Scribd
Upload
5 views4 pages

Chapter 2

Chapter 2 discusses the importance of material selection in design, focusing on properties such as tensile strength, compressive strength, and torsional strength. It also covers resilience, toughness, hardness, and impact properties, emphasizing their statistical nature and significance in material behavior. Key concepts like Young's modulus, modulus of resilience, and toughness are defined, along with testing methods for hardness and impact strength.

Uploaded by

Osman Gani Akash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views4 pages

Chapter 2

Chapter 2 discusses the importance of material selection in design, focusing on properties such as tensile strength, compressive strength, and torsional strength. It also covers resilience, toughness, hardness, and impact properties, emphasizing their statistical nature and significance in material behavior. Key concepts like Young's modulus, modulus of resilience, and toughness are defined, along with testing methods for hardness and impact strength.

Uploaded by

Osman Gani Akash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Chapter 2 (Materials)

 The selection of a material for a machine part or a structural member is one of the most important
decisions the designer is called on to make.
 The decision is usually made before the dimensions of the part are established.

Material Strength and Stiffness

Tensile Strength

Ductile Material Brittle Material

 Here, Point pl is called the proportional limit. This is the point at which the curve first begins to deviate
from a straight line. No permanent set will be observable in the specimen if the load is removed at this
point.
 In the linear range, the uniaxial stress-strain relation is given by Hooke’s law as σ=Eε
 where the constant of proportionality E, the slope of the linear part of the stress-strain curve, is
called Young’s modulus or the modulus of elasticity.
 E is a measure of the stiffness of a material, and since strain is dimensionless, the units of E are
the same as stress. Steel, for example, has a modulus of elasticity of about 30 Mpsi (207 GPa)
regardless of heat treatment, carbon content, or alloying.

Compressive strength
 For most ductile materials the compressive strengths are about the same as the tensile strengths.
 When substantial differences occur between tensile and compressive strengths however, as is the case
with the cast irons, the tensile and compressive strengths should be stated separately, Sut and Suc.

Torsional strength
 Torsional strengths are found by twisting solid circular bars and recording the torque and the twist angle.
The results are then plotted as a torque-twist diagram.
Gr Tr
τ max = θ=
 The maximum shear stress τmax is related to the angle of twist θ by
l0 J .
where G is the material stiffness property called the shear modulus or the modulus of rigidity.
 The torque-twist diagram will be similar to stress-strain diagram. The modulus of rigidity (G) and the
torsional yield strength (Ssy) can be found in the elastic limit.

Modulus of rupture
 The maximum point on a torque-twist diagram, corresponding to point u is Tu.
Modulus of Resilience
 The capacity of a material to absorb energy within its elastic range is called resilience.

 The modulus of resilience (uR) of a material is defined as the energy absorbed per unit volume without
permanent deformation, and is equal to the area under the stress-strain curve up to the elastic limit (εy).
εy

( )
2
1 1 Sy Sy
u R ≃∫ σdε = S y ε y = S y =
0 2 2 E 2E

Modulus of Toughness
 The capacity of a material to absorb energy without fracture is called toughness.

 The modulus of toughness (uT) of a material is defined as the energy absorbed per unit volume without
fracture, which is equal to the total area under the stress-strain curve up to the fracture point (εf).
εf

uT ≃∫ σdε=
0
( 2 )
S y + S ut
εf

The Statistical Significance of Material Properties


The description of strength, a material property, is distributional and thus is statistical in nature.

 The probability density is defined as the number of occurrences divided by the total sample number.
 If the data is in the form of a Gaussian or normal distribution, the probability density function
determined by
Hardness
 The resistance of a material to penetration by a pointed tool is called hardness.
 Though there are many hardness-measuring systems, we shall consider here only the two in greatest use.
- Rockwell hardness tests are described by ASTM standard hardness method E–18.
- The Brinell hardness is another test in very general use.
Impact Properties
 An external force applied to a structure or part is called an impact load if the time of application is less
than one-third the lowest natural period of vibration of the part or structure. Otherwise it is called simply
a static load.
 The Charpy (commonly used) and Izod (rarely used) notched-bar tests utilize bars of specified
geometries to determine brittleness and impact strength.

A mean trace shows the effect of temperature on impact values. The result of interest is the brittle-ductile
transition temperature, often defined as the temperature at which the mean trace passes through.
Young’s modulus E for various materials

You might also like