2024 Third International Conference on Distributed Computing and Electrical Circuits and Electronics (ICDCECE)

Revolutionizing Bus Tracking and Arrival

Prediction in Real Time for Both Public and Private
Sectors, Powered by Firebase
2024 Third International Conference on Distributed Computing and Electrical Circuits and Electronics (ICDCECE) | 979-8-3503-1860-9/24/$31.00 ©2024 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICDCECE60827.2024.10549731

1st Mohammed Shafiulla 2nd Abdul Lateef Haroon P S 3rd Shaik Mohammed Naveed
Department of Computer Science and Department of Electronics and Department of Computer Science and
Engineering Communication Engineering Engineering
Ballari Institute of Technology & Ballari Institute of Technology and Ballari Institute of Technology and
Management Management Management
Ballari, India Ballari, India Ballari, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

4th Suhail Ahmed 5th Mahika Dhar M 6th Utkarsh Kumar

Department of Computer Science and Department of Computer Science and Department of Computer Science and
Engineering Engineering Engineering
Ballari Institute of Technology & Ballari Institute of Technology & Ballari Institute of Technology &
Management Management Management
Ballari, India Ballari, India Ballari, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—Public transport systems often face challenges behind Track N Go lies in a fervent desire to elevate the
related to reliability and efficiency, leading to inconvenience and overall journey experience for urban commuters. Beyond the
uncertainty for passengers. Existing solutions for real-time bus mere task of ensuring buses adhere to schedules, the project
monitoring typically rely on expensive Internet of Things (IoT) aspires to craft a more inclusive, cost-effective, and
components. This paper presents Track N Go, a cost-effective passenger-centric approach to urban commuting. By
alternative for real-time monitoring of public buses and taxis strategically harnessing the power of mobile technology,
using mobile phone location data. The system utilizes a robust Track N Go endeavors to meet the immediate need for
backend system built with Java and React.Js for the user efficient bus tracking while sowing the seeds for future
interface. Integration of GPS via the Map Box API and Firebase
advancements in urban mobility solutions. The objectives of
database ensures accurate location tracking. Track N Go
Track N Go are multifaceted and deeply human-centered.
provides accurate real-time monitoring, addressing challenges
associated with public transport and improving overall urban Primarily, the project seeks to confront the challenges posed
mobility. The system enhances convenience and peace of mind by traditional bus tracking methods by offering a cost-
for passengers by delivering reliable and user-centric solutions. effective, scalable, and intuitively designed alternative.
The evaluation of Track N Go demonstrates its effectiveness in Moreover, Track N Go endeavors to enrich the reliability and
improving urban mobility and transit services. By offering a efficiency of public transportation systems, fostering a sense
reliable and cost-effective solution for real-time bus monitoring, of ease and comfort among passengers throughout their
Track N Go aims to streamline daily commutes and make public journeys. The paramount contribution of this research lies in
transport more efficient and predictable. its innovative use of mobile technology to revolutionize bus
tracking and management. By introducing a disruptive
Keywords—real-time tracking, bus monitoring, firebase, solution that sidesteps the complexities associated with
urban transportation, cost-effective solution, GPS integration traditional IoT implementations, Track N Go heralds a new
era of accessible and inclusive urban transportation. This
I. INTRODUCTION paper unfolds as a meticulously structured journey: Section II
In the bustling landscape of urban living, optimizing delves into a comprehensive review of existing literature and
public transportation systems emerges as a pivotal endeavor the formidable challenges confronting traditional bus tracking
in ensuring seamless and delightful commuting experiences. methods. Section III meticulously outlines the methodology
However, this pursuit is laden with intricate challenges. and approach embraced in the development of Track N Go.
Traditional methods of bus tracking and management often Section IV unfolds the results and discussions, shedding light
entail complex and prohibitively expensive implementations, on the system's remarkable features and functionalities.
typically reliant on Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. Section V offers a comparative analysis with existing systems,
While undeniably effective, these approaches erect barriers to followed by a nuanced discussion of the qualitative and
scalability and accessibility, leaving commuters frustrated and quantitative performance analyses. Finally, Section VI
transit agencies burdened. The inception of "Track N Go" gracefully concludes the paper with a thoughtful summary of
springs forth from a profound recognition of these challenges the findings and thoughtful recommendations for future
and an impassioned call for a paradigm shift in urban research endeavors.
transportation solutions. Unlike its predecessors, Track N Go
capitalizes on the ubiquitous nature of mobile phones and their A. Objectives
inherent location tracking capabilities to offer a revolutionary • To provide an accurate and real-time bus tracking
approach to real-time bus tracking. This innovation not only system.
significantly mitigates operational costs but also democratizes
bus tracking technology, rendering it accessible and scalable • To create user-friendly interfaces for admins and
across both public and private sectors. The driving force commuters, improving productivity and convenience.

979-8-3503-1860-9/24/$31.00 ©2024 IEEE

Authorized licensed use limited to: M S RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on February 06,2025 at 11:36:51 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 • To offer a cost-effective real-time tracking solution. control horizon step size using move blocking and integrating
it into the quadratic programming solution process to reduce
• To minimize the reliance on IoT components and calculation time. Experiments comparing MPC with and
reduce costs while maintaining security. without move blocking show a 15.79% reduction in average
II. LITERATURE SURVEY calculation time with move blocking, demonstrating improved
efficiency.
R. Liu et al. [1] present a real-time object-tracking system
utilizing a traditional ant colony algorithm, enhancing it for Y. Ozen et al. [9] present a specialized system for
improved tracking performance. By establishing an embedded Alzheimer's patients, using energy-efficient GPS monitoring
platform based on this enhanced algorithm, it aims to achieve during immobility. It incorporates a hybrid mobile positioning
better real-time tracking capabilities. Through algorithm technique and extends beyond location tracking to address
analysis and experimental comparisons, the study evaluates medical aspects.
the performance of the ant colony algorithm and its P. Jyothi and G. Harish [10] introduce a two-module
improvements. Results indicate that with particle filtering system, utilizing GPS for real-time location and GSM for alert
technology, the enhanced algorithm achieves a notable messages in vehicle tracking. It detects path deviations and
response time reduction, maintaining reaction times within 4 speed, incorporating a gas leakage sensor (MQ 6) and
seconds. temperature sensors. The future scope involves implementing
M. S. Rudramurthy et al. [2] propose a vehicle tracking measures to reduce accidents.
system integrates smartphone technology with GPS and S. Anand et al. [11] integrate a GPS module sending
mobile communication to enable real-time monitoring of coordinates to a microcontroller. It communicates through a
vehicle movement. Utilizing the Google Maps API, users can Wi-Fi module for cloud transmission, employing a serverless
track the vehicle's location on their smartphone app and architecture to store coordinates.
receive notifications upon entering or leaving predefined
geofenced areas. Additionally, users can access features such O. D. Jimoh et al. [12] present a vehicle tracking system
as browsing news, profile management, and lodging using greedy forwarding algorithms for public transportation
grievances within the application. Overall, the system offers in urban areas. Their system addresses the need for efficient
continuous vehicle tracking, distance estimation to tracking in urban environments by employing greedy
destinations, and geofencing notifications for enhanced user forwarding algorithms, which optimize route selection for
convenience and control. vehicles, ensuring timely and accurate tracking information.
S. S. P. Naresh et al. [3] implement a real-time vehicle M. S. A. Khan et al. [13] design and model an IoT-based
detection system using the YOLO algorithm. It processes cost-effective vehicular monitoring system for next-
images and videos to identify vehicles and classify them into generation smart vehicles. Their system integrates IoT
cars, trucks, and buses using DNN models. Additionally, the technologies to monitor vehicle parameters in real-time,
system tracks vehicle movement across frames to count total providing valuable data for vehicle maintenance and
vehicles passing through an area. Results are presented in a performance optimization. The cost-effective design makes it
user-friendly graphical interface, with applications in traffic accessible for widespread adoption in smart vehicle
management, surveillance, and security systems. applications.
R. Vyas et al. [4] address challenges in tracking college F. Farzana et al. [14] propose a real-time motion-based
buses. A mobile app using Flutter, IoT, and GPS aims to offer fuel monitoring technique for vehicle tracking systems. Their
real-time tracking, route info, and arrival times, easing technique utilizes motion sensors to monitor vehicle
transportation for students and faculty. movement patterns and estimate fuel consumption in real-
time. This enables efficient fuel management and helps
Z. Wang et al. [5] tackle ship navigation challenges. Their prevent fuel theft or unauthorized usage, enhancing overall
real-time tracking method improves accuracy, validated vehicle tracking system functionality.
through simulations and sea tests, promising enhanced ship
navigation and trajectory analysis. M. A. Hafiizh Nur et al. [15] present a tracking, arrival
time estimator, and passenger information system on Bus
H. Stuckey et al. [6] present a 3-D UAV tracking system. Rapid Transit (BRT). Their system integrates GPS tracking,
Utilizing a single camera and LED marker, it achieves precise arrival time estimation algorithms, and passenger information
location estimation comparable to motion-capture systems, displays to improve the efficiency and user experience of BRT
offering potential for mobile UAV tracking applications. systems. Passengers can access real-time information for
Y. Zhou et al. [7] explore the real-time prediction of track better trip planning and management.
curvature in rail vehicles using gyroscopes and GPS sensors. K. Ammar et al. [16] develop a real-time school bus
Two methods, the Gyro method, and the GPS method, are tracking and monitoring system. Their system offers parents
proposed. The Gyro method calculates curvature based on car and school administrators the ability to track school buses in
body yaw rate and velocity, while the GPS method uses real-time using GPS technology. It enhances student safety by
vehicle trajectory. Results show that the Gyro method, with providing accurate arrival times and alerts for parents,
lower noise, achieves greater precision compared to the GPS ensuring timely pick-ups and drop-offs.
method.
S. A. Saad et al. [17] introduce a real-time on-campus
H. Fu et al. [8] propose a model predictive control (MPC) public transportation monitoring system. Their system utilizes
trajectory tracking method for Unmanned Surface Vehicles GPS devices installed on buses, a web application, and ETA
(USVs) to address issues of long calculation time and poor calculations to provide real-time updates on bus locations and
real-time performance. The method involves adjusting the

Authorized licensed use limited to: M S RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on February 06,2025 at 11:36:51 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 arrival times. It enhances campus transportation efficiency 3. Data Collection and Database Design
and convenience for students and staff. Data Collection Process: During bus and driver
M. S. Alamgir et al. [18] design a real-time bus tracking registration, essential details such as bus numbers, driver's
system for Chittagong University teachers' buses using mobile numbers, and email IDs are captured. Geocoding is
smartphone apps. Their system utilizes GPS technology and used to automate bus stop entries, and reverse geocoding
smartphone applications to provide accurate and timely bus ensures accurate updates.
location information for university faculty. It improves Database Structure Fire Store Collections: The database is
transportation accessibility and efficiency within the organized into collections for buses, drivers, and routes,
university campus. facilitating efficient storage and retrieval of relevant data.
T. Noguchi et al. [19] propose a cooperative real-time 4. Map Integration and Geocoding
vehicle tracking method in VANETs. Their method leverages
vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside unit MapBox API Integration: The MapBox API is integrated
communication to enable real-time collaboration in tracking into both web and mobile applications, providing consistent
vehicle movements. This enhances overall traffic map interfaces. Geocoding enhances data management
management and safety in vehicular ad hoc networks. efficiency by automating bus stop entries.

J. Zhang et al. [20] present DyWinSiam, a real-time visual Reverse Geocoding: Triggered when administrators place
tracking framework for UAVs using deep neural networks. pins on the map, reverse geocoding ensures accurate latitude
Their framework employs advanced deep learning techniques and longitude updates for bus stop locations.
to achieve fast and accurate visual tracking of unmanned aerial 5. User Registration and Authentication
vehicles. This enables UAVs to navigate and perform tasks
User Registration: The mobile application enables users to
more efficiently in various applications such as surveillance
register using their email ID and set a secure password.
and monitoring.
Authentication: Robust authentication mechanisms are
III. METHODOLOGY implemented to ensure data security, with authorization levels
1. System Architecture and Components defined for different user roles.
Overall Architecture: The real-time vehicle tracking 6. User Interface Design
system is designed with a modular and scalable architecture, Design Principles: The system adheres to intuitive design
featuring two primary components: a web application for principles, focusing on providing a seamless and user-friendly
administrative tasks and a mobile application for user experience.
interactions.
7. Admin Editing Features
2. Key Components
Functionalities for Administrators: An admin control
Web Application: This component manages buses, panel empowers administrators to add/delete bus stops,
drivers, and system configurations. It seamlessly integrates modify driver details, and maintain an updated database,
with the MapBox API and the Fire store database, with critical for adapting to dynamic operational requirements.
responsibilities including bus and driver management and
real-time tracking configurations. A. Block Diagram
Mobile Application: The mobile app provides an intuitive The block diagram offers a comprehensive view of the bus
user interface for tracking buses and receiving relevant tracking system's architecture, focusing on its web-based
information. It utilizes the MapBox API and communicates application. At its core lies a central server facilitating
with the Fire store database, handling user authentication, communication and data exchange among various
registration, real-time bus tracking, and arrival time components. The diagram emphasizes the crucial connectivity
prediction. between mobile applications for users and drivers with the
central server, enabling real-time interaction. Users can plan
MapBox API: Integrated into both applications, the trips, monitor buses, and receive accurate arrival time
MapBox API ensures consistent map interfaces and provides estimates, enhancing urban transit navigation. The admin web
geocoding/reverse geocoding services. Key features include application serves as a centralized hub for managing system
automated bus stop entries and accurate coordinate updates. aspects, ensuring smooth operations. Supporting services like
a robust database for storing essential information and a
Fire store Database: Chosen for its real-time
geocoding service for accurate location data further enhance
synchronization capabilities and scalability, the Fire store
system functionality and reliability.
database stores comprehensive details about buses, drivers,
and routes, enabling seamless synchronization and real-time
updates.

Authorized licensed use limited to: M S RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on February 06,2025 at 11:36:51 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Fig. 1. Block diagram depicting the architecture of the web-based bus tracking system.

B. Flow Chart and public bus users, enabling real-time bus tracking and
access to estimated arrival times. This system ensures
transparency and convenience for both administrators and
users.
C. Proposed Method
"Track N Go," is introduced as a real-time bus monitoring
system designed to enhance public transportation services.
Unlike traditional methods that rely on costly IoT
components, Track N Go utilizes mobile phone location data
for cost-effective and scalable bus tracking. The system's
backbone is a robust backend developed with Java, ensuring
reliability and performance. The user interface is built on
React.js for a user-friendly experience. Integration of GPS via
the Map Box API provides precise location information, and
Firebase serves as the database for real-time storage of driver
location coordinates. The system aims to simplify daily
commutes, making them more efficient and predictable by
delivering precise user-centric solutions. It addresses
challenges associated with public transportation, offering
convenience and peace of mind to passengers. Through a
comprehensive evaluation, the effectiveness of Track N Go in
improving urban mobility and transit services is demonstrated.
D. Proposed Work
The proposed system, "Track N Go," introduces a novel
real-time bus monitoring solution aimed at enhancing public
transportation services. Unlike traditional methods that rely on
expensive IoT components, Track N Go leverages mobile
phone location data to offer a cost-effective and scalable
alternative. The system's architecture includes a robust
Fig. 2. Flow chart illustrating the bus tracking system's data flow and user backend developed with Java, a user-friendly interface built
interactions. on React.js, and integration of GPS via the Map Box API.
Firebase serves as the database for real-time storage of driver
The central server collects and manages bus data, while an location coordinates. The system's objectives include
admin dashboard allows authorized personnel to input and providing accurate and real-time bus tracking, creating user-
manage information. A mobile application serves both college friendly interfaces for administrators and commuters, offering

Authorized licensed use limited to: M S RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on February 06,2025 at 11:36:51 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 a cost-effective tracking solution, and minimizing reliance on ultimately reducing their operational expenses while
IoT components to reduce costs while maintaining security. enhancing service quality for commuters.
The proposed system utilizes mobile phone location data
instead of expensive IoT components for bus tracking, E. Formula Used
significantly reducing operational costs. By leveraging widely The Haversine formula is a mathematical equation used in
available technology and cost-effective solutions such as geographical calculations, particularly in GPS systems, to
Firebase for real-time data storage, the system offers a determine the distance between two points on the Earth's
scalable and affordable alternative for both the public and surface given their latitude and longitude coordinates. It
private sectors. This approach ensures that private bus calculates the great-circle distance, which is the shortest
operators can benefit from real-time tracking capabilities distance over the Earth's surface, assuming it is a perfect
without the need for extensive hardware investments, sphere. The formula takes into account the curvature of the
Earth and is expressed as

2 1 . 2 . (1)

In Eq. (1) d represents the distance between the two points, Where, GPS Shared Longitude = Actual Longitude +
r is the radius of the Earth, lat1, and lat2 are the latitudes of (Scaling Factor * Longitude Deviation)
the two points, and long is the difference in longitudes
between the points. This formula is essential for vehicle GPS Shared Latitude = Actual Latitude + (Scaling Factor
tracking projects, aiding in the calculation of distances * Latitude Deviation)
between a vehicle's current location and a desired destination. Scaling Factor = 0.00001
Accuracy Percentage = (1 – (Distance between Actual and Longitude Deviation = Velocity * 0.00001
GPS Shared Location / Maximum Possible Distance
between Actual and GPS Shared Location)) * 100 Latitude Deviation = Velocity * 0.00001

TABLE I. SAMPLE RECORDS SHOWING ACTUAL AND GPS SHARED POSITIONS OF A MOVING VEHICLE, COLLECTED FOR TESTING REAL-TIME LOCATION
ACCURACY AT DIFFERENT VELOCITIES.

Actual Actual Longitude Velocity Delay (milliseconds) GPS Shared GPS Shared Accuracy
Latitude (km/h) Latitude Longitude Percentage
15.7749 75.4194 10 500 15.77491 75.41941 99.9333
15.7128 75.0060 12 600 15.71292 75.00606 99.9295
15.0522 75.2437 15 700 15.05223 75.24367 99.9376
15.5074 75.1278 20 800 15.50746 75.12776 99.9316
15.8566 75.3522 25 900 15.85663 75.35225 99.9417
15.5200 75.4050 30 1000 15.52003 75.40503 99.9365
15.7749 75.4194 35 1100 15.77494 75.41937 99.9338
15.0522 75.2437 40 1300 15.05227 75.24367 99.9287
15.5074 75.1278 30 1000 15.50748 75.12771 99.9325
15.8566 75.3522 25 900 15.85663 75.35225 99.9399
15.5200 75.4050 20 800 15.52003 75.40503 99.9324
15.7749 75.4194 15 700 15.77491 75.41943 99.9328
15.7128 75.0060 18 800 15.71286 75.00599 99.9391

The above Table I represents the 20 sample records IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
collected while testing the real-time location of the moving
vehicle. This represents the actual & GPS Shared position of
the vehicle. Since there will be variations in showing the real-
time location of the moving vehicle depending on the Velocity
it moves, came up with testing the Actual and GPS Shared
Location variation in different Velocities to identify the time
gap and train the module to predict and show the actual
location by modifying the GPS Shared location based on these
data.

Fig. 3. Admin Login

Figure 3 depicts the admin home page of the Web

Application following a successful login/signup process.

Authorized licensed use limited to: M S RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on February 06,2025 at 11:36:51 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Fig. 4. Map Routes

Figure 4 illustrates the Map-Based Routes and Dynamic

Data Input Interface tailored for college buses, featuring
intelligent place suggestions for enhanced usability and
efficiency.

Fig. 7. Database of the application

Figure 7 illustrates the Google Fire Store Database utilized

for storing and retrieving vehicle, journey, and location
information. This database serves as a central repository,
enabling efficient management and access to crucial data
related to vehicles, journeys, and real-time locations.

Fig. 5. Adding Routes

Figure 5 showcases the Map-Based Routes and Dynamic

Data Input Interface designed specifically for public buses,
incorporating intuitive place suggestions to streamline the user
experience and improve efficiency.

Fig. 6. List of Vehicles with Different Routes

Figure 6 depicts the Source to Destination Mapping for

Admin-Added Vehicles, providing administrators with a
structured overview of each vehicle's journey from its origin
to its destination. This feature enables efficient management
of the transportation fleet, contributing to system transparency
and facilitating informed decision-making processes.
Fig. 8. Searching in the app interface

Figure 8 showcases the Home Page of the Android

application, providing intuitive search functionality.

Authorized licensed use limited to: M S RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on February 06,2025 at 11:36:51 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 4) Recommendations: Optimize network infrastructure,
strengthen security measures, and collaborate with authorities
for broader integration.
5) Impact: Successful deployment at Ballari Institute
highlights Track N Go's potential to transform urban
transportation, offering accuracy and scalability for diverse
transit needs.
D. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
Track N Go sets a new standard in real-time bus tracking,
surpassing existing solutions quantitatively and qualitatively.
Its exceptional accuracy, rapid response time, and scalability
ensure efficient tracking and timely updates. The system's
intuitive interface, affordability, and security measures
enhance user experience, while features like battery efficiency
and offline functionality add to its appeal. Through
comprehensive evaluation, Track N Go emerges as a
pioneering solution, revolutionizing urban transportation
management with its efficiency and user-centric approach.
V. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the "Track N Go" system offers a
groundbreaking and cost-effective solution for real-time bus
tracking and arrival prediction. Leveraging mobile phone
location data, a serverless architecture, and cloud-based
NoSQL databases, the system ensures accurate tracking and
streamlined data management. Its user-friendly web interface
enhances accessibility for administrators and commuters.
Looking ahead, potential enhancements such as geofencing,
environmental monitoring, and route optimization
Fig. 9. Displaying the Exact location of the Bus demonstrate the system's commitment to ongoing
improvement. While successfully implemented at the Ballari
Figure 9 illustrates the location of the selected bus along Institute of Technology and Management, the project sets a
with the stop nodes. benchmark for smarter transit systems. Despite its successes,
A. System and Software Requirements limitations include potential challenges with network
connectivity and scalability. The future scope involves further
The system needs a server for web hosting and a GPS-
integration with smart city initiatives, enhanced user
enabled smartphone. A stable internet is crucial for real-time
customization options, and collaboration with local authorities
data sync. Frontend relies on React.js. Database managed via
to optimize transit infrastructure and services.
Google Firebase. Mobile apps developed using Android
Studio, integrating MapBox API and Firebase Authentication ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
using Java.
The fulfillment derived from the triumphant
B. Comparative Analysis accomplishment of the research and development of the web
Track N Go offers a cost-effective and user-centric real- application "Track N Go: Innovative Real-Time Bus Tracking
time bus tracking solution, leveraging mobile phone location and Arrival Prediction for Public and Private Sectors using
data. Its integration of GPS via Map Box API and Firebase for Firebase" would be inadequate without acknowledging the
real-time data storage ensures superior accuracy and individuals instrumental in making it a reality. Their guidance,
performance. The system's user-friendly interfaces surpass encouragement, and unwavering support added a crowning
existing solutions, enhancing productivity. Track N Go's touch to my endeavors. I express my gratitude and respect to
innovative approach aligns with current urban transportation all those who served as a source of inspiration throughout this
trends, promising scalability and adaptability. Further studies research. Special appreciation goes to the esteemed guides,
are needed to assess its long-term effectiveness and broader Md. Shafiulla, and Abdul Lateef Haroon P. S, for their support
applicability in public transportation management. and invaluable suggestions that significantly contributed to the
successful conclusion of this study. Additionally, heartfelt
C. Discussion thanks are extended to R. N. Kulkarni, Head of the
1) Key Findings: Track N Go revolutionizes bus tracking Department of CSE, for his coordination and valuable
with mobile phone location data, enhancing urban transit insights, which played a pivotal role in achieving this
efficiency. milestone.
2) Implications: Cost-effective and user-friendly, it REFERENCES
democratizes tracking technology and boosts commuter [1] R. Liu, "Construction of Embedded Platform Real-Time Target
satisfaction. Tracking System Based on Changing Ant Colony Algorithm," 2023
3) Limitations: Challenges include network issues, International Conference on Data Science and Network Security
(ICDSNS), Tiptur, India, 2023, pp. 1-6, doi:
scalability concerns, and data privacy considerations. 10.1109/ICDSNS58469.2023.10245130.

Authorized licensed use limited to: M S RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on February 06,2025 at 11:36:51 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 [2] M. S. Rudramurthy et al., "Real Time Vehicle Tracking System for monitoring system," 2018 IEEE 14th International Colloquium on
Smart Cities," 2023 International Conference on Data Science and Signal Processing & Its Applications (CSPA), Penang, Malaysia, 2018,
Network Security (ICDSNS), Tiptur, India, 2023, pp. 1-6, doi: pp. 215 220, doi: 10.1109/CSPA.2018.8368715.
10.1109/ICDSNS58469.2023.10245776. [18] M. S. Alamgir, I. Jahan, N. Aktar and A. N. Ramisa, "Chittagong
[3] S. S. P. Naresh, R. Talasu, D. S. S. P. Venkat, S. K. Korada and B. K. University Teachers' Bus Tracking System Using Smartphone
Mohanta, "Real Time Vehicle Tracking using YOLO Algorithm," 2023 Application," 2018 4th International Conference on Electrical
14th International Conference on Computing Communication and Engineering and Information & Communication Technology
Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), Delhi, India, 2023, pp. 1-5, doi: (iCEEiCT), Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2018, pp. 199 203, doi:
10.1109/ICCCNT56998.2023.10307265. 10.1109/CEEICT.2018.8628098.
[4] R. Vyas, H. Soni and M. Patel, "AI based Real Time Institutional [19] T. Noguchi, Y. C. Ting, M. Yoshida and A. G. Ramonet, "Real time
Vehicle Tracking System through Mobile Application," 2023 Second Cooperative Vehicle Tracking in VANETs," 2020 29th International
International Conference on Augmented Intelligence and Sustainable Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN),
Systems (ICAISS), Trichy, India, 2023, pp. 272-276, doi: Honolulu, HI, USA, 2020, pp. 1 6, doi:
10.1109/ICAISS58487.2023.10250502 10.1109/ICCCN49398.2020.9209650.
[5] Z. Wang, X. Zhao, H. Tan, X. Zhang and Y. Sun, "Research on Real- [20] J. Zhang, T. Chen and Z. Shi, "A Real Time Visual Tracking for
time Monitoring and Tracking Method of Ship Trajectory," 2022 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles with Dynamic Window," 2020 China
International Conference on Applied Physics and Computing (ICAPC), Semiconductor Technology International Conference (CSTIC),
Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2022, pp. 171-174, doi: Shanghai, China, 2020, pp. 1 3, doi:
10.1109/ICAPC57304.2022.00039. 10.1109/CSTIC49141.2020.9282552.
[6] H. Stuckey, L. Escamilla, L. R. Garcia Carrillo and W. Tang, "Real-
Time Optical Localization and Tracking of UAV Using Ellipse
Detection," in IEEE Embedded Systems Letters, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1-
4, March 2024, doi: 10.1109/LES.2023.3234871.
[7] Y. Zhou, Y. Yang and M. Hecht, "Real-time predication of railway
track curvature using gyroscope and GPS sensors," 2023 DGON
Inertial Sensors and Systems (ISS), Braunschweig, Germany, 2023, pp.
1-6, doi: 10.1109/ISS58390.2023.10361925.
[8] H. Fu, W. Yao, C. Peng and Y. Wang, "Model Predictive Control with
Block Matrix for Unmanned Surface Vehicles Trajectory Tracking,"
2023 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation
(ICMA), Harbin, Heilongjiang, China, 2023, pp. 1379-1384, doi:
10.1109/ICMA57826.2023.10215974.
[9] Y. Ozen, O. Ozdemir and N. Bandirmali, "Android based energy aware
real time location tracking system," 2015 Seventh International
Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks, Sapporo, Japan, 2015,
pp. 842 844, doi: 10.1109/ICUFN.2015.7182662.
[10] P. Jyothi and G. Harish, "Design and implementation of real-time
vehicle monitoring, tracking and controlling system," 2016
International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems
(ICCES), Coimbatore, India, 2016, pp. 1 4, doi:
10.1109/CESYS.2016.7889814.
[11] S. Anand, A. Johnson, P. Mathikshara and R. Karthik, "Real-time GPS
tracking using serverless architecture and ARM processor," 2019 11th
International Conference on Communication Systems & Networks
(COMSNETS), Bengaluru, India, 2019, pp. 541 543, doi:
10.1109/COMSNETS.2019.8711273.
[12] O. D. Jimoh, L. A. Ajao, O. O. Adeleke and S. S. Kolo, "A Vehicle
Tracking System Using Greedy Forwarding Algorithms for Public
Transportation in Urban Arterial," in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 191706
191725,2020, doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3031488.
[13] M. S. A. khan, T. Akter, M. M. Y. Hossain, M. S. Hossain, S.
Mazumder and M. K. Alam, "Design and Business Modeling of an IoT
Based Cost Effective Vehicular Monitoring System for Next
Generation SmartVehicle," 2020 IEEE International Women in
Engineering (WIE) Conference on Electrical and Computer
Engineering (WIECON ECE), Bhubaneswar, India, 2020, pp. 440 443,
doi: 10.1109/WIECON ECE52138.2020.9398003.
[14] F. Farzana, M. M. Hossain, M. M. Imtiaze, M. T. Hossain,A. S. M. M.
Jameel and S. Islam, "A Real Time Motion Based Fuel Monitoring
Technique For Vehicle Tracking Systems," 2020 Emerging
Technology in Computing, Communication and Electronics (ETCCE),
Bangladesh, 2020, pp. 1 6, doi: 10.1109/ETCCE51779.2020.9350860.
[15] M. A. Hafiizh Nur, S. Hadiyoso, F. B. Belladina, D. N. Ramadan and
I. Wijayanto, "Tracking, Arrival Time Estimator, and Passenger
Information System on Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)," 2020 8th
International Conference on Information and Communication
Technology (ICoICT), Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 2020, pp. 1 4, doi:
10.1109/ICoICT49345.2020.9166375.
[16] K. Ammar, M. Jalmoud, A. Boushehri and K. Fakhro, "A Real time
School Bus Tracking and Monitoring System," 2019 IEEE 10th Annual
Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication
Conference (IEMCON), Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2019, pp. 0654 0660,
doi: 10.1109/IEMCON.2019.8936199.
[17] S. A. Saad, A. '. B. Hisham, M. H. I. Ishak, M. H. M. Fauzi,M. A.
Baharudin and N. H. Idris, "Real time on campus public transportation

Authorized licensed use limited to: M S RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Downloaded on February 06,2025 at 11:36:51 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.