the minimum number of independent
3 (1988, 2M)
shots at the target required by him so that the (a) 1/2 (b) 49/101 (c) 50/101 (d) 51/101
106 Probability

Fill in the Blanks 15. A is a set containing n elements. A subset P of A is

chosen at random. The set A is reconstructed by
12. If the mean and the variance of a binomial variate X are replacing the elements of P. A subset Q of A is again
2 and 1 respectively, then the probability that X takes a chosen at random. Find the probability that P and Q
value greater than one is equal to… . (1991, 2M) have no common elements. (1991, 4M)
13. For a biased die the probabilities for the different faces 16. Suppose the probability for A to win a game against B is
to turn up are given below 0.4. If A has an option of playing either a ‘best of 3
Face 1 2 3 4 5 6 games’ or a ‘best of 5 games’’ match against B, which
option should choose so that the probability of
Probability 0.1 0.32 0.21 0.15 0.05 0.17
his winning the match is higher? (no game ends in a
This die is tossed and you are told that either face 1 or draw). (1989, 5M)
face 2 has turned up. Then, the probability that it is face 17. A man takes a step forward with probability 0.4 and
1, is… . (1981, 2M)
backwards with probability 0.6. Find the probability
that at the end of eleven steps he is one step away from
Analytical & Descriptive Questions the starting point. (1987, 3M)
14. Numbers are selected at random, one at a time, from the
two-digit numbers 00, 01, 02, …, 99 with replacement. Integer Type Question
An event E occurs if and only if the product of the two
digits of a selected number is 18. If four numbers are 18. The minimum number of times a fair coin needs to be
selected, find probability that the event E occurs at least tossed, so that the probability of getting atleast two
3 times. (1993, 5M) heads is atleast 0.96, is (2015 Adv.)

Answers
Topic 1 39. (i) A, B and C are pairwise independent 40.
1
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5
5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 1 1 1
41. or 43. 0.6976 44. 45. 6
9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (d) 3 2 1260
13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (b) 46. (b) 47. (c)
17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (c)
1 1 1 3 Topic 4
21. 22. ≤ p ≤ 23. 24. False
36 3 2 16 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c)
(3n − 3. 2n + 3 ) × 6C 3 1 5. (b, d) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (d)
25. 26. 0.62 27.
6n 91 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (a) 12. (b)`
10 (n + 2 ) 1 1
28. 1 − n + 7 29. (i) (ii) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (b)
C5 132 462 1
17.
Topic 2 7
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a)
12
C 2 ⋅6 C 4 10C1 ⋅2 C1 12C1 ⋅6 C 5 11C1 ⋅1 C1 9m
18. ⋅ 12 + 18 ⋅ 12 19.
5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a, b, c) 18
C6 C2 C6 C2 8N + m
11 m 4
9. (a, c) 10. 11. P ( A ∩ B ) 12. False 20. 21.
40 m+n 35
13. 13.9% 15. No 16. (a) 17. (c) p p (1 − p ) p − 2p 2 + p 3
22. α = ,β = ,γ =
Topic 3 1 − (1 − p ) 3
1 − (1 − p ) 3
1(1 − p ) 3
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 1 8 24 23 99
5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (a) 23. (i) (ii) 24. 25. 26.
2 15 29 30 1900
9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (b)
13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (b)
Topic 5
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (d)
17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (b)
5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a)
21. (a, b) 22. (a,b) 23. (a, d) 24. (b, c) 11
9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (d) 12.
25. (a, d) 26. (a, d) 27. (a, c) 28. (b, c, d) 16
1 5 2 32 n
29. 30. 31. 32. 5 97  3
4 7 5 55 13. 14. 15.  
21 25 4  4
1 1 193
33. 35. 36. 2 p 2 – p 3 38. 16. Best of 3 games 17. 11
C 6( 0 . 24 ) 5 18. (8)
9 2 792
 Hints & Solutions
Topic 1 Classical Probability S − { 1, 2, 4 }
1. It is given that a person wins ∴Number of favourables cases = 5
5
`15 for throwing a doublet (1, 1) (2, 2), (3, 3), Hence, required probability = 20
(4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6) and win `12 when the throw results in 2
sum of 9, i.e., when (3, 6), (4, 5), 5. Total number of ways of selecting 2 different numbers
(5, 4), (6, 3) occurs. from {0, 1, 2, ..., 10} = 11C 2 = 55
Also, losses `6 for throwing any other outcome, i.e., Let two numbers selected be x and y.
when any of the rest 36 − 6 − 4 = 26 outcomes occurs. Then, x + y = 4m …(i)
Now, the expected gain/loss and x − y = 4n …(ii)
= 15 × P (getting a doublet) + 12 × P (getting sum 9) ⇒ 2x = 4(m + n ) and 2 y = 4(m − n )
− 6 × P (getting any of rest 26 outcome) ⇒ x = 2(m + n )and y = 2(m − n )
 6  4  26 ∴x and y both are even numbers.
= 15 ×  + 12 ×  − 6 × 
 36  36  36
x y
5 4 26 15 + 8 − 26
= + − = 0 4, 8
2 3 6 6
23 − 26 3 1 1 2 6, 10
= = − = − , means loss of `
6 6 2 2 4 0, 8
6 2, 10
2. Since, the experiment should be end in the fifth throw of
the die, so total number of outcomes are 65 . 8 0, 4
Now, as the last two throws should be result in two fours 10 2, 6
4 4 6
∴Required probability =
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) 55
So, the third throw can be 1, 2, 3, 5 or 6 (not 4). Also, 6. Sample space → 12C 2
throw number (i) and (ii) can not take two fours in Number of possibilities for z is even.
succession, therefore number of possibililites for throw z = 0 ⇒ 11C1
(i) and (ii) = 62 − 1 = 35 z = 2 ⇒ 9C1
[Q when a pair of dice is thrown
z = 4 ⇒ 7C1
then (4, 4) occur only once].
5 × 35 175 z = 6 ⇒ 5C1
Hence, the required probability = = 5 z = 8 ⇒ 3C1
65 6
z = 10 ⇒ 1C1
3. Since, there is a regular hexagon, then the number of Total = 36
ways of choosing three vertices is 6C3 . And, there is only 36 6
two ways i.e. choosing vertices of a regular hexagon ∴ Probability = =
66 11
alternate, here A1, A3 , A5 or A2, A4, A6 will result in an
equilateral triangle. 7. We have mentioned that boxes are different and one
particular box has 3 balls.
A1
11
A6 C3 × 29 55  2
12
A2 Then, number of ways = =  
312 3  3
A5 A3
8. Total number of ways to arrange 3 boys and 2 girls are
A4 5!.
∴Required probability According to given condition, following cases may arise.
2 2 2 ×3 ×2 ×3 ×2 1 B G G B B
= 6 = = =
C3 6 ! 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 10 G G B B B
3 !3 ! G B G B B
4. Number of subset of S = 220 G B B G B
20(21) B G B G B
Sum of elements in S is 1 + 2 + .....+20 = = 210 So, number of favourable ways = 5 × 3 ! × 2 ! = 60
2
 n (n + 1)  60 1
Q 1 + 2+ ...... + n = ∴ Required probability = =
 2  120 2
Clearly, the sum of elements of a subset would be 203, if 9. PLAN As one of the dice shows a number appearing on one of P1, P2
we consider it as follows and P3.
S − { 7}, S − {1, 6} S − {2, 5}, S − {3, 4}
108 Probability

Thus, three cases arise. 13. 71 = 7, 72 = 49, 73 = 343, 74 = 2401, …

(i) All show same number.
Therefore, for 7r, r ∈ N the number ends at unit place
(ii) Number appearing on D 4 appears on any one of
D1, D 2 and D 3. 7, 9, 3, 1, 7, …
(iii) Number appearing on D 4 appears on any ∴ 7m + 7n will be divisible by 5 if it end at 5 or 0.
two of D1, D 2 and D 3. But it cannot end at 5.
Sample space = 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 = 64 favourable events Also for end at 0.
= Case I or Case II or Case III For this m and n should be as follows
Case I First we should select one number for D4 m n
which appears on all i.e. 6C1 × 1.
1 4r 4r − 2
Case II For D4 there are 6C1 ways. Now, it appears 2 4r − 1 4r − 3
on any one of D1 , D2 and D3 i.e. 3 C1 × 1.
3 4r − 2 4r
For other two there are 5 × 5 ways. 4 4r − 3 4r − 1
⇒ 6
C1 × 3C1 × 1 × 5 × 5
For any given value of m, there will be 25 values of n.
Case III For D4 there are 6C1 ways now it appears on Hence, the probability of the required event is
any two of D1 , D2 and D3
100 × 25 1
⇒ 3
C 2 × 12 =
100 × 100 4
For other one there are 5 ways.
NOTE Power of prime numbers have cyclic numbers in their unit
⇒ 6
C1 × 3C 2 × 12 × 5 place.
6
C1 + 6C1 × 3C1 × 52 + 6C1 × 3C 2 × 5
Thus, probability = 14. The number of ways of placing 3 black balls without any
64
restriction is 10C3 . Since, we have total 10 places of
6 (1 + 75 + 15)
= putting 10 balls in a row. Now, the number of ways in
64 which no two black balls put together is equal to the
91 number of ways of choosing 3 places marked ‘—’ out of
= eight places.
216
10. Sample space A dice is thrown thrice, n (s) = 6 × 6 × 6. —W—W—W—W —W—W—W—
r2 r3 This can be done in 8C3 ways.
Favorable events ω r 1 + ω + ω = 0
8
C3 8 × 7 ×6 7
i.e. (r1 , r2, r3 ) are ordered 3 triples which can take ∴ Required probability = = =
values,
10
C3 10 × 9 × 8 15
(1, 2 , 3), (1, 5, 3), (4, 2 , 3), (4, 5, 3)
 i.e. 8 ordered pairs 15. Three vertices out of 6 can be chosen in 6C3 ways.
(1, 2 , 6), (1, 5, 6), (4, 2 , 6), (4, 5, 6)
So, total ways = 6C3 = 20
and each can be arranged in 3 ! ways = 6
8 ×6 2 Only two equilateral D
∴ n (E ) = 8 × 6 ⇒ P (E ) = = triangles can be formed
6 ×6 ×6 9
∆AEC and ∆BFD. E C
11. Since, three distinct numbers are to be selected from
first 100 natural numbers. ∴ Favourable ways = 2
⇒ n (S ) = 100C3 So, required probability
2 1
E(favourable events) = All three of them are divisible by both = = F B
2 and 3 . 20 10
⇒ Divisible by 6 i.e. {6, 12, 18, …, 96} 16. Since, three dice are rolled. A
Thus, out of 16 we have to select 3. ∴ Total number of cases S = 6 × 6 × 6 = 216
∴ n (E ) = 16C3 and the same number appear on each of them = 6C1 = 6
16
C 4 6 1
∴ Required probability = 100 3 = ∴ Required probability = =
C3 1155 216 36

12. Here, two numbers are selected from {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 17. Since, there are 15 possible cases for selecting a coupon
and seven coupons are selected, the total number of
⇒ n (S ) = 6 × 5 {as one by one without replacement}
cases of selecting seven coupons = 157
Favourable events = the minimum of the two numbers
is less than 4. n (E ) = 6 × 4 {as for the minimum of the It is given that the maximum number on the selected
two is less than 4 we can select one from (1, 2, 3, 4) and coupon is 9, therefore the selection is to be made from
other from (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) the coupons numbered 1 to 9. This can be made in 97
n (E ) 24 4 ways. Out of these 97 cases, 87 does not contain the
∴ Required probability = = =
n (S ) 30 5 number 9.
 Probability 109

Thus, the favourable number of cases = 97 − 87. 1 + 3p 1 − p 1 − 2p

22. Since, , and are the probability of
97 − 87 3 4 2
∴ Required probability = mutually exclusive events.
157
1 + 3p 1 − p 1 −2p
18. The number of all possible determinants of the form ∴ + + ≤1
3 4 2
a b ⇒ 4 + 12 p + 3 − 3 p + 6 − 12 p ≤ 12
= 24 = 16
c d
⇒ 13 − 3 p ≤ 12
Out of which only 10 determinants given by 1
⇒ p≥ ...(i)
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 3
, , , , , , ,
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 + 3p 1− p 1 −2p
and 0 ≤ ≤ 1, 0 ≤ ≤ 1, 0 ≤ ≤1
0 1 0 0 3 4 2
, ⇒ 0 ≤ 1 + 3 p ≤ 3, 0 ≤ 1 − p ≤ 4, 0 ≤ 1 − 2 p ≤ 2
0 0 1 0
1 2 1 1
Vanish and remaining six determinants have non-zero ⇒ − ≤ p ≤ , 1 ≥ p ≥ −3 , ≥ p ≥ − ...(ii)
6 3 3 3 2 2
values. Hence, the required probability = = From Eqs. (i) and (ii), 1 / 3 ≤ p ≤ 1 / 2
16 8
Statement I is true. 23. Since, determinant is of order 2 × 2 and each element is
Statement II is also true as the homogeneous equations 0 or 1 only.
have always a solution and Statement II is not the
∴ n (S ) = 24 = 16
correct explanation of Statement I.
and the determinant is positive are
Number of favourable outcomes
19. PLAN Probability = 1 0 1 1 1 0
Number of total outcomes , ,
0 1 0 1 1 1
As, x1 + x2 + x3 is odd.
∴ n (E ) = 3
So, all may be odd or one of them is odd and other two
are even. 3
Thus, the required probability =
16
∴ Required probability
8!
2
C1 × 3C1 × 4C1 + 1C1 × 2C1 × 4C1 + 2C1 × 2C1 × 3C1 24. Total number of ways to arrange ‘ASSASSIN’ is .
+ 1C1 × 3C1 × 3C1 4 !⋅ 2 !
= First we fix the position ⊗ A ⊗ A ⊗ I ⊗ N ⊗.
3
C1 × C1 × C1
5 7

24 + 8 + 12 + 9 Number of ways in which no two S’s occur together

= 4! 5
105 = × C4
53 2!
= 4! × 5 × 4! × 2! 1
105 ∴ Required probability = =
2! × 8! 14
20. Since, x1 , x2, x3 are in AP.
Hence, it is a false statement.
∴ x1 + x3 = 2x2
So, x1 + x3 should be even number.
25. Let us define a onto function F from A : [ r1 , r2, K , rn] to
B: [1, 2, 3], where r1 , r2, K , rn are the readings of n
Either both x1 and x3 are odd or both are even.
throws and 1, 2, 3 are the numbers that appear in the n
2
C1 × 4C1 + 1C1 × 3C1 throws.
∴ Required probability = 3
C1 × 5C1 × 7C1 Number of such functions, M = N − [n (1) − n (2) + n (3)]
11 where, N = total number of functions
=
105 and n (t ) = number of function having exactly t
elements in the range.
21. According to given condition,
3 1 Now, N = 3n, n (1) = 3 . 2n, n(2) = 3, n(3) = 0
P ( yellow at the first toss) ==
6 2 ⇒ M = 3n − 3 . 2n + 3
2 1
P (red at the second toss) = = Hence, the total number of favourable cases
6 3
= (3n − 3 . 2n + 3) . 6C3
1
and P (blue at the third toss) = (3n − 3 . 2n + 3) × 6C3
6 ∴ Required probability =
Therefore, the probability of the required event 6n
1 1 1 1
= × × =
26. The required probability = 1 − (probability of the event
2 3 6 36 that the roots of x2 + px + q = 0 are non-real).
110 Probability

The roots of x2 + px + q = 0 will be non-real if and only if So, the number of ways of selecting five coins, so
p2 − 4q < 0, i.e. if p2 < 4 q that the total value of the coins is less than one
The possible values of p and q can be possible according rupee and fifty paise is n + 7C5 − 10(n + 2)
n+7
to the following table. C5 − 10(n + 2)
∴ Required probability = n+7
Value of q Value of p Number of pairs of p, q C5
10 (n + 2)
1 1 1 =1 − n+7
C5
2 1, 2 2
29. (i) The total number of arrangements of six boys and
3 1, 2, 3 3
six girls = 12 !
4 1, 2, 3 3 6! × 7! 1
∴ Required probability = =
5 1, 2, 3, 4 4 (12)! 132
6 1, 2, 3, 4 4 [since, we consider six girls at one person]
7 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 5 2 ×6! ×6! 1
(ii) Required probability = =
8 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 5 (12)! 462
9 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 5
Topic 2 Addition and Subtraction Law of
10 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 6
Probability
Therefore, the number of possible pairs = 38 1. We have, P (exactly one of A or B occurs)
Also, the total number of possible pairs is 10 × 10 = 100
= P ( A ∪ B) − P ( A ∩ B)
38
∴ The required probability = 1 − = 1 − 0.38 = 0.62 = P ( A ) + P (B) − 2P ( A ∩ B)
100
According to the question,
27. We have 14 seats in two vans and there are 9 boys and 3 1
P ( A ) + P (B) − 2P ( A ∩ B) = …(i)
girls. The number of ways of arranging 12 people on 14 4
seats without restriction is 1
14 ! P (B) + P (C ) − 2P (B ∩ C ) = …(ii)
14
P12 = = 7(13 !) 4
2! 1
and P (C ) + P ( A ) − 2P (C ∩ A ) = …(iii)
Now, the number of ways of choosing back seats is 2. 4
and the number of ways of arranging 3 girls on adjacent On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
seats is 2(3!) and the number of ways of arranging 9 2 [P ( A ) + P (B) + P (C ) − P ( A ∩ B) − P (B ∩ C )
boys on the remaining 11 seats is 11 P9 ways. 3
− P (C ∩ A )] =
Therefore, the required number of ways 4
4 ⋅ 3 ! 11 ! ⇒ P ( A ) + P (B) + P (C ) − P ( A ∩ B) − P (B ∩ C )
= 2. (2 .3 !).11 P9 = = 12 !
2! 3
− P (C ∩ A ) =
Hence, the probability of the required event 8
∴P (atleast one event occurs)
12 ! 1
= = = P(A ∪ B ∪ C )
7 ⋅ 13 ! 91 = P ( A ) + P (B) + P (C ) − P ( A ∩ B) − P (B ∩ C )
28. There are (n + 7) coins in the box out of which five coins − P (C ∩ A ) + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
n+7 3 1 7  1
can be taken out in C5 ways. = + = Q P(A ∩ B ∩ C ) =
8 16 16  16 
The total value of 5 coins can be equal to or more than
one rupee and fifty paise in the following ways. 3 1
2. Given, P (B) = , P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) =
(i) When one 50 paise coin and four 25 paise coins are 4 3
chosen. A B
(A ∩ B ∩ C)
(ii) When two 50 paise coins and three 25 paise coins
(A ∩ B ∩ C)
are chosen.
(iii) When two 50 paise coins, 2 twenty five paise coins (B ∩ C)
and one from n coins of ten and five paise.
∴ The total number of ways of selecting five coins so C
that the total value of the coins is not less than one
rupee and fifty paise is 1
and P(A ∩ B ∩ C ) =
(2C1 ⋅5 C5 ⋅n C 0 ) + (2C 2 ⋅5 C3 ⋅n C 0 ) + (2C 2 ⋅5 C 2 ⋅n C1 ) 3
= 10 + 10 + 10n = 10 (n + 2) which can be shown in Venn diagram.
∴ P (B ∩ C ) = P (B) − { P ( A ∩ B ∩ C + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ))}
 Probability 111

3  1 1 3 2 1 ∴ P ( A ∩ B)min. , when P ( A ∪ B)max = 1

= − +  = − =
4  3 3 4 3 12 ⇒ P ( A ∩ B) ≥ P ( A ) + P (B) − 1
3. It is given that, P (E ) ≤ P (F ) ⇒ E ⊆ F …(i) ∴ Option (a) is true.
and P (E ∩ F ) > 0 ⇒ E ⊂ F …(ii) Again, P ( A ∪ B) ≥ 0
(a) occurrence of E ⇒ occurrence of F [from Eq. (i)] ∴ P ( A ∩ B)max. , when P ( A ∪ B)min. = 0
(b) occurrence of F ⇒ occurrence of E [from Eq. (ii)] ⇒ P ( A ∩ B) ≤ P ( A ) + P (B)
(c) non-occurrence of E ⇒ occurrence of F ∴ Option (b) is true.
Hence, option (c) is not correct. [from Eq. (i)] Also, P ( A ∩ B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∪ B), Thus, (c) is
4. We know that, also correct.
P (exactly one of A or B occurs) Hence, (a), (b), (c) are correct options.
= P ( A ) + P (B) − 2P ( A ∩ B) 9. P(exactly one of M, N occurs)
∴ P ( A ) + P (B) − 2P ( A ∩ B) = p …(i) = P{(M ∩ N ) ∪ (M ∩ N )} = P (M ∩ N ) + P (M ∩ N )
Similarly, P (B) + P (C ) − 2P (B ∩ C ) = p …(ii) = P (M ) − P (M ∩ N ) + P (N ) − P (M ∩ N )
and P (C ) + P ( A ) − 2P (C ∩ A ) = p …(iii) = P (M ) + P (N ) − 2P (M ∩ N )
On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get Also, P(exactly one of them occurs)
2 [P ( A ) + P (B) + P (C ) − P ( A ∩ B) = {1 − P (M ∩ N )}{1 − P (M ∪ N )}
− P (B ∩ C ) − P (C ∩ A )] = 3 p = P (M ∪ N ) − P (M ∩ N ) = P (M ) + P (N ) − 2P (M ∩ N )
⇒ P ( A ) + P (B) + P (C ) − P ( A ∩ B) Hence, (a) and (c) are correct answers.
3p
− P (B ∩ C ) − P (C ∩ A ) = …(v) 10. Let E1 be the event getting minimum number 3 and E 2
2
be the event getting maximum number 7.
It also given that, P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = p2 …(v)
∴ P(at least one of the events A, B, and C occurs) Then, P (E1 ) = P (getting one number 3 and other two
= P ( A ) + P (B) + P (C ) − P ( A ∩ B) from numbers 4 to 10)
1
C1 × 7C 2 7
− P (B ∩ C ) − P (C ∩ A ) + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 10 =
C3 40
3p
= + p2 [from Eqs. (iv) and (v)] P (E 2) = P(getting one number 7 and other two from
2 numbers 1 to 6)
3 p + 2 p2 1
C1 × 6C 2 1
= = 10 =
2 C3 8
5. Since, P ( A ∩ B) = P ( A ) ⋅ P (B) and P (E1 ∩ E 2) = P(getting one number 3, second
number 7 and third from 4 to 6)
It means A and B are independent events, so A ′ and B ′
are also independent.
1
C1 × 1C1 × 3C1 1
= 10
=
∴ P ( A ∪ B) ′ = P ( A ′∩ B ′ ) = P ( A )′ ⋅ P (B)′ C3 40
Alternate Solution ∴ P (E1 ∪ E 2) = P (E1 ) + P (E 2) − P (E1 ∩ E 2)
7 1 1 11
P ( A ∪ B)′ = 1 − P ( A ∪ B) = 1 − { P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ) ⋅ P (B)} = + − =
40 8 40 40
= {1 − P ( A )}{1 − P (B)} = P ( A )′ P (B)′
11. P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∩ B)
6. Given, P ( A ∪ B) = 0.6 , P ( A ∩ B) = 0.2
If P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ∩ B),
∴ P ( A ) + P (B ) = [1 − P ( A )] + [1 − P (B)]
then P ( A ) and P (B) are equals.
= 2 − [P ( A ) + P (B)]
Since, P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ∩ B) ⇒ A and B are equals sets
= 2 − [P ( A ∪ B) + P ( A ∩ B)]
Thus, P ( A ) and P (B) is equal to P ( A ∩ B).
= 2 − [0.6 + 0.2] = 1.2
12. Given, P (A fails in examination) = 0.2
7. Given, P ( A ) = 0.25, P (B) = 0.50, P ( A ∩ B) = 0.14 and P (B fails in examination) = 0.3
∴ P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∩ B) P ( A ∩ B) = P ( A )P (B) = (0.2) (0.3)
= 0.25 + 0.50 – 0.14 = 0.61
∴ P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∩ B)
Now, P ( A ∪ B) = 1 − P ( A ∪ B) = 1 − 0.61 = 0.39
= 0.2 + 0.3 − 0.06 = 0.44
8. We know that, Hence, it is a false statement.
P ( A ∩ B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∪ B)
13. Let P ( A ) and P (B) denote respectively the percentage of
Also, P ( A ∪ B) ≤ 1 city population that reads newspapers A and B.
112 Probability

Then, = 5 ! − [4C1 4 ! 2 ! − (3 C1 3 ! 2 ! + 3C1 3 ! 2 ! 2 !)

25 1 20 1 + (2C1 2 ! 2 ! + 4C1 2 ⋅ 2 !) − 2]
P ( A) = = , P (B) = = ,
100 4 100 5 ⇒ n (T1 ∩ T2 ∩ T3 ∩ T4 )
8 2
P ( A ∩ B) = = , = 120 − [192 − (36 + 72) + (8 + 16) − 2]
100 25
= 120 − [192 − 108 + 24 − 2] = 14
1 2 17
P ( A ∩ B) = P ( A ) − P ( A ∩ B) = − = , 14 7
4 25 100 ∴ Required probability = =
120 60
1 2 3
P ( A ∩ B) = P (B) − P ( A ∩ B) = − =
5 25 25
Let P (C ) be the probability that the population who Topic 3 Independent and Conditional
reads advertisements. Probability
∴ P (C ) = 30% of P ( A ∩ B) + 40% of P ( A ∩ B) 1. Let event B is being boy while event G being girl.
1
+ 50% of P ( A ∩ B) According to the question, P (B) = P (G ) =
2
[since, A ∩ B, A ∩ B and A ∩ B are all mutually
exclusive] Now, required conditional probability that all children
3 17 2 3 1 2 139 are girls given that at least two are girls, is
⇒ P (C ) = × + × + × = = 13 . 9% All 4 girls
10 100 5 25 2 25 1000 =
(All 4 girls ) + (exactly 3 girls + 1 boy)
14. We know that, + (exactly 2 girls + 2 boys)
P ( A ) + P (B) + P (C ) − P ( A ∩ B) − P (B ∩ C )  1
4
 
− P (C ∩ A ) + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = P ( A ∪ B ∪ C )  2 1 1
= = =
⇒ 0.3 + 0.4 + 0.8 – {0.08 + 0.28 + P (BC )} + 0.09  1
4 3
 1  1 4  1  1
2 2
1 + 4 + 6 11
  + C3     + C 2   
4
= P(A ∪ B ∪ C )  2  2  2  2  2
⇒ 1.23 − P (BC ) = P ( A ∪ B ∪ C )
where, 0.75 ≤ P ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) ≤ 1 2. Key Idea Use P ( A) = 1 − P ( A) and condition of independent
events i.e P ( A ∩ B) = P ( A) ⋅ P ( B)
⇒ 0.75 ≤ 1.23 − P (BC ) ≤ 1
⇒ − 0.48 ≤ − P (BC ) ≤ − 0.23 Given that probability of hitting a target independently
⇒ 0.23 ≤ P (BC ) ≤ 0.48 by four persons are respectively
1 1 1 1
15. Given, P ( A ) = 0.5 and P ( A ∩ B) ≤ 0.3 P1 = , P2 = , P3 = and P4 =
2 3 4 8
⇒ P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∪ B) ≤ 0.3 Then, the probability of not hitting the target is
⇒ P (B) ≤ 0.3 + P ( A ∪ B) − P ( A ) ≤ P ( A ∪ B) − 0.2  1  1  1  1
= 1 −  1 −  1 −  1 − 
 2  3  4  8
[since, P ( A ∪ B) ≤ 1 ⇒ P ( A ∪ B) − 0.2 ≤ 0.8 ]
[Q events are independent]
∴ P (B) ≤ 0.8 1 2 3 7 7
= × × × =
⇒ P (B) cannot be 0.9. 2 3 4 8 32
16. Here, five students S1 , S 2, S3 , S 4 and S5 and five seats Therefore, the required probability of hitting the target
= 1 − (Probability of not hitting the target)
R1 , R2, R3 , R4 and R5
7 25
∴Total number of arrangement of sitting five students is =1− =
32 32
5 ! = 120
P ( A ∩ B)
Here, S1 gets previously alloted seat R1 3. We know that, P( A / B) =
∴S 2, S3 , S 4 and S5 not get previously seats. P (B)
Total number of way S 2, S3 , S 4 and S5 not get previously [by the definition of conditional probability]
seats is Q A⊂B
 1 1 1 1  1 1 1 ⇒ A∩B= A
4 ! 1 − + − +  = 24 1 − 1 + − +  P ( A)
 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 !  2 6 24 ∴ P( A / B) = …(i)
 12 − 4 + 1 P (B)
= 24   =9 As we know that, 0 ≤ P (B) ≤ 1
 24 
1 P ( A)
9 3 ∴ 1≤ < ∞ ⇒ P ( A) ≤ <∞
∴ Required probability = = P (B) P (B)
120 40
P ( A)
⇒ ≥ P ( A) …(ii)
17. Here, n (T1 ∩ T2 ∩ T3 ∩ T4 ) P (B)
Total = − n (T1 ∪ T2 ∪ T3 ∪ T4 ) Now, from Eqs (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ n (T1 ∩ T2 ∩ T3 ∩ T4 ) P( A/B) ≥ P(A)
 Probability 113

4. In {1, 2, 3, ...., 11} there are 5 even numbers and 6 odd 3

= = P (E1 ) ⋅ P (E3 )
numbers. The sum even is possible only when both are 36
odd or both are even. and P (E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E3 ) = P [getting 4 on die A, 2 on die B
Let A be the event that denotes both numbers are even and sum of numbers is odd]
and B be the event that denotes sum of numbers is even. = P (impossible event) = 0
Then, n ( A ) = 5C 2 and n (B) = 5C 2 + 6C 2 Hence, E1, E 2 and E3 are not independent.
Required probability 1 1 1
P ( A ∩ B) 5
C / 11C 7. Given, P ( A ∪ B) = , P ( A ∩ B) = , P ( A ) =
P ( A / B) = = 6 2 5 2 6 4 4
P (B) ( C 2 + C 2) 1 5
11 ∴ P ( A ∪ B) = 1 − P ( A ∪ B) = 1 − =
C2 6 6
5
C2 10 2 1 3
= 6 = = and P ( A) = 1 − P ( A ) = 1 − =
C 2 + C 2 15 + 10 5
5
4 4
1 ∴ P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∩ B)
5. Clearly, P (H ) = Probability of getting head =
2 5 3 1
1 = + P (B) −
and P (T ) = Probability of getting tail = 6 4 4
2 1
⇒ P (B) = ⇒ A and B are not equally likely
Now, let E1 be the event of getting a sum 7 or 8, when a 3
pair of dice is rolled. 1
P ( A ∩ B) = P ( A ) ⋅ P (B) =
Then, E1 = {(6, 1), (5, 2), (4, 3), (3, 4), (2, 5), 4
(1, 6), (6, 2), (5, 3), (4, 4), (3, 5), (2, 6)} So, events are independent.
⇒ P (E1 ) = Probability of getting 7 or 8 when a pair of 8. PLAN It is simple application of independent event, to solve a
11 certain problem or any type of compitition each event in
dice is thrown =
36 independent of other.

Also, let P (E 2) = Probability of getting 7 or 8 when a Formula used

2 P ( A ∩ B) = P ( A ) ⋅ P (B), when A and B are independent
card is picked from cards numbered 1, 2, ...., 9 =
9 events.
∴Probability that the noted number is 7 or 8 Probability that the problem is solved correctly by
= P ((H ∩ E1 ) or (T ∩ E 2)) atleast one of them = 1 − (problem is not solved by all)
= P (H ∩ E1 ) + P (T ∩ E 2) ∴ P (problem is solved) = 1 − P (problem is not solved)
[Q (H ∩ E1 ) and (T ∩ E 2) are mutually exclusive] = 1 − P ( A ) ⋅ P (B ) ⋅ P (C ) ⋅ P (D )
= P (H ) ⋅ P (E1 ) + P (T ) ⋅ P (E 2)
 1 1 3 7 21 235
[Q{ H , E1 } and {T , E 2} both are sets of =1 −  ⋅ ⋅ ⋅  =1 − =
 2 4 4 8 256 256
independent events]
1 11 1 2 19 2
= × + × = 9. Since, P ( A ) =
2 36 2 9 72 5
For independent events,
6. Clearly, E1 = {(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)}
P ( A ∩ B) = P ( A )P (B)
E 2 = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2), (6, 2)} 2
⇒ P ( A ∩ B) ≤
and E3 = {(1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 5), 5
(3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6), (4, 1), (4, 3), (4, 5), 1 2 3 4
(5, 2), (5, 4), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 3), (6, 5)} ⇒ P ( A ∩ B) = , , ,
10 10 10 10
6 1 6 1
⇒ P (E1 ) = = , P (E 2) = = [maximum 4 outcomes may be in A ∩ B]
36 6 36 6 1
18 1 (i) Now, P ( A ∩ B) =
and P (E3 ) = = 10
36 2 1
Now, P (E1 ∩ E 2) = P (getting 4 on die A and 2 on die B) ⇒ P ( A ) . P (B) =
10
1 1 5 1
= = P (E1 ) ⋅ P (E 2) ⇒ P (B) = × = , not possible
36 10 2 4
P (E 2 ∩ E3 ) = P (getting 2 on die B and sum of numbers (ii) Now, P ( A ∩ B) =
2
⇒
2
× P (B) =
2
on both dice is odd) 10 5 10
3 5
= = P (E 2) ⋅ P (E3 ) ⇒ P (B) = , outcomes of B = 5
36 10
P (E1 ∩ E3 ) = P (getting 4 on die A and sum of numbers 3
(iii) Now, P ( A ∩ B) =
on both dice is odd) 10
114 Probability

3 2 3 15. P (2 white and 1 black) = P (W1W 2B3 or W1B2W3 or

⇒ P ( A )P (B) = ⇒ × P (B) =
10 5 10
B1W 2W3 )
3
P (B) = , not possible = P (W1W 2B3 ) + P (W1B2W3 ) + P (B1W 2W3 )
4
4 4 = P (W1 )P (W 2)P (B3 ) + P (W1 )P (B2)P (W3 )
(iv) Now, P ( A ∩ B) = ⇒ P ( A ) . p(B) = + P (B1 )P (W 2)P (W3 )
10 10
3.2.3 3.2.1 1.2.1 1 13
⇒ P (B) = 1 , outcomes of B = 10. = + + = (9 + 3 + 1) =
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 32 32
E ∩F c c
P (E c ∩ F c ∩ G )
10. P   = 16. Given, P (India wins) = 1/2
 G  P (G )
P (G ) − P (E ∩ G ) − P (G ∩ F ) ∴ P (India losses ) = 1 / 2
= Out of 5 matches India’s second win occurs at third test.
P (G )
P (G ) [1 − P (E ) − P (F )] ⇒ India wins third test and simultaneously it has won
= [Q P (G ) ≠ 0] one match from first two and lost the other.
P (G )
∴ Required probability = P (LWW ) + P (WLW )
= 1 − P (E ) − P (F ) = P (E c ) − P (F ) 3 3
 1  1 1
=  +  =
11. Let E = event when each American man is seated  2  2 4
adjacent to his wife
17. Let A = getting not less than 2 and not greater than 5
and A = event when Indian man is seated adjacent
to his wife 4
⇒ A ={2, 3, 4, 5} ⇒ P ( A) =
Now, n ( A ∩ E ) = (4 !) × (2 !)
5 6

Even when each American man is seated adjacent to his But die is rolled four times, therefore the probability in
wife. getting four throws
n (E ) = (5 !) × (2 !)4  4  4  4  4 16
Again, =     =
 6  6  6  6 81
 A  n ( A ∩ E ) (4 !) × (2 !)
5
2
∴ P  = = =
 E n (E ) (5 !) × (2 !)4 5 18. Let A, B and C denote the events of passing the tests I,
II and III, respectively.
Alternate Solution
Evidently A, B and C are independent events.
Fixing four American couples and one Indian man in
between any two couples; we have 5 different ways in According to given condition,
which his wife can be seated, of which 2 cases are 1
= P [( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩ C )]
favourable. 2
2 = P ( A ∩ B) + P ( A ∩ C ) − P ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
∴ Required probability =
5 = P ( A ) P (B) + P ( A ) ⋅ P (C ) − P ( A ) ⋅ P (B) ⋅ P (C )
12. Let E be the event of getting 1 on a die. 1 1
= pq + p ⋅ − pq ⋅
1 5 2 2
⇒ P (E ) = and P (E ) =
6 6 ⇒ 1 = 2 pq + p − pq ⇒ 1 = p(q + 1) …(i)
∴ P (first time 1 occurs at the even throw) The values of option (c) satisfy Eq. (i).
= t2 or t4 or t6 or t8 ... and so on [Infact, Eq. (i) is satisfied for infinite number of values
= { P (E )P (E )} + { P (E ) P (E ) P (E ) P (E )} + K ∞ of p and q. If we take any values of q such that 0 ≤ q ≤ 1,
5 1
then, p takes the value . It is evident that,
3
 5  1  5  1  5  1
5
36 5 q+1
=    +     +     +K∞ = = 1
 6  6  6  6  6  6 25 11 0< ≤ 1 i.e. 0 < p ≤ 1. But we have to choose correct
1−
36 q+1
answer from given ones.]
13. Probability that only two tests are needed = Probability
that the first machine tested is faulty × Probability that 19. Since, P ( A / B ) + P ( A / B ) = 1
2 1 1 ∴ P(A / B) = 1 − P(A / B)
the second machine tested is faulty = × =
4 3 6 20. Given that, P ( A ) = 0.4, P ( A ) = 0.6
14. The event that the fifth toss results in a head is P(the event A happens at least once)
independent of the event that the first four tosses result = 1 − P (none of the event happens)
in tails. = 1 − (0.6) (0.6) (0.6) = 1 − 0.216 = 0.784
∴ Probability of the required event = 1 / 2
 Probability 115

1
21. P (X ) =
3
 X  P (X ∩ Y ) 1
P  = =
Y  P (Y ) 2 E F

 Y  P (X ∩ Y ) 2
P  = =
 X P (X ) 5
2
P (X ∩ Y ) = 2
15 Neither of them occurs =
25
4
P (Y ) = 2
15 ⇒ P (E ∩ F ) = …(ii)
4 2 25
− 11
 X ′  P (Y ) − P (X ∩ Y ) 15 15 1 From Eq. (i), P (E ) + P (F ) − 2 P (E ∩ F ) = …(iii)
P  = = =
Y  P (Y ) 4 2 25
15 2
From Eq. (ii), ( 1 − P (E )) ( 1 − P (F )) =
1 4 2 7 7 25
P (X ∪ Y ) = + − = =
3 15 15 15 15 2
⇒ 1 − P (E ) − P (F ) + P (E ) ⋅ P (F ) = …(iv)
22. PLAN 25
P ( A ∩ B) From Eqs. (iii) and (iv),
(i) Conditional probability, i.e. P( A / B) =
P( B) 7 12
P (E ) + P (F ) = and P (E ) ⋅ P (F ) =
(ii) P ( A ∪ B) = P( A ) + P( B) − P ( A ∩ B) 5 25
(iii) Independent event, then P ( A ∩ B) = P( A ) ⋅ P( B) 7  12
∴ P (E ) ⋅ − P (E ) =
1 Y  1  5  25
Here, P (X /Y ) = ,P  =
2  X 3
7 12
and P (X ∩ Y ) = 6 ⇒ (P (E ))2 − P (E ) + =0
5 25
 X  P (X ∩ Y )  3  4
∴ P  = ⇒ P (E ) − P (E ) − =0
Y  P (Y )  5   5 
1 1 /6 1
⇒ = ⇒ P (Y ) = …(i) 3 4 4 3
2 P (Y ) 3 ∴ P (E ) = or ⇒ P (F ) = or
5 5 5 5
Y  1 P (X ∩ Y ) 1
P  = ⇒ =
 X 3 P (X ) 3 24. Let A, B and C respectively denote the events that the
1 1 student passes in Maths, Physics and Chemistry.
⇒ = P (X ) It is given,
6 3
1 P ( A ) = m, P (B) = p and P (C ) = c and
∴ P (X ) = …(ii)
2 P (passing atleast in one subject)
P (X ∪ Y ) = P (X ) + P (Y ) − P (X ∩ Y ) = P ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = 0.75
1 1 1 2
= + − = …(iii) ⇒ 1 − P ( A′ ∩ B ′ ∩ C ′ ) = 0.75
2 3 6 3
P (X ∩ Y ) =
1 1 1 1
and P (X ) ⋅ P (Y ) = ⋅ = Q [P ( A ) = 1 − P ( A )
6 2 3 6 and [P ( A ∪ B ∪ C ] = P ( A′ ∩ B′ ∩ C′ )]
⇒ P (X ∩ Y ) = P (X ) ⋅ P (Y )
⇒ 1 − P ( A′ ) . P (B ′ ) . P (C′ ) = 0.75
i.e. independent events
Q A, B and C are independent events, therefore A′, B′
∴ P (X c ∩ Y ) = P (Y ) − P (X ∩ Y ) and C ′ are independent events.
1 1 1
= − = ⇒ 0.75 = 1 − (1 − m) (1 − p) (1 − c)
3 6 6
⇒ 0 .25 = (1 − m) (1 − p) (1 − c) …(i)
23. E F
Also, P (passing exactly in two subjects)= 0.4
⇒ P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ∪ A ∩ B ∩ C ∪ A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 0.4
⇒ P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 0.4
⇒ P ( A ) P (B) P (C ) + P ( A )P (B ) P (C )

11 + P ( A ) P (B) P (C ) = 0.4
P (E ∪ F ) − P (E ∩ F ) = …(i)
25 ⇒ pm (1 − c) + p(1 − m) c + (1 − p) mc = 0.4
[i.e. only E or only F] ⇒ pm − pmc + pc − pmc + mc − pmc = 0.4 …(ii)
116 Probability

Again, P (passing atleast in two subjects) = 0.5 ⇒

1
= 1 − { P (E ) + P (F )} +
1
⇒ P(A ∩ B ∩ C ) + P(A ∩ B ∩ C ) 2 12
1 1 7
+ P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 0.5 ⇒ P (E ) + P (F ) = 1 − + = …(ii)
2 12 12
⇒ pm(1 − c) + pc(1 − m) + cm(1 − p) + pcm = 0.5
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ pm − pcm + pc − pcm + cm − pcm + pcm = 0.5 1 1
⇒ ( pm + pc + mc) − 2 pcm = 0.5 …(iii) either P (E ) = and P (F ) =
3 4
From Eq. (ii), 1 1
or P (E ) = and P (F ) =
pm + pc + mc − 3 pcm = 0.4 …(iv) 4 3
From Eq. (i),
27. We know that,
0.25 = 1 − (m + p + c) + ( pm + pc + cm) − pcm …(v)
 A  P ( A ∩ B) P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∪ B)
P  = =
On solving Eqs. (iii), (iv) and (v), we get  B P (B) P (B)
p + m + c = 1.35 = 27 / 20
Since, P ( A ∪ B) < 1
Therefore, option (b) is correct.
⇒ − P ( A ∪ B ) > −1
Also, from Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get pmc = 1 / 10
⇒ P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∪ B) > P ( A ) + P (B) − 1
Hence, option (c) is correct.
P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∪ B) P ( A ) + P (B) − 1
P (E ∩ F ) P (E ∩ F ) ⇒ >
25. (a) P (E / F ) + P (E / F ) = + P (B) P (B)
P (F ) P (F )
 A  P ( A ) + P (B) − 1
P (E ∩ F ) + P (E ∩ F ) ⇒ P  >
=  B P (B)
P (F ) Hence, option (a) is correct.
P (F )
= =1 The choice (b) holds only for disjoint i.e. P ( A ∩ B) = 0
P (F )
Finally, P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∩ B)
Therefore, option (a) is correct. = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ) ⋅ P (B),
P (E ∩ F ) P (E ∩ F )
(b) P (E / F ) + P (E / F ) = + if A , B are independent
P (F ) P (F )
= 1 − {1 − P ( A )} {1 − P (B)} = 1 − P ( A ) ⋅ P (B )
P (E ∩ F ) P (E ∩ F )
= + ≠1 Hence, option (c) is correct, but option (d) is not correct.
P (F ) 1 − P (F )
28. Since, E and F are independent events. Therefore,
Therefore, option (b) is not correct. P (E ∩ F ) = P (E ) ⋅ P (F ) ≠ 0, so E and F are not mutually
P (E ∩ F ) P (E ∩ F ) exclusive events.
(c) P (E / F ) + P (E / F ) = +
P (F ) P (F ) Now, P (E ∩ F ) = P (E ) − P (E ∩ F ) = P (E ) − P (E ) ⋅ P (F )
P (E ∩ F ) P (E ∩ F ) = P (E ) [1 − P (F )] = P (E ) ⋅ P (F )
= + ≠1
P (F ) 1 − P (F ) and P (E ∩ F ) = P (E ∪ F ) = 1 − P (E ∪ F )
Therefore, option (c) is not correct. = 1 − [1 − P (E ) ⋅ P (F )]
P (E ∩ F ) P (E ∩ F ) [Q E and F are independent]
(d) P (E / F ) + P (E / F ) = +
P (F ) P (F ) = P (E ) ⋅ P (F )
P (E ∩ F ) + P (E ∩ F ) So, E and F as well as E and F are independent events.
=
P (F ) P (E ∩ F ) + P (E ∩ F )
Now, P (E / F ) + P (E / F ) =
P (F ) P (F )
= =1
P (F ) P (F )
= =1
Therefore, option (d) is correct. P (F )
1 29. P ( A c ) = 0.3 [given]
26. Both E and F happen ⇒ P (E ∩ F ) =
12 ⇒ P ( A ) = 0.7
1 P (B) = 0.4 [given]
and neither E nor F happens ⇒ P (E ∩ F ) =
2 ⇒ P (Bc ) = 0.6 and P ( A ∩ Bc ) = 0.5 [given]
But for independent events, we have Now, P ( A ∪ Bc ) = P ( A ) + P (Bc ) − P ( A ∩ Bc )
1 = 0.7 + 0.6 − 0.5 = 0.8
P (E ∩ F ) = P (E ) P (F ) = …(i)
12 P{ B ∩ ( A ∪ Bc )}
∴ P [B / ( A ∪ B ] =
c
and P (E ∩ F ) = P (E ) P (F ) P ( A ∪ Bc )
= {1 − P (E )}{(1 − P (F )} P{(B ∩ A ) ∪ (B ∩ Bc )} P{(B ∩ A ) ∪ φ } P (B ∩ A )
= 1 − P (E ) − P (F ) + P (E )P (F ) = = =
0.8 0.8 0.8
 Probability 117

1 2
= [P ( A ) − P ( A ∩ Bc )] 35. Given, P ( A ) = probability that A will hit B =
0.8 3
0.7 − 0.5 0.2 1 1
= = = P (B) = probability that B will hit A =
0.8 0.8 4 2
1
30. P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ) P (B), as A and B are P (C ) = probability that C will hit A =
3
independent events. P (E ) = probability that A will be hit
⇒ 0.8 = (0.3) + P (B) − (0.3) P (B) 1 2 2
5 ⇒ P (E ) = 1 − P (B ) ⋅ P (C ) = 1 − ⋅ =
⇒ 0.5 = (0.7) P (B) ⇒ P (B) = 2 3 3
7 Probability if A is hit by B and not by C
1.2
31. 5 can be thrown in 4 ways and 7 can be thrown in 6 P (B) . P (C ) 2 3 1
ways, hence number of ways of throwing neither 5 nor 7 = P (B ∩ C / E ) = = =
P (E ) 2 2
is 36 − (4 + 6) = 26
∴ Probability of throwing a five in a single throw with a 3
4 1 36. Let Ei denotes the event that the students will pass the
pair of dice = = and probability of throwing neither
36 9 ith exam, where i = 1, 2, 3
26 13
5 nor 7 = = and E denotes the student will qualify.
36 18
Hence, required probability ∴ P (E ) = [P (E1 ) × P (E 2 / E1 )]
1 + [P (E1 ) × P (E 2′ /E1 ) × P (E3 / E 2′ )]
2
 1  13  1  13  1 2 + [P (E1′ ) × P (E 2 / E ′1 ) × P (E3 / E 2)]
=   +     +     + ... = 9 =
 9  18  9  18  9 13 5
1− p
= p + p(1 − p) . + (1 − p) . . p
2 p
18 2 2
32. Let R be drawing a red ball and B for drawing a black 2 p2 + p2 − p3 + p2 − p3
ball, then required probability ⇒ P (E ) = = 2 p2 − p3
2
= RRR + RBR + BRR + BBR
37. Since, pn denotes the probability that no two (or more)
6 5 6 6 6 5
= × × + × ×  consecutive heads occur.
 10 11 10  10 11 10
⇒ pn denotes the probability that 1 or no head occur.
4 4 7  4 7 6
For n = 1 , p1 = 1 because in both cases we get less than
+ × × + × × 
 10 11 10  10 11 10
two heads (H, T).
640 32
= = For n = 2, p2 = 1 − p (two heads simultaneously occur).
1100 55
= 1 − p(HH ) = 1 − pp = 1 − p2
33. Let A be the event that the maximum number on the
two chosen tickets is not more than 10, and B be the For n ≥ 3, pn = pn − 1 (1 − p) + pn − 2(1 − p) p
event that the minimum number on them is 5 ⇒ pn = (1 − p) pn − 1 + p(1 − p) pn − 2
5
C Hence proved.
∴ P ( A ∩ B) = 100 1
C2 38. Let, E1 = the event noted number is 7
10
and
C
P ( A ) = 100 2 E 2 = the event noted number is 8
C2 H = getting head on coin
 B  P ( A ∩ B) T = be getting tail on coin
Then P  =
 A P ( A) ∴ By law of total probability,
5
= 10
C1 1
= P (E1 ) = P (H ) ⋅ P (E1 / H ) + P (T ) ⋅ P (E1 / T )
C2 9 and P (E 2) = P (H ) ⋅ P (E 2 / H ) + P (T ) ⋅ P (E 2 / T )
34. Here, P ( A ∪ B) . P ( A′ ∩ B ′ ) where, P (H ) = 1 / 2 = P (T )

⇒ { P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∩ B)}{ P ( A′ ) . P (B ′ )} P (E1/H ) = probability of getting a sum of 7 on two dice

[since A, B are independent, so A ′ , B ′ are independent] Here, favourable cases are
∴ P ( A ∪ B) . P ( A ′ ∩ B ′ ) ≤ { P ( A ) + P (B)}. { P ( A′ ) . P (B′ )} {(1, 6), (6, 1), (2, 5), (5, 2), (3, 4), (4, 3)}.
= P ( A ) . P ( A′ ) . P (B′ ) + P (B) . P ( A′ ) . P (B′ ) 6 1
∴ P (E1 / H ) = =
≤ P ( A ) . P (B′ ) + P (B) . P ( A′ ) …(i) 36 6
[Q P ( A′ ) ≤ 1 and P (B ′ ) ≤ 1] Also, P (E1 / T ) = probability of getting 7 numbered
⇒ P ( A ∪ B) . P ( A ′ ∩ B ′ ) ≤ P ( A ) . P (B ′ ) + P (B) . P ( A′ ) card out of 11 cards
⇒ P ( A ∪ B) . P ( A′ ∩ B ′ ) ≤ P (C ) 1
=
[Q P (C ) = P ( A ) . P (B ′ ) + P (B). P ( A′ )] 11
118 Probability

P (E 2 / H ) = probability of getting a sum of 8 on two dice 1

Similarly, P (B ∩ C ) = , P (C ∩ A ) =
1
Here, favourable cases are 4 4
{(2, 6), (6, 2), (4, 4), (5, 3), (3, 5)}. and P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 0.
Since, P ( A ∩ B) = P ( A )P (B), P (B ∩ C ) = P (B)P (C )
5
∴ P (E 2 / H ) = and P (C ∩ A ) = P (C )P ( A ).
36
Therefore, A, B and C are pairwise independent.
P (E 2 / T ) = probability of getting ‘8’ numbered
card out of 11 cards Also, P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) ≠ P ( A )P (B)P (C ) therefore A, B and
C cannot be independent.
= 1 / 11
 1 1  1 1  1 1 17 40. The total number of ways to answer the question
∴ P (E1 ) =  ×  +  ×  = + =
 2 6  2 11 12 22 132 = 4C1 + 4C 2 + 4C3 + 4C 4 = 24 − 1 = 15
1 5  1 1  P(getting marks) = P( correct answer in I chance)
and P (E 2) =  ×  +  ×  + P(correct answer in II chance)
 2 36  2 11
+ P( correct answer in III chance)
1  91  91
=   = 1  14 1   14 13 1  3 1
2  396 729 = + ⋅  + ⋅ ⋅ = =
15  15 14  15 14 13 15 5
Now, E1 and E 2 are mutually exclusive events.
1 1
Therefore, 41. Given, P ( A ) ⋅ P (B) = , P ( A ) ⋅ P (B ) =
6 3
17 91 193 1
P (E1 or E 2) = P (E1 ) + P (E 2) = + = ∴ [1 − P ( A )] [1 − P (B)] =
132 792 792 3
39. Let D1 denotes the occurrence of a defective bulb in Ist Let P ( A ) = x and P (B) = y
draw. 1 1
50 1 ⇒ (1 − x)(1 − y) = and xy =
Therefore, P (D1 ) = = 3 6
100 2 1 1
⇒ 1 − x − y + xy = and xy =
and let D2 denotes the occurrence of a defective bulb in 3 6
IInd draw. 5 1
50 1 ⇒ x+ y= and xy =
Therefore, P (D2) = = 6 6
100 2
5  1
and let N 1 denotes the occurrence of non-defective bulb ⇒ x  − x =
6  6
in Ist draw.
50 1 ⇒ 6 x2 − 5 x + 1 = 0
Therefore, P (N 1 ) = =
100 2 ⇒ (3x − 1)(2x − 1) = 0
Again, let N 2 denotes the occurrence of non-defective 1 1
bulb in IInd draw. ⇒ x = and
50 1 3 2
Therefore, P (N 2) = = 1 1
100 2 ∴ P ( A ) = or
Now, D1 is independent with N 1and D2 is independent 3 2
with N 2 . 42. P (N th draw gives 2nd ace)
According to the given condition, = P{ 1 ace and (n − 2) other cards are drawn in (N − 1)
A = {the first bulb is defective} = { D1D2, D1N 2} draws} × P { N th draw is 2nd ace}
B = {the second bulb is non-defective} = { D1N 2, N 1N 2} 4 ⋅ (48)! ⋅ (n − 1)! (52 − n )! 3
= ⋅
and C = {the two bulbs are both defective} (52)! ⋅ (n − 2)! (50 − n )! (53 − n )
= { D1D2, N 1N 2}
4(n − 1)(52 − n )(51 − n ) ⋅ 3
Again, we know that, =
52 ⋅ 51 ⋅ 50 ⋅ 49
A ∩ B = { D1N 2}, B ∩ C = { N 1N 2}. (n − 1) (52 − n ) (51 − n )
=
C ∩ A = { D1D2} and A ∩ B ∩ C = φ 50 ⋅ 49 ⋅ 17 ⋅ 13
Also, P ( A ) = P{ D1D2} + P{ D1N 2} 43. Let P (H 1 ) = 0.4, P (H 2) = 0.3, P (H 3 ) = 0.2, P (H 4 ) = 0.1
= P (D1 )P (D2) + P (D1 )P (N 2)
P (gun hits the plane)
 1  1  1  1 1 = 1 − P(gun does not hit the plane)
=   +   =
 2  2  2  2 2
= 1 − P (H 1 ) ⋅ P (H 2) ⋅ P (H 3 ) ⋅ P (H 4 )
1 1
Similarly, P (B) = and P (C ) = = 1 − (0.6) (0.7) (0.8) (0.9) = 1 − 0.3024 = 0.6976
2 2
44. Since, the drawn balls are in the sequence black, black,
 1  1 1
Also, P ( A ∩ B) = P (D1N 2) = P (D1 )P (N 2) =     = white, white, white, white, red, red and red.
 2  2 4
 Probability 119

Let the corresponding probabilities be 4  A 6

P (E1 ) = , P  =
p1 , p2,... , p9 10  E1  12
2 1 4 3 2 6  A 4
Then, p1 = , p2 = , p3 = , p4 = , p5 = ⇒ P (E 2) = , P  =
9 8 7 6 5 10  E 2 12
1 3 2
p6 = , p7 = , p8 = , p9 = 1 By law of total probability
4 3 2
 A  A
∴ Required probabilitie P ( A ) = P (E1 ) × P   + P (E 2) × P  
 E1   E 2
p1 . p2 . p3 ⋅ K ⋅ p9
4 6 6 4 24 + 24 48 2
 2  1  4   3   2  1   3  2  1 = × + × = = =
=                (1) = 10 12 10 12 120 120 5
 9  8  7  6   5  4   3  2  1260
3. Let x = P (computer turns out to be defective, given that
45. PLAN
it is produced in plant T2)
Forthe events to be independent,
 D
P( E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E 3 ) = P( E1 ) ⋅ P( E 2 ) ⋅ P( E 3 ) ⇒ x= P   …(i)
 T2
P( E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E 3 ) = P(only E1 occurs)
= P( E1 ) ⋅ (1 − P( E 2 )) (1 − P( E 3 )) where, D = Defective computer
Let x, y and z be probabilities of E1 , E 2 and E3 , ∴ P (computer turns out to be defective given that is
respectively. produced in plant T1) = 10x
∴ α = x (1 − y) (1 − z ) …(i)  D
β = (1 − x) ⋅ y(1 − z ) …(ii) i.e. P   = 10x …(ii)
 T1 
γ = (1 − x) (1 − y)z …(iii)
20 80
⇒ p = (1 − x) (1 − y) (1 − z ) …(iv) Also, P (T1 ) =
and P (T2) =
100 100
Given, (α − 2 β ) p = αβ and ( β − 3γ ) p = 2 βγ …(v)
7
From above equations, x = 2 y and y = 3z Given, P (defective computer) =
100
∴ x = 6z 7
x i.e. P (D ) =
⇒ =6 100
z
Using law of total probability,
46. Here, P (X > Y ) = P (T1win ) P (T1 win )  D  D
P (D ) = 9(T1 ) ⋅ P   + P (T2) ⋅ P  
+ P (T1 win ) P (draw ) + P (draw ) P (T1 win )  T1   T2
 1 1  1 1  1 1 5
= ×  + ×  + ×  = 7  20   80 
 2 2  2 6  6 2 12 ∴ =  ⋅ 10x +  ⋅x
100  100  100
47. P [X = Y ] = P (draw ) ⋅ P (draw ) 1
+ P (T1 win ) P (T2 win ) + P (T2 win ) ⋅ P (T1 win ) ⇒ 7 = (280)x ⇒ x = …(iii)
40
= (1 / 6 × 1 / 6) + (1 / 2 × 1 / 3) + (1 / 3 × 1 / 2) = 13 / 36  D  D  10
1
∴ P  = and P   =
Topic 4 Law of Total Probability and  T2 40  T1  40
Baye’s Theorem  D 1 39  D 10 30
⇒ P   =1− = and P   = 1 − = …(iv)
1. Let A be the event that ball drawn is given and B be the  T2 40 40  T1  40 40
event that ball drawn is red.
2 5
∴ P ( A ) = and P (B) = Using Baye’s theorem,
7 7
T  P (T2 ∩ D )
Again, let C be the event that second ball drawn is red. P  2 =
 D  P (T1 ∩ D ) + P (T2 ∩ D )
∴ P (C ) = P ( A ) P (C / A ) + P (B) P (C / B)
2 6 5 4  D
= × + × P (T2) ⋅ P  
7 7 7 7  T2
=
12 + 40 32  D  D
= = P (T1 ) ⋅ P   + P (T2) ⋅ P  
49 49  T1   T2
2. Key idea Use the theorem of total probability 80 39
⋅
Let E1 = Event that first ball drawn is red 100 40 78
= =
E 2 = Event that first ball drawn is black 20 30
⋅ +
80 39 93
⋅
A = Event that second ball drawn is red 100 40 100 40
120 Probability

4. From the tree diagram, it follows that P (E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E3 ) + P (E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E3 ) + P (E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E3 )

=
S P (E 2)
4 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅
5 5 5
= 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 =
1 8
G R
3 1 3 1 4
1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
4 4 4 4 ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅
P (X ∩ X1 ) 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4
(d) P (X / X1 ) = =
AG AR AR 1 AG P (X1 ) 1 /2
3 1 3 11 3 4 3
7
4 4 4 44 4 4 =
BG BR BG BR BG 16
46 6. Statement I If P (H i ∩ E ) = 0 for some i, then
P (BG ) =
80 H   E
P  i = P   = 0
10 5  E  Hi 
P (BG|G ) = =
16 8 If P (H i ∩ E ) ≠ 0, ∀ i = 1, 2, K , n , then
5 4 1  H  P (H i ∩ E ) P (H i )
P (BG ∩ G ) = × = P  i = ×
8 5 2  E P (H i ) P (E )
1
 E
1 80 20 P   × P (H i )
∴ P (G|BG ) = 2 = × =  Hi   E
P (BG ) 2 46 23 = > P   ⋅ P (H i ) [Q0 < P (E ) < 1]
P (E )  Hi 
5. PLAN It is based on law of total probability and Bay’s Law.
Hence, Statement I may not always be true.
Description of Situation It is given that ship would
Statement II Clearly, H 1 ∪ H 2 ∪ . . . ∪ H n = S
work if atleast two of engines must work. If X be event
[sample space]
that the ship works. Then, X ⇒ either any two of
E1 , E 2, E3 works or all three engines E1 , E 2, E3 works. ⇒ P (H 1 ) + P (H 2) + . . . + P (H n ) = 1
Hence, Statement II is ture.
1 1 1
Given, P (E1 ) = , P (E 2) = , P (E3 ) = Passage I
2 4 4
P (E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E3 ) + P (E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E3 )  7.
∴ P(X) =  
n1 Red n3 Red
+ P (E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E3 ) + P (E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E3 ) 
 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1  1 1 1 n2 Black n4 Black
= ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ 
 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4  2 4 4
Box I Box II
= 1 /4
Let A = Drawing red ball
Now, (a) P (X1c / X )
∴ P ( A ) = P (B1 ) ⋅ P ( A / B1 ) + P (B2) ⋅ P ( A / B2)
1 1 1
 X1c ∩ X  P (E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E3 ) 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4 1 1  n1  1  n3 
=P = = = =  +  
2  n1 + n2 2  n3 + n4 
 P (X )  P (X ) 1 8
4 1
Given, P (B2 / A ) =
3
P (B2) ⋅ P (B2 ∩ A ) 1
(b) P (exactly two engines of the ship are functioning) ⇒ =
P ( A) 3
P (E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E3 ) + P (E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E3 ) + P (E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E3 )
= 1  n3 
P (X )  
2  n3 + n4  1
1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 ⇒ =
⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ 1  n1  1  n3  3
7   +  
=2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4= 2  n1 + n2 2  n3 + n4 
1 8
4 n3 (n1 + n2) 1
⇒ =
 X  P (X ∩ X 2) n1 (n3 + n4 ) + n3 (n1 + n2) 3
(c) P   =
 X 2 P (X 2) Now, check options, then clearly options (a) and (b)
P (ship is operating with E 2 function ) satisfy.
=
P (X 2)
 Probability 121

8. 10. P (Head appeared/white from U 2)

1 Red
(n1 – 1) Red (n3 + 1) Red  3C1 2C1 2
C 1
C 
5 × 2 + 5 1 × 2 1
= P (H ) .  1
C C1 C 1 C1 
n2 Black n4 Black 23 / 30
3 2 1
Box I Box II  ×1 + × 
= 
1 5 5 2
1 Black
2 20 / 30
n1 Red n3 Red 12
or =
23
(n2 – 1) Black (n4 + 1) Black Passage III
Box I Box II 5 5 1 25
11. P (X = 3) = ⋅ ⋅ =
1 6 6 6 216
∴ P (drawing red ball from B1) = 5 5 25
3 12. P (X ≥ 3) = ⋅ ⋅ 1 =
 n1 − 1   n1   n2   n1  1 6 6 36
⇒   +   = P {(X > 3) / (X ≥ 6)} ⋅ P (X ≥ 6)
 n1 + n2 − 1  n1 + n2  n1 + n2  n1 + n2 − 1 3 13. P {(X ≥ 6) / (X > 3)} =
P (X > 3)
n12 + n1n2 − n1 1   5  1  5 6  1 
⇒ = 5
(n1 + n2) (n1 + n2 − 1) 3 1 ⋅   ⋅   +   ⋅   + ... ∞ 
 6  6  6  6
Clearly, options (c) and (d) satisfy. =   = 25
  5 3 1  5 4 1  36
Passage II   ⋅ +   ⋅ + ... ∞ 
3W 1W  6 6 6 6 
Initial
2R Passage IV
U1 U2 14. Here, P (ui ) = ki, Σ P (ui ) = 1
Head appears 2
2W ⇒ k=
2W n (n + 1)
1W
2R n
2i 2
U1 U2 2 Cases lim P (W ) = lim
n→ ∞ n→ ∞
∑ n (n + 1)2
or i=1
3W 1W 2n (n + 1)(2n + 1)
= lim = 2 /3
1R n→∞ 6n (n + 1)2
1R 1R
U1 U2 n
 un  n + 1 2
Tail appears 15. P   = =
W  Σi n+1
1W 3W 3W 2W 2W
1W n+1
2W 0R 2R 1R 1R
2R W  2 + 4 + 6 + ... n+2
16. P   = =
U1 U2 U1 U2 U1 U2  E n (n + 1) 2 (n + 1)
2
3 Cases
17. As, the statement shows problem is to be related to
9. Now, probability of the drawn ball from U 2 being white
Baye’s law.
is
Let C , S , B, T be the events when person is going by car,
 3C 2
C 2
C 1
C  scooter, bus or train, respectively.
P (white / U 2) = P (H ) ⋅  5 1 × 2 1 + 5 1 × 2 1 
 1C C1 C 1 C1  1 3 2 1
∴ P (C ) = , P (S ) = , P (B) = , P (T ) =
 3C 3
C 2
C 1
C 3
C1 ⋅ 2C1 C1 
2 7 7 7 7
+ P (T )  5 2 × 3 2 + 5 2 × 3 1 + × 
5 3 Again, L be the event of the person reaching office late.
 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 
1 3 2 1 ∴ L be the event of the person reaching office in time.
=  ×1 + × 
2 5 5 2  L 7  L 8  L 5
Then, P   = , P   = , P   =
13 1 1 6 2  23 C 9 S 9  B 9
+  ×1 + × + × =
2 10 10 3 10 3  30
 L 8
and P  =
T 9
122 Probability

 L =
1 8
[( C 2)(6C 2)(4C 2)(2C 2)]
P   ⋅ P (C )
C C 4!
∴ P  = 1 8! 6! 4!
 L  L  L  L = × × × ×1
P   ⋅ P (C ) + P   ⋅ P (S ) + P   ⋅ P (B) 4 ! 2 !6 ! 2 !4 ! 2 !2 !
C S  B 1 8×7 6 ×5 4 ×3 8 × 7 ×6 ×5
 L = × × × = = 105
+ P   ⋅ P (T ) 4 ! 2 ! ×1 2 ! × 1 2 ! × 1 2 .2 .2 .2
T
Now, atleast two players certainly reach the second
7 1
× round between P1, P2 and P3 and P4 can reach in final if
9 7 1
= = exactly two players play against each other between P1,
7 1 8 3 5 2 8 1 7
× + × + × + × P2, P3 and remaining player will play against one of the
9 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 players from P5 , P6, P7, P8 and P4 plays against one of the
18. Let A1 be the event exactly 4 white balls have been remaining three from P5 …P8.
drawn. A2 be the event exactly 5 white balls have been This can be possible in
drawn. 3
C 2 × 4C1 × 3C1 = 3 . 4 . 3 = 36 ways
A3 be the event exactly 6 white balls have been drawn. ∴ Probability that P4 and exactly one of P5 ... P8 reach
B be the event exactly 1 white ball is drawn from two 36 12
second round = =
draws. Then, 105 35
 B  B  B If P1 , Pi , P4 and Pj , where i = 2 or 3 and j = 5 or 6 or 7
P (B) = P   P ( A1 ) + P   P ( A2) + P   P ( A3 )
 A1   A2   A3  reach the second round, then they can be paired in 2
1 4
 B pairs in ( C 2) (2C 2) = 3 ways. But P4 will reach the
But P   = 0 2!
 A3  final, if P1 plays against Pi and P4 plays against Pj .
[since, there are only 6 white balls in the bag] Hence, the probability that P4 will reach the final round
1
 B  B from the second =
∴ P (B) = P   P ( A1 ) + P   P ( A2) 3
 A1   A2  12 1 4
∴ Probability that P4 will reach the final is × = .
12
C 2.6 C 4 10
C1.2 C1 C1.6 C5 . 11C1.1 C1
12 35 3 35
= . +
18
C6 12
C2 18
C6 12
C2 22. Let q = 1 − p = probability of getting the tail. We have,
α = probability of A getting the head on tossing firstly
19. Let E be the event that coin tossed twice, shows head at
first time and tail at second time and F be the event that = P (H 1 or T1T2T3 H 4 or T1T2T3T4T5T6H 7 or … )
coin drawn is fair. = P (H ) + P (H )P (T )3 + P (H )P (T )6 + …
P (E / F ) ⋅ P (F ) P (H ) p
P (F / E ) = = =
P (E / F ) ⋅ P (F ) + P (E / F ′ ) ⋅ P (F ′ ) 1 − P (T )3 1 − q3
1 1 m
⋅ ⋅ Also,
= 2 2 N
1 1 m 2 1 N −m β = probability of B getting the head on tossing secondly
⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ = P (T1H 2 or T1T2T3T4H 5 or T1T2T3T4T5T6T7H 8 or …)
2 2 N 3 3 N
m = P (H ) [P (T ) + P (H )P (T )4 + P (H )P (T )7 + K ]
4 9m = P (T )[P (H ) + P (H )P (T )3 + P (H )P (T )6 + ... ]
= =
m 2 (N − m) 8N + m p(1 − p)
+ = q α = (1 − p) α =
4 9 1 − q3
20. Let W1 = ball drawn in the first draw is white. Again, we have
B1 = ball drawn in the first draw in black. α + β + γ =1
W 2 = ball drawn in the second draw is white. p + p(1 − p)
⇒ γ = 1 − (α + β ) = 1 −
Then , P (W 2) = P (W1 ) P (W 2 / W1 ) + P (B1 )P (W 2 / B1 ) 1 − q3
 m   m+ k   n   m  p + p(1 − p)
=    +    =1 −
 m + n   m + n + k  m + n   m + n + k 1 − (1 − p)3
m(m + k) + mn m (m + k + n ) m 1 − (1 − p)3 − p − p(1 − p)
= = = =
(m + n ) (m + n + k) (m + n ) (m + n + k) m + n 1 − (1 − p)3
21. The number of ways in which P1 , P2, K , P8 can be paired 1 − (1 − p)3 − 2 p + p2 p − 2 p2 + p3
γ= =
in four pairs 1 − (1 − p)3 1 − (1 − p)3
 Probability 123

p p(1 − p) 1 1 1
Also, α= , β= ⇒ P (E3 ) = 1 − − =
1 − (1 − p)3
1 − (1 − p)3 3 6 2
23. (i) Probability of S1 to be among the eight winners If E1 has already occured, then the examinee guesses.
Since, there are four choices out of which only one is
= (Probability of S1 being a pair ) correct, therefore the probability that he answer
× (Probability of S1 winning in the group) correctly given that he has made a guess is 1/4.
1
1 1 i.e. P ( A / E1 ) =
=1 × = [since, S1 is definitely in a group] 4
2 2 1
It is given that, P ( A / E 2) =
(ii) If S1 and S 2 are in the same pair, then exactly one 8
wins.
and P ( A / E3 ) = probability that he answer correctly
If S1 and S 2 are in two pairs separately, then exactly given that he know the answer = 1
one of S1 and S 2 will be among the eight winners. If
By Baye’s theorem, we have
S1 wins and S 2 loses or S1 loses and S 2 wins.
P (E3 ) ⋅ P ( A / E3 )
Now, the probability of S1 , S 2 being in the same pair P (E3 / A ) =
 
and one wins
P (E1 ) ⋅ P ( A / E1 ) + P (E 2) ⋅ P ( A / E 2) 
= (Probability of S1 , S 2 being the same pair)  + P (E3 ) ⋅ P ( A / E3 ) 

× (Probability of anyone winning in the pair).
1
and the probability of S1 , S 2 being the same pair ×1
2 24
n (E ) ∴ P (E3 / A ) = =
=  1 1  1 1  1  29
 ×  +  ×  +  × 1
n (S )  3 4  6 8  2 
where, n (E ) = the number of ways in which 16 25. Let Bi = ith ball drawn is black.
persons can be divided in 8 pairs.
Wi = ith ball drawn is white, where i = 1, 2
(14)! (16)!
∴ n (E ) = and n (S ) = and A = third ball drawn is black.
(2 !) ⋅ 7 !
7
(2 !)8 ⋅ 8 !
We observe that the black ball can be drawn in the third
∴ Probability of S1 and S 2 being in the same pair
draw in one of the following mutually exclusive ways.
(14)! ⋅ (2 !)8 ⋅ 8 ! 1 (i) Both first and second balls drawn are white and
= =
(2 !)7 ⋅ 7 !⋅ (16)! 15 third ball drawn is black.
i.e. (W1 ∩ W 2) ∩ A
The probability of any one wining in the pairs of
(ii) Both first and second balls are black and third ball
S1 , S 2 = P (certain event) = 1
drawn is black.
∴ The pairs of S1 , S 2 being in two pairs separately i.e. (B1 ∩ B2) ∩ A
and S1 wins, S 2 loses + The probability of S1 , S 2 being (iii) The first ball drawn is white, the second ball drawn
in two pairs separately and S1 loses, S 2 wins. is black and the third ball drawn is black.
 (14)!   (14)!  i.e. (W1 ∩ B2) ∩ A
 (2 !)7 ⋅ 7 !  1 1  (2 !)7 ⋅ 7 !  1 1 (iv) The first ball drawn is black, the second ball drawn
= 1 − × × + 1 − × ×
(16)!  2 2  (16)!  2 2 is white and the third ball drawn is black.
 
 (2 !)8 ⋅ 8 !   (2 !)8 ⋅ 8 !  i.e. (B1 ∩ W 2) ∩ A
1 14 × (14)! 7 ∴ P ( A ) = P [{(W1 ∩ W 2) ∩ A } ∪{(B1 ∩ B2) ∩ A }
= × =
2 15 × (14)! 15 ∪ {(W1 ∩ B2) ∩ A } ∪ {(B1 ∩ W 2) ∩ A }]
1 7 8 = P{(W1 ∩ W 2) ∩ A } + P{(B1 ∩ B2) ∩ A }
∴ Required probability = + =
15 15 15 + P{(W1 ∩ B2) ∩ A } + P{(B1 ∩ W 2) ∩ A }
24. Let E1 , E 2, E3 and A be the events defined as = P (W1 ∩ W 2) ⋅ P ( A / (W1 ∩ W 2)) + P (B1 ∩ B2)
E1 = the examinee guesses the answer ∴ P ( A / (B1 ∩ B2)) + P (W1 ∩ B2) ⋅ P ( A / (W1 ∩ B2))
E 2 = the examinee copies the answer + P (B1 ∩ W 2) ⋅ P ( A / (B1 ∩ W 2))
E3 = the examinee knows the answer  2 1  2 3 4
=  ×  ×1 +  ×  ×
 4 3  4 5 6
and A = the examinee answer correctly
1 1  2 2 3  2 2 3
We have, P (E1 ) = , P (E 2) = + ×  × + ×  ×
3 6  4 3 4  4 5 4
1 1 1 3 23
Since, E1 , E 2, E3 are mutually exclusive and exhaustive = + + + =
events. 6 5 4 20 30
∴ P (E1 ) + P (E 2) + P (E3 ) = 1
124 Probability

26. The testing procedure may terminate at the twelfth 1 1

∴ q= ⇒ p =1−q =
testing in two mutually exclusive ways. 2 2
1
I : When lot contains 2 defective articles. Now, n× = 8 ⇒ n = 16
2
II : When lot contains 3 defective articles. 16
 1
Let A = testing procedure ends at twelth testing P (X = r ) =16 C r  
 2
A1 = lot contains 2 defective articles ∴ P (X ≤ 2) = P (X = 0) + P (X = 1) + P (X = 2)
A2 = lot contains 3 defective articles 16 16 16
 1  1  1
∴ Required probability =16 C 0   + 16 C1   + 16 C 2 
 2  2  2
= P ( A1 ) ⋅ P ( A / A1 ) + P ( A2) ⋅ P ( A / A2) 1 + 16 + 120 137 k
= = 16 = 16 (given)
Here, P ( A / A1 ) = probability that first 11 draws contain 216 2 2
10 non-defective and one-defective and twelfth draw
⇒ k = 137
contains a defective article.
18
C10 × 2C1 1 3. As we know probability of getting a head on a toss of a
= × …(i) 1
20
C11 9 fair coin is P (H ) = = p (let)
2
P ( A / A2) = probability that first 11 draws contains 9 Now, let n be the minimum numbers of toss required to
non-defective and 2-defective articles and twelfth draw get at least one head, then required probability
17
C 9 × 3C 2 1 = 1 − (probability that on all ‘n’ toss we are getting tail)
contains defective = 20
× … (ii) n
C11 9  1  1
=1 −   Q P (tail) = P (Head ) =
 2  2 
∴ Required probability
= (0.4)P ( A / A1 ) + 0.6 P ( A / A2) According to the question,
n n
 1 99  1 99
0.4 × 18C10 × 2C1 1 0.6 × 17C 9 × 3C 2 1 99 1−  > ⇒  <1 −
= 20
× + 20
× =  2 100  2 100
C11 9 C11 9 1900 n
 1 1
⇒   < ⇒ 2n > 100
 2 100
Topic 5 Probability Distribution and ⇒ n=7 [for minimum]
Binomial Distribution
4. The required probability of observing atleast one head
1. Given that, there are 50 problems to solve in an
admission test and probability that the candidate can = 1 − P (no head)
4 1
solve any problem is = q (say). So, probability that the =1 − n [let number of toss are n]
5 2
4 1  1
candidate cannot solve a problem is p = 1 − q = 1 − = . Q P (Head) = P (Tail) =
5 5  2 
1 90
According to the question, 1 − n ≥
Now, let X be a random variable which denotes the 2 100
number of problems that the candidate is unable to 1 1
⇒ n ≤ ⇒ 2 ≥ 10 ⇒ n ≥ 4
n
solve. Then, X follows binomial distribution with 2 10
1
parameters n = 50 and p = . So, minimum number of times one has to toss a fair coin
5 so that the probability of observing atleast one head is
Now, according to binomial probability distribution atleast 90% is 4.
concept
r 50 − r 5. Let p and q represents the probability of success and
 1  4
P (X = r ) = 50C r     , r = 0, 1, ... , 50 failure in a trial respectively. Then,
 5  5 2 1 4 2
p = P (5 or 6) = = and q = 1 − p = = .
6 3 6 3
∴Required probability Now, as the man decides to throw the die either till he
= P (X < 2) = P (X = 0) + P (X = 1) gets a five or a six or to a maximum of three throws, so
 4
50
449  4
49
 4 50 54  4
49 he can get the success in first, second and third throw or
= 50C 0   + 50C1 =    +  =   not get the success in any of the three throws.
 5 (5)50  5 5 5  5  5
So, the expected gain/loss (in `)
2. Let for the given random variable ‘X’ the binomial = ( p × 100) + qp(− 50 + 100)
probability distribution have n-number of independent + q2p(− 50 − 50 + 100) + q3 (− 50 − 50 − 50)
trials and probability of success and failure are p and q 1   2 1  2  1
2
 2
3
respectively. According to the question, =  × 100 +  ×  (50) +     (0) +   (− 150)
3   3 3  3  3  3
Mean = np = 8 and variance = npq = 4
 Probability 125

100 100 1200 10. India play 4 matches and getting at least 7 points. It can
= + +0−
3 9 27 only be possible in WWWD or WWWW position, where W
900 + 300 − 1200 1200 − 1200 represents two points and D represents one point.
= = =0
27 27 Therefore, the probability of the required event
6. The probability of hitting a target at least once = 4C3 (0.05) (0.5)3 + 4C 4 (0.5)4
= 1 − (probability of not hitting the target in any trial) = [4(0.05) + 0.5 ] (0.5)3 = 0.0875
= 1 − nC 0 p0qn
11. Let X be the number of coins showing heads. Let X be a
where n is the number of independent trials and p and q binomial variate with parameters n = 100 and p.
are the probability of success and failure respectively.
Since, P (X = 50) = P (X = 51)
[by using binomial distribution]
1 1 2 ⇒ 100
C50 p50 (1 − p)50 = 100C51 ( p)51 (1 − p)49
Here, p= and q =1− p =1− =
3 3 3 (100) ! (51 !) × (49 !) p p 51
0 n ⇒ ⋅ = ⇒ =
 1  2 5 (50 !) (50 !) 100 ! 1− p 1 − p 50
According to the question, 1 − nC 0     >
 3  3 6 51
n n ⇒ p=
 2 5  2 1 101
⇒   <1− ⇒   <
 3 6  3 6 12. For Binomial distribution, mean = np
Clearly, minimum value of n is 5.
and variance = npq
7. Let p = probability of getting an ace in a draw = ∴ np = 2 and npq = 1 [given]
probability of success ⇒ q = 1 / 2 and p + q = 1
and q = probability of not getting an ace in a draw = ⇒ p = 1 /2
probability of failure ∴ n = 4, p = q = 1 / 2
4 1
Then, p= = Now, P (X > 1) = 1 − { P (X = 0) + P (X = 1)}
52 13
0 4 1 3
1 12  1  1  1  1
and q =1 − p=1 − = = 1 − 4C 0     − 4C1    
13 13  2  2  2  2
Here, number of trials, n = 2 1 4 11
=1 − − =
Clearly, X follows binomial distribution with parameter 16 16 16
1 0 .1 0 .1 5
n = 2 and p = . 13. Probability (face 1) = = =
13
x 2− x
0 .1 + 0 .32 0 .42 21
 1   12
Now, P (X = x) = 2C x     , x = 0, 1, 2 14. Let E be the event that product of the two digits is 18,
 13  13
therefore required numbers are 29 , 36, 63 and 92.
∴ P (X = 1) + P (X = 2)
4
1
 1   12
2
 1   12
0 Hence, p = P (E ) =
= 2C1     + 2C 2    100
 13  13  13  13
and probability of non-occurrence of E is
 12  1
=2  + q = 1 − P (E ) = 1 −
4
=
96
 169 169
100 100
24 1 25
= + = Out of the four numbers selected, the probability that
169 169 169
the event E occurs atleast 3 times, is given as
8. Given box contains 15 green and 10 yellow balls. P = 4C3 p3 q + 4C 4 p4
∴Total number of balls = 15 + 10 = 25 3 4
 4   96   4  97
15 3 =4     +  = 4
P(green balls) = = = p = Probability of success  100  100  100 25
25 5
10 2 15. Since, set A contains n elements. So, it has 2n subsets.
P(yellow balls) = = = q = Probability of unsuccess
25 5 ∴ Set P can be chosen in 2n ways, similarly set Q can be
and n = 10 = Number of trials. chosen in 2n ways.
3 2 12 ∴ P and Q can be chosen in (2n )(2n ) = 4n ways.
∴Variance = npq = 10 × × =
5 5 5
1 Suppose, P contains r elements, where r varies from 0 to
9. Probability of guessing a correct answer, p = and n. Then, P can be chosen in nC r ways, for 0 to be disjoint
3
from A, it should be chosen from the set of all subsets of
probability of guessing a wrong answer, q = 2 /3
set consisting of remaining (n − r ) elements. This can be
∴ The probability of guessing a 4 or more correct done in 2n − r ways.
4 5
 1 2  1 2 1 11 ∴ P and Q can be chosen in nC r ⋅ 2n − r ways.
answers = 5C 4   ⋅ + 5C5   = 5 ⋅ 5 + 5 = 5
 3 3  3 3 3 3
126 Probability

But, r can vary from 0 to n. Clearly, P1 > P2. Therefore, first option i.e. ‘best of 3
∴ Total number of disjoint sets P and Q games’ has higher probability of winning the match.
n
17. The man will be one step away from the starting point,
= ∑ nC r2n − r = (1 + 2)n = 3n if
r=0
n (i) either he is one step ahead or (ii) one step behind the
3 n  3 starting point.
Hence, required probability = = 
4 n  4 The man will be one step ahead at the end of eleven
16. Case I When A plays 3 games against B. steps, if he moves six steps forward and five steps
backward. The probability of this event is
In this case, we have n = 3, p = 0.4 and q = 0.6 11
C 6 (0.4)6 (0.6)5 .
Let X denote the number of wins. Then,
The man will be one step behind at the end of eleven
P (X = r ) = 3C r (0.4)r (0.6)3 − r; r = 0, 1, 2, 3
steps, if he moves six steps backward and five steps
∴ P1 = probability of winning the best of 3 games forward. The probability of this event is 11C 6 (0.6)6 (0.4)5 .
= P (X ≥ 2) ∴ Required probability
= P (X = 2) + P (X = 3) = 11C 6 (0.4)6 (0.6)5 + C 6 (0.6)6 (0.4)5 = 11C 6 (0.24)5
11

= 3C 2(0.4)2(0.6)1 + 3C3 (0.4)3 (0.6)0 18. Using Binomial distribution,

= 0.288 + 0.064 = 0.352 P (X ≥ 2) = 1 − P (X = 0) − P (X = 1)
Case II When A plays 5 games against B. n  n −1
 1  1  1
In this case, we have = 1 −   −  nC1 ⋅   ⋅   
 2  2  2
 
n = 5, p = 0.4 and q = 0.6
1 1  1 + n 
Let X denotes the number of wins in 5 games. = 1 − n − nC1 ⋅ n = 1 −  n 
2 2  2 
Then,
P (X = r ) = 5C r (0.4)r (0.6)5 − r , where r = 0, 1, 2K ,5 Given, P (X ≥ 2) ≥ 0. 96
(n + 1) 24
∴ P2 = probability of winning the best of 5 games ∴ 1− ≥
2n 25
= P (X ≥ 3)
n+1 1
= P (X = 3) + P (X = 4) + P (X = 5) ⇒ ≤
2n 25
= 5C3 (0.4)3 (0.6)2 + 5C 4 (0.4)4 (0.6) + 5C5 (0.4 )5 (0.6)0
∴ n =8
= 0.2304 + 0.0768 + 0.1024 = 0.31744

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7
Matrices and Determinants

Topic 1 Types of Matrices, Addition, Subtraction,

Multiplication and Transpose of a Matrix
Objective Question I (Only one correct option) 1 0 0
1. If A is a symmetric matrix and B is a skew-symmetric 6. Let P =  4 1 0 and I be the identity matrix of order 3.
2 3  16 4 1
matrix such that A + B =  , then AB is equal to
5 −1 q + q32
If Q = [qij ] is a matrix, such that P50 − Q = I, then 31
(2019 Main, 12 April I) q21
 −4 −2 4 −2 equals (2016 Adv.)
(a)   (b) 
 −1 4   −1 −4 (a) 52 (b) 103
(c) 201 (d) 205
 4 −2  −4 2
(c)   (d)  1 2 2
 1 −4 1 4
7. If A = 2 1 −2 is a matrix satisfying the equation
 0 2y 1 
 c 2 b 
2. The total number of matrices A = 2x y −1 ,
AA = 9 I, where, I is 3 × 3 identity matrix, then the
T
2x − y 1  ordered pair (a, b) is equal to (2015 Main)
(x, y ∈ R, x ≠ y) for which AT A = 3I3 is (a) (2, − 1) (b) (−2, 1)
(2019 Main, 9 April II) (c) (2, 1) (d) (−2, − 1)
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 6  3 /2 1 /2  1 1
cos α − sin α  8. If P =  , A =   and Q = PAP , then
T
3. Let A= , (α ∈ R) such that  −1 /2 3 / 2 0 1
sin α cos α  T 2005
P Q P is
(2005, 1M)
0 −1
A32 =  . Then, a value of α is  1 2005  1 2005
(a)  (b) 
1 0  (2019 Main, 8 April I) 0 1   2005 1 
π π π
(a) (b) 0 (c) (d)  1 0  1 0
32 64 16 (c)   (d)  
 2005 1  0 1
1 0 0
4. Let P = 3 1 0 and Q = [qij ] be two 3 × 3 matrices 9. If A = α 0
1
and B = 
1 0
1
, then value of α for which
1 5
9 3 1 A 2 = B, is (2003, 1M)
q + q31
such that Q − P = I3 . Then, 21
5
is equal to (a) 1 (b) –1
q32 (2019 Main, 12 Jan I) (c) 4 (d) no real values
(a) 10 (b) 135 (c) 9 (d) 15 10. If A and B are square matrices of equal degree, then which
0 2q r  one is correct among the following? (1995, 2M)
5. Let A =  p q −r . If AAT = I3 , then| p|is (a) A + B = B + A
(b) A + B = A − B
 p − q r  (2019 Main, 11 Jan I) (c) A − B = B − A
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (d) AB = BA
5 2 3 6