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Multiplexing

Chapter 6 discusses bandwidth utilization through multiplexing and spreading techniques. It explains how multiplexing allows simultaneous transmission of multiple signals over a single data link, detailing various methods such as Frequency-Division Multiplexing and Time-Division Multiplexing. The chapter includes examples and calculations to illustrate the application of these techniques in telecommunications.

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6 views30 pages

Multiplexing

Chapter 6 discusses bandwidth utilization through multiplexing and spreading techniques. It explains how multiplexing allows simultaneous transmission of multiple signals over a single data link, detailing various methods such as Frequency-Division Multiplexing and Time-Division Multiplexing. The chapter includes examples and calculations to illustrate the application of these techniques in telecommunications.

Uploaded by

Vipul Rathore
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 6

Bandwidth Utilization:
Multiplexing and
Spreading

6.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Note

Bandwidth utilization is the wise use of


available bandwidth to achieve
specific goals.

Efficiency can be achieved by


multiplexing; privacy and anti-jamming
can be achieved by spreading.

6.2
6-1 MULTIPLEXING
Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two
devices is greater than the bandwidth needs of the
devices, the link can be shared. Multiplexing is the set
of techniques that allows the simultaneous
transmission of multiple signals across a single data
link. As data and telecommunications use increases, so
does traffic.
Topics discussed in this section:
Frequency-Division Multiplexing
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing
Statistical Time-Division Multiplexing
6.3
Figure 6.1 Dividing a link into channels

6.4
Figure 6.2 Categories of multiplexing

6.5
Figure 6.3 Frequency-division multiplexing

6.6
Note

FDM is an analog multiplexing technique


that combines analog signals.

6.7
Figure 6.4 FDM process

6.8
Figure 6.5 FDM demultiplexing example

6.9
Example 6.1

Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4


kHz. We need to combine three voice channels into a link
with a bandwidth of 12 kHz, from 20 to 32 kHz. Show the
configuration, using the frequency domain. Assume there
are no guard bands.
Solution
We shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels to a
different bandwidth, as shown in Figure 6.6. We use the
20- to 24-kHz bandwidth for the first channel, the 24- to
28-kHz bandwidth for the second channel, and the 28- to
32-kHz bandwidth for the third one. Then we combine
them as shown in Figure 6.6.
6.10
Figure 6.6 Example 6.1

6.11
Example 6.2

Five channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth, are to be


multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of
the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 kHz
between the channels to prevent interference?

Solution
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands.
This means that the required bandwidth is at least
5 × 100 + 4 × 10 = 540 kHz,
as shown in Figure 6.7.

6.12
Figure 6.7 Example 6.2

6.13
Figure 6.9 Analog hierarchy

6.14
Example 6.4

The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) uses two


bands. The first band of 824 to 849 MHz is used for
sending, and 869 to 894 MHz is used for receiving.
Each user has a bandwidth of 30 kHz in each direction.
How many people can use their cellular phones
simultaneously?
Solution
Each band is 25 MHz. If we divide 25 MHz by 30 kHz, we
get 833.33. In reality, the band is divided into 832
channels. Of these, 42 channels are used for control,
which means only 790 channels are available for cellular
phone users.
6.15
Figure 6.10 Wavelength-division multiplexing

6.16
Note

WDM is an analog multiplexing


technique to combine optical signals.

6.17
Figure 6.11 Prisms in wavelength-division multiplexing and demultiplexing

6.18
Figure 6.12 TDM

6.19
Note

TDM is a digital multiplexing technique


for combining several low-rate
channels into one high-rate one.

6.20
Figure 6.13 Synchronous time-division multiplexing

6.21
Note

In synchronous TDM, the data rate


of the link is n times faster, and the unit
duration is n times shorter.

6.22
Example 6.5

In Figure 6.13, the data rate for each input connection is


3 kbps. If 1 bit at a time is multiplexed (a unit is 1 bit),
what is the duration of (a) each input slot, (b) each output
slot, and (c) each frame?

Solution
We can answer the questions as follows:
a. The data rate of each input connection is 1 kbps. This
means that the bit duration is 1/1000 s or 1 ms. The
duration of the input time slot is 1 ms (same as bit
duration).

6.23
Example 6.5 (continued)

b. The duration of each output time slot is one-third of


the input time slot. This means that the duration of the
output time slot is 1/3 ms.

c. Each frame carries three output time slots. So the


duration of a frame is 3 × 1/3 ms, or 1 ms. The
duration of a frame is the same as the duration of an
input unit.

6.24
Example 6.6

Figure 6.14 shows synchronous TDM with a data stream


for each input and one data stream for the output. The
unit of data is 1 bit. Find (a) the input bit duration, (b)
the output bit duration, (c) the output bit rate, and (d) the
output frame rate.
Solution
We can answer the questions as follows:
a. The input bit duration is the inverse of the bit rate:
1/1 Mbps = 1 μs.

b. The output bit duration is one-fourth of the input bit


duration, or ¼ μs.
6.25
Example 6.6 (continued)

c. The output bit rate is the inverse of the output bit


duration or 1/(4μs) or 4 Mbps. This can also be
deduced from the fact that the output rate is 4 times as
fast as any input rate; so the output rate = 4 × 1 Mbps
= 4 Mbps.

d. The frame rate is always the same as any input rate. So


the frame rate is 1,000,000 frames per second.
Because we are sending 4 bits in each frame, we can
verify the result of the previous question by
multiplying the frame rate by the number of bits per
frame.
6.26
Figure 6.14 Example 6.6

6.27
Example 6.7

Four 1-kbps connections are multiplexed together. A unit


is 1 bit. Find (a) the duration of 1 bit before multiplexing,
(b) the transmission rate of the link, (c) the duration of a
time slot, and (d) the duration of a frame.

Solution
We can answer the questions as follows:
a. The duration of 1 bit before multiplexing is 1 / 1 kbps,
or 0.001 s (1 ms).

b. The rate of the link is 4 times the rate of a connection,


or 4 kbps.
6.28
Example 6.7 (continued)

c. The duration of each time slot is one-fourth of the


duration of each bit before multiplexing, or 1/4 ms or
250 μs. Note that we can also calculate this from the
data rate of the link, 4 kbps. The bit duration is the
inverse of the data rate, or 1/4 kbps or 250 μs.

d. The duration of a frame is always the same as the


duration of a unit before multiplexing, or 1 ms. We
can also calculate this in another way. Each frame in
this case has four time slots. So the duration of a
frame is 4 times 250 μs, or 1 ms.
6.29
Figure 6.15 Interleaving

6.30

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